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António dos Santos Ramalho Eanes (pronounced [ɐ̃ˈtɔnju ʁɐˈmaʎu iˈɐnɨʃ]; born 25 January 1935) is a Portuguese general and politician who was the 16th president of Portugal from 1976 to 1986.
António Ramalho Eanes | |
|---|---|
 Ramalho Eanes in 1983 | |
| 16th President of Portugal | |
| In office 14 July 1976 – 9 March 1986 | |
| Prime Minister | Mário Soares Alfredo Nobre da Costa Carlos Mota Pinto Maria de Lurdes Pintasilgo Francisco Sá Carneiro Francisco Pinto Balsemão Aníbal Cavaco Silva |
| Preceded by | Francisco da Costa Gomes |
| Succeeded by | Mário Soares |
| President of the Democratic Renewal Party | |
| In office 19 August 1986 – 5 August 1987[1] | |
| Vice President | Hermínio Martinho |
| Preceded by | Hermínio Martinho |
| Succeeded by | Hermínio Martinho |
| President of the Revolutionary Council | |
| In office 14 July 1976 – 30 September 1982 | |
| Preceded by | Francisco da Costa Gomes |
| Succeeded by | Office abolished |
| Chief of the Armed Forces General Staff | |
| In office 14 July 1976 – 16 February 1981 | |
| Preceded by | Francisco da Costa Gomes |
| Succeeded by | Nuno de Melo Egídio |
| Chief of the Army General Staff | |
| In office 6 December 1975 – 14 July 1976 | |
| Preceded by | Carlos Soares Fabião |
| Succeeded by | Vasco Rocha Vieira |
| Chair of Radio and Television of Portugal | |
| In office 28 October 1974 – 11 March 1975 | |
| Preceded by | Casimiro Gomes |
| Succeeded by | João António de Figueiredo |
| Member of the Assembly of the Republic | |
| In office 13 August 1987 – 3 November 1991[2][3] | |
| Constituency | Lisbon |
| Personal details | |
| Born | António dos Santos Ramalho Eanes 25 January 1935 Alcains, Castelo Branco, Portugal |
| Political party | Independent (1974–1986; 1991–present) |
| Other political affiliations | Democratic Renewal Party (1986–1991) |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 2 |
| Alma mater | Military Academy |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  Portugal |
| Branch/service |  Portuguese Army |
| Years of service | 1952–1986 |
| Rank | General |
| Battles/wars | Portuguese Colonial War |
Background
editBorn at Alcains, Castelo Branco, he is the son of Manuel dos Santos Eanes, a general contractor, and Maria do Rosário Ramalho.[4]
Political career
edit
After a long military career in the Portuguese Colonial Wars, Eanes was stationed in Portuguese Angola when the 25 April revolution of 1974 took place. He joined the Movimento das Forças Armadas (MFA or Armed Forces Movement) and after returning to Portugal was made president of RTP (Portuguese public television). He ordered the military operations against the pro-communist radical faction of the MFA on 25 November 1975, an event known as the 25 de Novembro, ending that year's "hot summer" (Verão quente).[4][5][6]
In 1976 he was elected President of Portugal. At the end of 1980 he was re-elected, serving until March 1986. After his presidency, he headed the Democratic Renewal Party (Portuguese: Partido Renovador Democrático), and continued to support the Social Democratic Party (PSD) minority government until 1987. He resigned in 1987 after being defeated by PSD in the legislative election.[4][7]
He is a member of the Portuguese Council of State, as a former elected president of Portugal.
He rejected any suggestion of becoming a Marshal, considering the title unnecessary.
Honours
editNational
edit
Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry (GColIH, 20 June 2016)
Grand Collar of the Order of Liberty (GColL, 18 December 2015)
Grand Cross of the Order of Liberty (GCL, 25 April 2004)
Grand Collar of the Military Order of the Tower and Sword (GColTE, 9 March 1986)[8]
Knight of the Military Order of Aviz (CvA, 19 January 1972)
Foreign
edit
Algeria: Collar (Athir) of the National Order of Merit (29 May 2005)
Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (7 June 1982)
Brazil:
- Grand Collar of the Order of the Southern Cross (15 July 1980)
- Grand Cross of the Order of Military Merit (15 July 1980)
Bulgaria: Sash of the Order of the Stara Planina (15 July 1980)
People's Republic of the Congo: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the People's Republic of the Congo (16 May 1984)
Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant (24 January 1985)
East Timor: Grand Collar of the Order of Timor-Leste (6 August 2012)
Egypt: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Nile (28 March 1984)
France: Grand Cross of the National Order of Legion of Honour (5 March 1979)
Germany: Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (15 July 1980)
Greece: Grand Cross of the Order of Honour (7 February 1986)
Holy See: Collar of the Order of Pope Pius IX (18 July 1980)
Hungary: First Class with diamonds of the Order of the Flag of the People's Republic of Hungary (15 July 1980)
Iceland: Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Falcon (24 November 1983)
Italy: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (3 November 1980)
Luxembourg: Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau (2 January 1985)
Mozambique: First Class of the Order of Friendship and Peace (28 September 1983)
Norway: Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of St. Olav (3 July 1980)
Romania: Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania (15 July 1980)
Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Collar with swords of the Order pro merito Melitensi (29 April 1983)
Spain:
- Collar of the Order of Charles III (15 July 1980)
- Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (15 July 1980)
United Kingdom:
- Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (14 November 1978)
- Recipient of the Royal Victorian Chain (25 March 1985)
Yugoslavia:
- Great Star of the Order of the Yugoslav Star (17 October 1977)[9]
- Sash of the Order of the Yugoslav Flag (18 July 1980)
Zaire: Grand Cordon of the National Order of the Leopard (5 January 1984)
Family
editHe married at the Palace of Queluz on 28 October 1970 to Maria Manuela Duarte Neto Portugal (b. 29 December 1938), who was one of Portugal's most politically active First Ladies. They had two sons, Manuel António (b. 5 May 1972) and Miguel (b. 20 October 1977).
Electoral history
editPresidential election, 1976
edit| Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| António Ramalho Eanes | 2,967,137 | 61.6 | |
| Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho | 792,760 | 16.5 | |
| José Pinheiro de Azevedo | 692,147 | 14.4 | |
| Octávio Pato | 365,586 | 7.6 | |
| Blank/Invalid ballots | 63,495 | – | |
| Turnout | 4,881,125 | 75.47 | |
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições[10] | |||
Presidential election, 1980
edit| Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| António Ramalho Eanes | 3,262,520 | 56.4 | |
| António Soares Carneiro | 2,325,481 | 40.2 | |
| Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho | 85,896 | 1.5 | |
| Carlos Galvão de Melo | 48,468 | 0.8 | |
| António Pires Veloso | 45,132 | 0.8 | |
| António Aires Rodrigues | 12,745 | 0.2 | |
| Blank/Invalid ballots | 60,090 | – | |
| Turnout | 5,840,332 | 84.39 | |
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições[11] | |||
PRD leadership election, 1986
edit| Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| António Ramalho Eanes | Voice vote | ||
| Turnout | 100.0 | ||
| Source: Results[12] | |||
Legislative election, 1987
edit| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | Seats | +/− | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PSD | Aníbal Cavaco Silva | 2,850,784 | 50.2 | 148 | +60 | |
| PS | Vítor Constâncio | 1,262,506 | 22.2 | 60 | +3 | |
| CDU | Álvaro Cunhal | 689,137 | 12.1 | 31 | –7 | |
| PRD | António Ramalho Eanes | 278,561 | 4.9 | 7 | –38 | |
| CDS | Adriano Moreira | 251,987 | 4.4 | 4 | –18 | |
| Other parties | 219,715 | 3.9 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Blank/Invalid ballots | 123,668 | 2.2 | – | – | ||
| Turnout | 5,676,358 | 71.57 | 250 | ±0 | ||
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições[13] | ||||||
Notes
editReferences
edit- ^ "António Ramalho Eanes". Presidência da República Portuguesa (in European Portuguese). Archived from the original on 3 February 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
- ^ "Ramalho Eanes (Biografia), Assembleia da República". Archived from the original on 17 November 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
- ^ "As legislaturas da Assembleia da República". Archived from the original on 29 April 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
- ^ a b c "MPR - António Ramalho Eanes". museu.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 5 August 2024. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
- ^ "O caminho imperturbável de Ramalho Eanes". Comunidade Cultura e Arte (in Portuguese). 24 January 2020. Archived from the original on 7 July 2024. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
- ^ "O Golpe do 25 de Novembro" (in European Portuguese). Archived from the original on 16 April 2024. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
- ^ "António Ramalho Eanes". Presidência da República Portuguesa (in European Portuguese). Archived from the original on 3 February 2024. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
- ^ "Entidades Nacionais Agraciadas com Ordens Portuguesas". Retrieved 11 June 2024.
- ^ "Tito i Eanes razmijenili najviša odlikovanja dviju zemalja". Slobodna Dalmacija (10123): 12. 18 October 1977. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ^ "Resultados PR 1976" (PDF). Comissão Nacional de Eleições. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
- ^ "Resultados PR 1980" (PDF). Comissão Nacional de Eleições. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
- ^ "Exclusivo 1986. Eanes assume liderança do PRD", Diario de Notícias, 29 April 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
- ^ "Resultados AR 1987" (PDF). Comissão Nacional de Eleições. Retrieved 5 August 2024.