The Beas River (Punjabi pronunciation: [be.jäːsᵊ]; Hindustani pronunciation: [bjɑːs]) is a river in north India.[1] The river rises in the Himalayas in central Himachal Pradesh, India, and flows for some 470 kilometres (290 mi) to the Sutlej River in the Indian state of Punjab.[2] Its total length is 470 kilometres (290 mi) and its drainage basin is 20,303 square kilometres (7,839 sq mi) large.[3]
| Beas River Vyas River | |
|---|---|
 The Beas River in Himachal Pradesh | |
 Interactive Map | |
| Location | |
| Country | India |
| State | Himachal Pradesh, Punjab |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | Beas Kund |
| • location | Himalayas, Himachal Pradesh |
| • coordinates | 32°21′59″N 77°05′08″E / 32.36639°N 77.08556°E |
| Mouth | Sutlej River |
• location | Harike, Harike Wetland, Tarn Taran district, Punjab |
• coordinates | 31°09′16″N 74°58′31″E / 31.15444°N 74.97528°E |
| Length | 470 km (290 mi) |
| Basin size | 20.303 km2 (7.839 sq mi) |
| Discharge | |
| • location | Mandi Plain |
| • average | 499.2 m3/s (17,630 cu ft/s) |
As of 2017, the river is home to a tiny isolated population of the Indus dolphin.[4]
Etymology
editRig-veda calls the river Vipāś, which means unfettered,[5] in later Sanskrit texts it's been called Vipāśā विपाशा, Yāska identifies it with Argrikiya.[5]
According to legends,Veda Vyasa, the author of the Indian epic Mahabharata, is the eponym of the river Beas; he is said to have created it from its source lake, the Beas Kund.[6]
According to other legends, before Veda Vyasa, the Vipasa river was known as Saraswati. Rishi Vashishta, the great grandfather of Vyasa tried to jump into this river from an overlooking hillock, to sacrifice his soul. He tied himself with several cords to drown himself[citation needed]. However, the river altered form to become a sandbed, saving him. And in this course, the cords got broken, so Vashishta named the river Vipasa, which means cord-breaker.[7] On account of this incident, the great Rishi opted to settle near the river, and made it a residence for some years. Thereby, it became known as Vashisht (after Vashishta). We can find Vashishta Brahmarishi Temple in this village.
Ancient Greeks called it Hyphasis (Greek: Ύφασης),[8] Plinius called it Hypasis, an approximation to the vedic Vipāś. Other classical names are Hynais, Bipasis, Bibasis.[5]
In modern times, the river has also been called Bias or Bejah.[5]
History
edit
The Beas River marks the easternmost border of Alexander the Great's conquests in 326 BC. It was one of the rivers which created problems in Alexander's invasion of India. His troops mutinied here in 326 BC, refusing to go any further. Alexander shut himself in his tent for three days, but when his men did not change their desires he gave in, raising twelve colossal altars to mark the limit and glory of his expedition.[9][10]
According to the Kavyamimansa[11] of Rajasekhara, the kingdom-territories of the Gurjara-Pratihara monarch Mahipala I extended as far as the upper course of the river Beas in the north-west.[12]
In the 20th century, the river was developed under the Beas Project for irrigation and hydroelectric power generation purposes.[13] The second-phase Pong Dam was completed in 1974 followed by the first-phase 140 kilometres (87 mi) upstream, Pandoh Dam in 1977. The Pong Dam served initially to primarily provide irrigation below Talwara but was soon developed as well for power generation; its power station with six turbines has now been upgraded to 396 MW installed capacity. Initially, the installed capacity was 360 MW . The Pandoh Dam diverts the river through a system of tunnels and channels to the 990 MW Dehar Power Station on the Sutlej River, connecting both rivers.[14][15]
The Shahnehar canal takes off from the Shahnehar barrage/headwork which is located just downstream of Pong dam to supply water for irrigation needs and four cascading power houses at the canal drops before releasing water further downstream in the Beas river. These power stations, named Mukerian hydel (12 units), has 207 MW total generating capacity.[16]
At the confluence with the Sutlej river, Harike barrage was constructed to divert the combined water flows of both rivers to irrigation canals to serve Rajasthan and Punjab areas.
Course
editThe river rises 4,361 metres (14,308 ft) above sea-level on the southern face of Rohtang Pass in Kullu. It traverses the Mandi District and enters the Kangra District at Sandhol, 590 metres (1,940 ft) above sea-level. During its lower course the Beas is crossed by numerous ferries, many of which consist of inflated skins (darais). Near Reh in Kangra District it divides into three channels, which reunite after passing Mirthal, 300 metres (980 ft) above sea-level. On meeting the Sivalik Hills in Hoshiarpur, the river sweeps sharply northward, forming the boundary with Kangra District. Then bending round the base of the Sivalik Hills, it takes the southerly direction, separating the districts of Gurdaspur and Hoshiapur. After touching the Jalandhar district for a short distance, the river forms the boundary between Amritsar and Kapurthala. Finally the Beas joins the river Sutlej at the south-western boundary of Kapurthala district of Punjab after a total course of 470 kilometres (290 mi). The chief tributaries are Bain, Banganga, Luni and Uhal. The Sutlej continues into Pakistani Punjab and joins the Chenab River at Uch near Bahawalpur to form the Panjnad River; the latter in turn joins the Indus River at Mithankot.
The water of the Beas river is allocated to India under the terms of the Indus Waters Treaty between India and Pakistan.[17] The mean annual flow is 14.203 million acre feet (MAF).[18]
Incidents
edit2014 drowning
editOn 8 June 2014, 24 engineering students and one tour operator drowned when the flood gates of the Larji dam were opened.
Floods
editDuring 2023 monsoon, flooding in Beas caused substantial damages in the state of Himachal Pradesh.[19] Damage to the state is estimated to be $1B, the loss of life is over 400, and little government relief is available to assist with social costs and recovery.[20]
Pollution
editOn May 17, 2018, countless number of fishes and other aquatic animals were found dead in Beas river due to release of molasses from a sugar mill situated on its shore at Kiri Afgana village in Gurdaspur district.[21] Locals have noted that the river color has changed to rust brown and dead fishes were floating in the river. Punjab Pollution Control Board have ordered the closure of the factory and an enquiry has been initiated. Besides sealing, the sugar mill has been charged a fine of Rs. 25 lakh for this negligence.[22]
References
edit- ^ The Panjab, North-West Frontier Province and Kashmir. Sir James McCrone Douie. 1916, p. 25
- ^ "About District". Archived from the original on 2 August 2005. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
- ^ Jain, Sharad K.; Agarwal, Pushpendra K.; Singh, Vijay P. (5 March 2007). Hydrology and water resources of India. Springer. p. 481. ISBN 978-1-4020-5179-1. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
- ^ "Signs of hope as population of endangered Indus River dolphin jumps in Pakistan". WWF. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
- ^ a b c d Müller, Max. India: what Can it Teach Us?: A Course of Lectures Delivered Before the University of Cambridge (1883)
- ^ Wasini Pandey, Bindhy (23 August 2023). Geoenvironmental hazards in Himalaya. Mittal Publications. ISBN 9788170998648. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Pratap Chandra Roy Mahabharata Adi Parva Page 407.
- ^ Beas The Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 7, p. 138..
- ^ Travels into Bokhara, Lieut. Alex. Burnes FRS, London, John Murray, 1834, page 6
- ^ "The Empire and Expeditions of Alexander the Great". World Digital Library. 1833. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
- ^ Kavyamimansa of Rajasekhara, ch. XVII, P. 94
- ^ Rama Shankar Tripathi (1989). History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 262–264. ISBN 812080404X.
- ^ "Infrastructure built in the post independence period". Govt of Punjab. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
- ^ "Developmental History of Beas Project". Bhakra Beas Management Board. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
- ^ "India: National Register of Large Dams 2009" (PDF). Central Water Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 22 November 2011.
- ^ "Water Resources Projects in Indus Basin". Retrieved 17 February 2020.
- ^ "The Indus Waters Treaty 1960" (PDF). World Bank. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
- ^ "Pages 261 and 291, The Ravi- Beas Water Tribunal Report (1987)" (PDF). Central Water Commission. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
- ^ "At least 9 dead as heavy rains wreak havoc in Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand". The Indian Express. 9 July 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
- ^ Srishti Jaswal. (25 September 2023). "‘Climate change killed my family’: Unusual monsoon hammers India’s Himachal". Al Jazeera English website Retrieved 25 September 2023.
- ^ "Molasses leak from sugar factory kills thousands of fish in Beas". The Times of India. 17 May 2018. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
- ^ "Water Pollution: In Punjab's Beas River, Hundreds Of Fish Die Due To Fluid Released From A Sugar Mill | News". NDTV-Dettol Banega Swachh India. 19 May 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
