Robert Pakington (c. 1489 – 13 November 1536) was a London merchant and Member of Parliament. He was murdered with a handgun in London in 1536, likely the first such killing in the city. His murder was later interpreted as martyrdom, and recounted in John Foxe's Acts and Monuments. He was the grandfather of Queen Elizabeth I's favourite, Sir John "Lusty" Pakington.
Robert Pakington | |
|---|---|
| Born | c. 1489 Stanford-on-Teme |
| Died | 13 November 1536 (aged 46–47) London |
| Spouses |
|
| Children | Sir Thomas Pakington |
| Parent(s) | John Pakington, Elizabeth Washborne |
Family
editRobert Pakington, born about 1489 at Stanford-on-Teme, Worcestershire, was a younger son of John Pakington and Elizabeth Washborne, the daughter of Thomas Washborne.[1] He had three brothers, John, Augustine, and Humphrey.[1]
Life
editBy 1510 Pakington had completed an apprenticeship with the Mercers' Company, one of the twelve great livery companies of London, and was exporting cloth and importing various wares.[1] In 1523, and again in 1529, he and others were chosen to draw up articles on behalf of the Mercers for presentation to Parliament.[1] According to Peter Marshall, one of the articles drawn up in 1529 was "sharply anti-clerical".[2] In 1527-8 Pakington was elected Warden of the Company.[1]
He was elected to Parliament in a by-election in October 1533, and was re-elected in 1536. The chronicler Edward Hall records that in Parliament Pakington again revealed anti-clerical sentiments, "speaking somewhat against the covetousness and cruelty of the clergy".[1]
In the final years of his life, Pakington reported to Thomas Cromwell on matters in Flanders at the behest of Cromwell's man of business, Stephen Vaughan, who held strongly Protestant sympathies.[2]
On the morning of 13 November 1536, while crossing the street from his home in Cheapside to attend Mercers' Chapel located opposite, Pakington was shot with a gun and killed:[1][3]
And one morning amongst all other, being a great misty morning such as hath seldom been seen, even as he was crossing the street from his house to the church, he was suddenly murdered with a gun, which of the neighbours was plainly heard and by a great number of labourers there standing at Soper's Lane end...but the deed doer was never espied nor known.
His murder was likely the first committed with a handgun in London.[4][2] His murderer was never found, despite the "gret rewarde" which was offered for information.[2]
Pakington's murder was interpreted by Protestant reformers as martyrdom,[2] and became a source of religious controversy. In 1545 the Protestant reformer John Bale suggested that "conservative bishops" were behind the murder.[2] A similar suggestion was made in 1548 by Hall, who also attributed Pakington's death to the Catholic clergy.[1] John Foxe, too, held the clergy responsible, but in the process of doing so proposed contradictory theories of the crime. In 1559 Foxe claimed that John Stokesley, a former Bishop of London "had paid a priest sixty gold coins to carry out the murder". However, in the 1563 edition of the Actes and Monuments Foxe stated that John Incent, a former Dean of St Paul's, had made a deathbed confession in which he admitted arranging for Pakington's murder.[5] The Catholic apologist Nicholas Harpsfield accused Foxe of slandering Incent, and in the 1570 edition of the Actes and Monuments Foxe produced yet another theory, claiming that Pakington's murderer was an Italian.[2] In their accounts of Pakington's death the chroniclers John Stow, Richard Grafton and Raphael Holinshed did not repeat Foxe's allegations,[2] and Holinshed put forward an entirely different version of events, claiming that a felon hanged at Banbury had confessed on the gallows to Pakington's murder.[1]
By the time of his death, Pakington was a "man of substance". He had been assessed at 500 marks in the 1534 subsidy,[2] and in 1535 had exported some 250 cloths to Antwerp.[1] The cash bequests in his will amounted to over £300.[2] According to Marshall, the wording of the will, which Pakington drew up on 23 November 1535,[1] provides additional evidence of his sympathy for the Protestant Reformation. Moreover, the sermon at his funeral on 16 November was preached by the "Lutheran activist", Robert Barnes.[2]
Pakington was buried in St Pancras Church in Soper Lane.[6] Stow states that a monument was erected there to his memory.[7] According to the custom of the City of London his children became orphans in the care of the city; on 20 November 1537 the court of aldermen entrusted Pakington's son and heir, Thomas Pakington, to the custody of his grandfather, Sir John Baldwin.[1]
Marriages and issue
editPakington married firstly Agnes Baldwin, the daughter of Sir John Baldwin, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, by whom he had two sons and three daughters:[8][9]
- Sir Thomas Pakington (d. 2 June 1571), who married Dorothy, the daughter of Sir Thomas Kitson by his second wife, Margaret (d. 12 January 1561), the only child of John Donnington (d.1544) of Stoke Newington.[10][11][12] Their eldest son, Sir John Pakington, was for a time a favourite of Queen Elizabeth I, who invited him to court after he had been presented to her during her visit to Worcester in 1572.[13]
- John Pakington, of whom nothing further is known.[8]
- Elizabeth Pakington, who married firstly John Lane (died 12 September 1557) of Walgrave, Northamptonshire, and secondly Sir Richard Malory, Alderman of London and Lord Mayor in 1564.[9][8][14]
- Anne Pakington, who married Richard Cupper, esquire, of Glympton, Oxfordshire.[9][8][15]
- Margaret Pakington, who married firstly Benedict Lee (d.1559), esquire of Burston, Buckinghamshire, half-brother of Sir Anthony Lee, and a henchman to King Henry VIII,[16] and secondly Thomas Scott, esquire, of Yorkshire.[9][8]
Between 1533 and November 1535,[2] Pakington married secondly Katherine Dallam (d.1563), the daughter of Thomas Dallam, a member of the Worshipful Company of Skinners and the Company's Warden in 1497. At the time of the marriage, Katherine was the widow of her first husband, Richard Collier (d.1533), by whom she had a son and daughter, George and Dorothy.[17]
On 21 August 1539, Katherine Pakington took as her third husband Sir Michael Dormer (d. 20 September 1545),[17] the son of Geoffrey Dormer (d. 9 March 1503) of West Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, by his second wife, Alice Collingridge.[18] Dormer was a wealthy Mercer, and Lord Mayor of London in 1541.[17] Katherine's two children by her marriage to Richard Collier died about the time of her marriage to Dormer.[17]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Miller 1982.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Marshall 2008.
- ^ John Foxe 1838.
- ^ Sutton 2005, p. 387.
- ^ Foxe 1570, p. 1330.
- ^ "PAKINGTON, Robert (by 1489-1536), of London". History of Parliament Online. History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
- ^ John, Stow (1908). A Survey of London. London: Clarendon. p. 261. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Phillimore 1888, p. 103.
- ^ a b c d Gibbs 1888, p. 310.
- ^ Rowe 2004.
- ^ Baggs, Bolton & Croot 1985, pp. 178–184.
- ^ Welch & Archer 2008.
- ^ Wright 2007.
- ^ Salzman 1937, pp. 217–222.
- ^ Cupper (Couper), Richard (by 1519-83/84), of London and Powick, Worcestershire, History of Parliament Retrieved 11 May 2013.
- ^ Chambers 1936, pp. 28, 247.
- ^ a b c d Whittick 2008.
- ^ Richardson 2011, pp. 281–3.
References
edit- Baggs, A. P.; Bolton, Diane K.; Croot, Patricia E.C. (1985), "Stoke Newington: Other estates", in Baker, T.F.T.; Elrington, C. R. (eds.), A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 8: Islington and Stoke Newington parishes, British History Online, pp. 178–184
- Chambers, E.K. (1936). Sir Henry Lee: An Elizabethan Portrait. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 28, 247 – via Internet Archive.
- John Foxe (1838). The acts and monuments of John Foxe: A New and Complete Edition. Vol. 5. R.B. Seeley and W. Burnside.
- Foxe, John (1570) [First published 1563]. "The Death of Robert Packington". John Foxe's The Actes and Monuments Online. p. 1330. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
- Gibbs, Robert (1888). Worthies of Buckinghamshire. Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire: Robert Gibbs. pp. 309–12.
- Marshall, Peter (October 2008). "Pakington, Robert (b. in or before 1489, d. 1536)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/96818. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- Miller, Helen (1982), "Pakington, Robert (by 1489–1536), of London", in Bindoff, S.T. (ed.), The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1509–1558, Boydell and Brewer
- Phillimore, W.P.W., ed. (1888). The Visitation of the County of Worcester Made in the Year 1569. Vol. XXVII. London: Harleian Society. pp. 101–3.
- Richardson, Douglas (2011). Plantagenet Ancestry. Vol. II. Salt Lake City. pp. 281–3. ISBN 978-144996634-8.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Rowe, Joy (2004). "Kitson family (per. c.1520–c.1660)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/73910. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- Salzman, L.F., ed. (1937), "Parishes: Walgrave", A History of the County of Northampton, vol. 4, British History Online, pp. 217–222
- Sutton, Anne F. (2005). The mercery of London: trade, goods and people, 1130-1578. Ashgate Publishing. p. 387. ISBN 978-075465331-8.
- Welch, Charles; Archer, Ian W. (reviewer) (January 2008) [First published 2004]. "Kitson, Sir Thomas (1485–1540)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/15833. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)The first edition of this text is available at Wikisource: . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
- Whittick, Christopher (October 2008) [First published 2006]. "Collier, Richard (1480x85?–1533)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/95011. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- Wright, Stephen (May 2007) [First published 2004]. "Pakington, Sir John (1549–1625)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/21145. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Further reading
edit- Baker, J.H. (May 2009) [First published 2004]. "Pakington, Sir John (b. in or before 1477, d. 1551)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/21143. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- Baker, John (October 2008) [First published 2004]. "Baldwin, Sir John (bap. before 1470, d. 1545)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/1166. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- Carter, P.R.N. (January 2008) [First published 2004]. "Tasburgh, Dorothy [other married name Dorothy Pakington, Lady Pakington] (1531–1577)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/68014. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- Lipscomb, George (1847). The History and Antiquities of the County of Buckingham. Vol. II. London: J. & W. Robins. pp. 8–9, 14.
- Will of Sir John Baldwin, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, of Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, proved 27 October 1545, National Archives Retrieved 29 April 2013
- Will of Robert Pakington, Mercer of London, proved 24 April 1537, National Archives Retrieved 29 April 2013
- Will of Sir Michael Dormer, Alderman and Mercer of London, proved 2 October 1545, National Archives Retrieved 7 May 2013
- Will of Dame Katherine Dormer, widow, of London, proved 26 January 1563, National Archives Retrieved 7 May 2013
- Will of Richard Collier, Mercer, of Saint Pancras, London, proved 12 March 1533, National Archives Retrieved 7 May 2013
- Cupper (Couper), Richard (by 1519-83/84), of London, Powick and Worcester, History of Parliament Retrieved 12 May 2013
- Will of Richard Cupper of Powick, Worcestershire, proved 15 October 1584, PROB 11/67/341, National Archives Retrieved 12 May 2013