Wikipedia

Roosevelt Stadium

This article is about the stadium in Jersey City. For the stadium in Union City, see Roosevelt Stadium (Union City).

Roosevelt Stadium was a baseball stadium at Droyer's Point in Jersey City, New Jersey. It opened on April 23, 1937, and was the home of the Jersey City Giants of the International League (IL), the Triple-A farm team of the New York Giants, from 1937 to 1950 and later hosted other high-minor league baseball teams. It also hosted 15 Major League Baseball (MLB) home games for the Brooklyn Dodgers from 1956 to 1957, plus championship boxing matches, top-name musical acts, an annual championship drum and bugle corps competition known as "The Dream" (1946–1983), professional wrestling matches, important regional high school football games, college football games, minor league football games, soccer matches and even NASCAR races. The stadium was demolished in 1985 and replaced by the Society Hill housing development.

Roosevelt Stadium
Main stadium entrance, ca. 1940
Map
Full nameJersey City Roosevelt Stadium
LocationDanforth Ave. & New Jersey Route 1 (now NJ Route 440)
Jersey City, New Jersey
Coordinates40°42′23″N 74°6′18″W / 40.70639°N 74.10500°W / 40.70639; -74.10500
OwnerJersey City
OperatorJersey City
Capacity24,000
Field sizeLeft – 330 ft (100 m)
Left Center – 377 ft (115 m)
Center – 411 ft (125 m)
Right Center – 377 ft (115 m)
Right – 330 ft (100 m)
Backstop – 60 ft (18 m)
SurfaceGrass
Construction
Broke groundDecember 10, 1935
Built1935–1937
OpenedApril 23, 1937
Renovated1970
Closed1981
Demolished1985
Construction cost$1.5 million
($132 million in 2023 dollars[1])
ArchitectChristian H. Ziegler
Tenants
Brooklyn Dodgers (MLB) (1956–1957, 15 games)
Jersey City Giants (IL) (1937–1950)
Jersey City Giants (AA) (1938–1950)
Jersey City Jerseys (IL) (1960–1961)
Jersey City State College (NCAA) (1966–1976)
Jersey Jays (ACFL) (1970)
Jersey City Indians (EL) (1977)
Jersey City A's (EL) (1978)
General map
Baseball game at Roosevelt Stadium circa 1940.

History

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Planning and construction

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On June 5, 1929, Jersey City Mayor Frank Hague announced his plans to construct a 50,000-seat municipal stadium in Jersey City to surround a field 500 feet (150 m) long by 400 feet (120 m) wide, that would be dedicated to the memory of the city's war dead. It was expected to cost $500,000 and be built by Spring 1930. Mayor Hague planned for the stadium to have 35,000 permanent seats with ground space for an additional 15,000. It would be a multi-purpose stadium for baseball, football, track and field events, and boxing.[2]

The stadium was envisioned as a Works Progress Administration (WPA) project on the grounds of what was the Jersey City Airport at Droyer's Point. The airport was built and first operated by noted aviator Clarence D. Chamberlin in 1928 and then later operated by aviator Eddie August Schneider starting in 1935.[3][4] By 1935, Jersey City was suffering from the effects of the Great Depression and Mayor Hauge was looking to create construction jobs for Hudson County's working class. He applied for federal funds through the Civil Works Administration and the WPA of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal program. Under the terms of the grant program, the money received could not be used to purchase land so the city had to contribute land for the project. According to the Mayor, Droyers Point was the only available city-owned property and better suited for a municipal sports stadium than a municipal airport which would have eventually been a financial liability to the city. He boasted that the stadium would be a self-sufficient operation and would employ 250 people on a seasonal basis.[5][6]

On December 10, 1935, Mayor Hague, with nearly 2,000 people in attendance, turned the first shovel of earth to officially break ground on the stadium. At the ceremony, Mayor Hauge said, “We owe to President Roosevelt’s efforts the realization of our dream. He has been considerate of Jersey City in giving us this beautiful stadium. Besides the stadium, I am happy that its construction will provide work for nearly 1,000 men and through them hundreds of our citizens will benefit. This is a very happy occasion for all of us." Jersey City was awarded $1.5 million in federal WPA funds for the construction of the stadium which provided 2,400 jobs and in recognition of the award, Mayor Hague named the ballpark "Roosevelt Stadium" in honor of the president.[7]

Design

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Architect Christian H. Ziegler designed the stadium in the Art Deco style, a style he used in designing the former Jersey City Medical Center, to emphasize Jersey City's strength and influence.[6] Considered the best minor league baseball park of the time, the 24,000-seat stadium was constructed of steel and concrete and featured marble sourced from Pennsylvania and Tennessee. The stadium was horse shoe and bowl shaped surrounded by a concrete wall with a terra-cotta façade. Terrazzo flooring was featured on the first floor and concourse, in bathrooms, locker rooms, showers and corridors. The grandstand was 60 feet (18 m) high and consisted of terraced seating of 35 rows and bleachers. Multiple well-placed ramps gave patrons easy access to their seats.[7]

Opening

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The ballpark's home opener was scheduled for April 22, 1937, with the opening of the 1937 International League season. Mayor Hague declared a half-holiday for the city's schools and employees. New York Giants owner Horace Stoneham was expected at the opener along with Senator Harry Moore.[8] Rain washed out the planned events and the opening game was moved back to April 23 with Mayor Hague throwing out the first pitch and Sen. Moore and owner Horace Stoneham on hand for the ballpark's dedication.[9] The Jersey City Giants took on the Rochester Red Wings with the Red Wings defeating the Giants 4–3 in front of an over capacity crowd of 31,234, a then minor league record.[5][7]

Events

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Baseball

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Roosevelt Stadium was constructed to serve as the home field of the Jersey City Giants, the Triple-A International League (IL) farm team of the New York Giants, from 1937 to 1950. The Giants won the International League regular-season pennant in 1939 and 1947 and were runners-up to the Syracuse Chiefs in the Governors' Cup playoffs in 1942, but no Giants team would ever win a pennant in postseason play. Hague routinely hawked opening day tickets for "Little Giants" games, selling 40,000 seats in a stadium that held only 24,000. When asked about the discrepancy, he was reported to have said "Hell of a crowd in the men's rooms."

On April 18, 1946, Roosevelt Stadium hosted the historic Jersey City Giants' season opener against the Montreal Royals, the Triple-A IL farm team of the Brooklyn Dodgers, marking the professional debut of the Royals' Jackie Robinson and the breaking of professional baseball's color barrier. Mayor Hague declared the day a half-day school holiday and threw out the ceremonial first pitch. A sold-out over capacity crowd of 51,872 witnessed Robinson's debut. In five trips to the plate he got four hits, including a three-run homer, scored four runs and drove in three; he also stole two bases in the Royals' 14–1 victory over the Giants. After the game, Robinson was mobbed by fans and well-wishers, Black and white, who wanted to congratulate him. Some people even followed him through the dugout tunnel and into the locker room.[10][11][12] Robinson recalled his debut in his autobiography, My Own Story, saying "Although I was wearing the colors of the enemy, the Jersey City fans gave me a fine ovation. And my teammates were shouting, 'Come on, Jackie, start it off. This guy can't pitch. Get a-hold of one!'"[13]

Between 1949 and 1950, future Hall of Famer Monte Irvin played several games with the Jersey City Giants in between being called up to the New York Giants. With Jersey City, he batted .373 in 1949 and .510 with ten home runs in eighteen games in 1950. In an interview with the Jersey Journal, Irvin reflected on his time playing at Roosevelt Stadium and said "What a wonderful stadium," "It was the class of the International League and better than many [Major League] stadiums. I had a lot of thrills there."[10]

Following the 1950 season, the New York Giants decided to move the club to Ottawa due to recent drops in attendance. Like their former neighbors and rivals, the Newark Bears, they found that rather than attending local minor league affiliate games, fans in New Jersey, due to the growth of television after World War II, were increasingly watching Giants, Dodgers and Yankees games from the comfort of their own homes.[14]

On July 8, 1960, it was announced high-minor league baseball would return to Roosevelt Stadium with the Jersey City Jerseys of the IL for the 1960 and 1961 season. The Jerseys had moved from Havana, Cuba where they were known as the Havana Sugar Kings and had just won the 1959 International League title. The Sugar Kings move was forced by Fidel Castro nationalizing all U.S.-owned enterprises in Cuba and Baseball Commissioner Ford Frick feeling political pressure at home from Secretary of State Christian Herter to protect the “safety and welfare” of club personnel and baseball's interests.[15][16] On July 15, the club arrived in Jersey City and was greeted by its residents as it took part in an eight-car twenty-mile motorcade through the city on their way to the stadium to play the Columbus Jets.[17]

The stadium would see the last high-minor league baseball competition with the Jersey City Indians of the Double-A Eastern League (EL) in 1977 and, following a change in minor-league affiliation, the Jersey City A's of the EL in 1978 led by future Hall of Famer Rickey Henderson.

 
Brooklyn Dodgers manager Walter Alston with Philadelphia Phillies manager Mayo Smith before a 1957 game at Roosevelt Stadium

Major League Baseball

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From 1956 to 1957, the stadium hosted 15 "home" games by the Brooklyn Dodgers during their last two seasons in Brooklyn – seven in 1956 and eight in 1957.[18] The games were played partly as a negotiating tactic with the City of New York and the Borough of Brooklyn, in pursuit of a new stadium to replace Ebbets Field.[19] While it had just 24,000 seats as opposed to Ebbets Field's 31,497, Roosevelt Stadium had 10,000 parking spaces compared to Ebbets Field's 700. The agreement between Jersey City and the Dodgers stipulated that the club would rent Roosevelt Stadium from the city for an annual fee of $10,000. The Dodgers also agreed to absorb the cost of making the stadium ready for major league baseball. In return, the Dodgers received all parking and ticket revenue. Team owner, Walter O'Malley, added that if by 1958 their new stadium in Brooklyn was still under construction, the Dodgers would not play at Ebbets Field and could play the entire season in Jersey City.[20] The Dodgers' negotiations with the City of New York came to naught, and the team moved to Los Angeles in 1958.[21]

During their time at Roosevelt Stadium, the Dodgers played in several memorable games.

On April 19, 1956, the Dodgers played the Philadelphia Phillies in their first game at Roosevelt Stadium. A pregame ceremony was held with the club raising their 1955 World Series Championship banner which was displayed at both Roosevelt Stadium and Ebbets Field. The ceremonial first pitch was thrown out by Jersey City mayor Bernard Berry, and Eddie Fisher sang the National Anthem. Jersey City's St. Patrick's Drum and Bugle Corps also took part in the festivities. The game went to extra innings tied 3–3. Down 4–3 in the bottom of 10th inning, the Dodgers would tie the game and with the bases loaded, Rube Walker hit a sacrifice fly to center field that allowed Don Zimmer to score the winning run and give the Dodgers a 5–4 victory over the Phillies.[22]

On July 25, 1956, Carl Furillo hit the Dodgers' first home run at the stadium off of Brooks Lawrence. The game ended with a walk-off home run by future Hall of Famer Duke Snider to give the Dodgers the 2–1 victory over the Cincinnati Redlegs.[23]

On August 15, 1956, the Dodgers hosted their rival, the New York Giants, at the stadium. The Giants had built a large following in Jersey City after being the home of their Triple-A affiliate, the Jersey City Giants, for 13 years. Jackie Robinson went 0–4 and was booed by the sold-out pro Giants crowd of 26,385. The most memorable moment of the game occurred in fourth inning when future Hall of Famer Willie Mays hit the only home run ever hit completely out of Roosevelt Stadium off of Don Newcombe. That home run gave the Giants the 1–0 victory over the Dodgers.[10][24]

On June 5, 1957, future Hall of Famer Don Drysdale pitched the first of his 49 Major League shutouts at the stadium defeating the Chicago Cubs 4–0.[18][25]

 
The stadium

Boxing

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Boxing matches were also a big draw at the stadium. In 1940, former heavyweight champion Max Baer beat "Two Ton Tony" Galento at Roosevelt Stadium. A year later in 1941, Jersey Joe Walcott defeated the reigning heavyweight champion, Ezzard Charles. On September 21, 1948, European champion Marcel Cerdan of France defeated Tony Zale for the world middleweight championship title in one of the Tournament of Champions bouts held at the stadium. On August 9, 1950, Sugar Ray Robinson defeated the former 3-time New Jersey State Champion Charley Fusari to defend his welterweight title.[5]

Football

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Football game at Roosevelt Stadium

Although, initially constructed as a home field for the Jersey City Giants, the stadium later saw its most common use for high school football, as Jersey City's William L. Dickinson, James J. Ferris, Abraham Lincoln, Henry Snyder high schools and the city's major parochial schools, Hudson Catholic and St. Peter's Prep, all used the stadium, particularly on Thanksgiving Day, when Dickinson and St. Peter's would play before soldout crowds.[7] On September 28, 1974, it was the site of the game that set the New Jersey state record for consecutive losses by a high school football team at 42, when Dickinson High School lost to Hudson Catholic, 22–0. The Hawks offense was led by quarterback Steven Neri and halfback Tony Cavallo and Dickinson was held to -2 yards rushing and 18 passing by a Hudson defense led by Steve Cuccinelli, Ray Parente and Bruce Bock. Neri, Bock, Parente and Cuccinelli have all been inducted into the Hudson Catholic Football program's Wall of Fame.[26]

From 1938 to 1950, the stadium hosted the Jersey City Giants of the American Football Association (AA), a farm team of the New York Football Giants. Tim Mara purchased the team and moved them to Jersey City in 1938 making the Jersey City Giants the first minor league team in professional football. The Jersey City Giants would go on to win the league title a record three times (1938, 1940, 1946).[7]

The stadium hosted college football with Jersey City State College (now New Jersey City University) playing their home games on Friday nights at the stadium from 1966 to 1976 prior to the opening of the Thomas M. Gerrity Sports Complex on the adjacent tidelands.[5][27]

In 1970, the stadium hosted the Jersey Jays of the Atlantic Coast Football League (ACFL), a farm team of the Cleveland Browns.

During the 1973 NFL season, the New York Football Giants practiced at the stadium while they were playing their home games in New Haven, Connecticut at the Yale Bowl. During this time, their future home, Giants Stadium, was under construction at the Meadowlands Sports Complex.[7]

Soccer

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Soccer game at Roosevelt Stadium in 1960

In the 1960s and 1970s, Roosevelt Stadium became a top venue for several domestic and international soccer matches.

In 1960, the stadium hosted several matches for the International Soccer League (ISL), an affiliate league of the American Soccer League, including the leagues' debut matches that it co-hosted with the Polo Grounds.[28]

On June 19, 1960, the stadium hosted a double header for the first section title of the ISL. The first match featured Burnley F.C. against OGC Nice with Burnley winning 4–0. The second match saw Kilmarnock F.C. defeat the New York Americans 3–1 in front of 11,704 fans. Kilmarnock won their first section title with a 4–0–1 record and Burnley finished as runner-up.[29]

On June 20, 1971, the stadium hosted a North American Soccer League (NASL) and international soccer double-header. The New York Cosmos played the Dallas Tornado in the opener where the Cosmos rallied to beat the Tornado 3–1. Bologna took on West Ham United in the second match with Bologna winning 2–1 in front of 9,000 fans.[30] The first game of the doubleheader was set for Yankee Stadium in the Bronx but the contract that the Cosmos had with the Yankees allowed for a "weather clause" in which the baseball team could cancel if bad weather conditions posed a potential threat to the field.[31]

A week later on June 27, 1971, Santos FC, led by the legendary Pelé, played Bologna in an exhibition match in front of raucous crowd of 21,414 fans. When Pelé stepped on to the field, hundreds of fans stormed the field to get close to him for pictures and autographs. The Jersey City Police Department's mounted police gained control of the crowd but not before kickoff was delayed for thirty-five minutes. The match ended in a 1–1 draw.[32][33]

On May 25, 1973, Santos FC and Pelé returned to Roosevelt Stadium to take on Lazio in front of passionate sold-out crowd of 26,145 fans. Pelé was swarmed by fans on his way into the stadium looking for autographs and pictures. The game was repeatedly stopped by fans, who threw beer cans, bottles and even chairs onto the field. In the ninth minute, Pelé scored on a free kick through a wall of seven players. With two minutes left in the match, Lazio was setup to take a penalty kick, but fans stormed the field and the referees called the game with Lazio never taking the shot and Santos FC winning 3–0.[34]

Professional wrestling

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In 1975, the stadium hosted three professional wrestling matches held by the International Wrestling Association (IWA). The first and most notable match took place on October 7, 1975, featuring former WWWF World Heavyweight Champion Ivan Koloff taking on Mil Máscaras for the IWA World Heavyweight Championship with Máscaras winning on a double count out in front of 14,000 fans.[35][36]

Concerts

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From 1972 to 1976, Roosevelt Stadium saw a second life as a premier outdoor concert venue for national touring acts. The stadium hosted multiple concerts by notable performers such as Eric Clapton, Rod Stewart, Alice Cooper, The J. Geils Band, Flash, Chicago, The Beach Boys, The Kinks, Looking Glass, Joe Cocker, Mark Almond Band, Patto, Leon Russell, New Riders of the Purple Sage, Three Dog Night, T.Rex, The Band, Santana, Tower of Power, Grand Funk Railroad, Blue Öyster Cult, Lee Michaels, Poco, The Allman Brothers Band, The Marshall Tucker Band, Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Seals and Crofts, America, The Eagles, Yes, Lynyrd Skynyrd, The Doobie Brothers, KISS, Bob Seger and The Silver Bullet Band, Boz Scaggs, and Randy Meisner.[37]

On August 8, 1974, Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young played their first New York area concert in four years to a crowd of about 50,000 people at the stadium. During the band's intermission former president Richard Nixon announced he was resigning from office due to his role in the Watergate scandal. Graham Nash took to the stage and announced the news to the capacity crowd. The crowd cheered and set off a few fireworks in celebration. The first song the band played after the announcement was David Crosby's “Long Time Gone” to mark the occasion.[38][39]

Pink Floyd played four concerts at Roosevelt Stadium: June 14 & 16, 1973; July 18, 1974; and June 14, 1975.[37]

The Grateful Dead played the most concerts at Roosevelt Stadium with eight: July 18, 1972; September 19, 1972; July 30, 1973; July 31, 1973; August 1, 1973; July 31, 1974; August 6, 1974; and August 4, 1976.[40][37]

Other events

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Drum & Bugle Corps perform at Roosevelt Stadium, 1972.

Roosevelt Stadium was a popular venue for drum and bugle corps contests throughout its history. From 1946 to 1983, the stadium hosted The National Dream Contest, "The Dream", for drum and bugle corps organizations.[41] On September 8, 1957, the stadium hosted the ninth annual "National Drum Contest," a competition of eight champion drum corps held by the United Organizations of Bayonne.[42] On September 15, 1963, the stadium hosted the first annual World Open Championship sponsored by Drum Corps News for junior drum and bugle corps in the United States and Canada.[43]

In the early 1950s, NASCAR hosted several stock car races along the perimeter of the stadium's field and warning track.[44] On June 5, 1954, a 100-lap NASCAR championship event was held at the stadium.[45]

Beginning in the 1970s, the stadium began holding religious conventions for the Jehovah's Witnesses. On July 4, 1971, 16,000 people gathered at the stadium to listen via closed-circuit radio to Nathan H. Knorr speak from an assembly at Yankee Stadium.[46] From July 18–21, 1974, over 10,000 people filled the stadium over four days for a district assembly. From July 25–28, a Spanish language assembly was held for 18,000 people.[47]

In the early 1970s, a 200 feet (61 m) long by 100 feet (30 m) wide outdoor ice skating rink was erected by the city in the winter months and became a popular attraction.[48]

Closing and demolition

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By the 1970s, the stadium had fallen into disrepair. In 1970, Jersey City made attempts to keep the stadium viable with several renovations such as re-sodding the playing field and overhauling the drainage, roofing and steam heating systems. However, further renovations of the structure were impeded by asbestos and overall decay. In 1972, the city lost $68,000 operating the stadium. In 1978, a 30 foot (9.1 m) light tower fell off the roof of the grandstand which weakened the stadium's exterior walls and other light towers. In 1981, two additional light towers collapsed forcing the city to close the stadium for repairs and then permanently.[5]

That year, the city's Division of Urban Research and Design estimated that repairs to the stadium would cost about $4 million and recommended, instead, to demolish the stadium and build new housing. From 1970 to 1980, Jersey City's population dropped 14.1%, a loss of 37,000 people. Local officials asserted that there was a need for the new housing and the $4 million in tax revenue it would provide to stave off further population loss.[49]

In November 1982, the Jersey City City Council voted to demolish the stadium and replace it with a $200 million middle-income housing development.[49][7] In 1985, the stadium was finally demolished and the gated community known as Society Hill opened on the site in 1996 with a later phase, known as Droyer's Point, opening in 2004.[6][50]

Roosevelt Stadium survived longer but ultimately met a similar fate as two other historic New York area ballparks of its time. Ebbets Field in Brooklyn was demolished in 1960 and replaced with a middle-income housing development known as the Ebbets Field Apartments in 1962. The Polo Grounds in Upper Manhattan was demolished in 1964 and replaced with a public housing development known as Polo Grounds Towers in 1968.

Replacement

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In October 1983, Jersey City opened Cochrane Stadium in the Caven Point section of the city as a modern but more modest 4,000 seat municipal stadium replacement for the city's residents and local schools.[51]

Legacy

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Aerial view of Roosevelt Stadium from over Newark Bay

Roosevelt Stadium and the events that it hosted have been commemorated in several ways.

Memorials

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In media

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In fashion

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  • In July 2023, the limited edition New Balance 440, modeled around Roosevelt Stadium and Jersey City, was released. The sneaker was developed as a collaboration between NJ Skateshop and New Balance Numeric (New Balance's skateboarding brand) to celebrate the history of Roosevelt Stadium and its former location in Jersey City, NJ Route 440. As an extra nod to the stadium, NJ Skateshop teamed up with Jersey City-based pencil manufacturer, General Pencil Company, to create 1,000 custom pencils included with the shoes that read ‘Roosevelt Stadium, April 18th, 1946’ as an ode to the pencils that were used for scorekeeping at Jersey City Giants games and Jackie Robinson's historic debut.[55]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  2. ^ "Jersey City Plans Stadium to Seat 50,000 As $500,000 Memorial to Her Soldier Dead". The New York Times. 1929-06-06. p. 21.
  3. ^ "Jersey City to Get WPA Stadium Fund. Mayor Hague Reports Application for $800,000 Approved for Arena at Airport". The New York Times. September 26, 1935. Retrieved 2007-08-21. Mayor Frank Hague of Jersey City announced yesterday he had been informed that the Works Progress Administration had approved the city's application for an $800,000 grant to build a municipal sports stadium.
  4. ^ "Two In Plane Escape In Newark Bay Crash. Schneider, Ex-Transcontinental Record-Holder, And Student Pilot Rescued By Police". The New York Times. May 16, 1935. Retrieved 2007-08-21. Two aviators escaped with only minor bruises and a thorough wetting last night when their three-seat, open-cockpit biplane developed motor trouble soon after taking off from the Jersey City Airport and fell into Newark Bay 200 feet off Droyer's Point, Jersey City. The men were rescued by police, who went to their aid in a collapsible rowboat kept at the field. ... The plane [had] taken off at 7 pm [piloted] by Edward Schneider, 23 years old, of 209 Sip Avenue, Jersey City, former holder of the junior transcontinental plane record and manager of the airport since January 1, 1935.
  5. ^ a b c d e "Roosevelt Stadium". New Jersey City University. Retrieved April 23, 2024.
  6. ^ a b c "Roosevelt Stadium: The Forgotten Ballpark". Society for American Baseball Research (SABR). Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g "PART OF AN ERA WILL FALL WITH ROOSEVELT STADIUM". The New York Times. July 1, 1984. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  8. ^ Kingsley Childs (1937-04-22). "International League to Begin Fifty-Fourth Season Today; JERSEY CITY READY FOR GALA OPENING". The New York Times.
  9. ^ Daly, Arthur J. (1937-04-23). "JERSEY CITY EAGER TO SEE NEW CLUB; Opener, Put Back Because of Rain, Is Expected to Draw 30,000 Fans Today". The New York Times. p. 26.
  10. ^ a b c "Roosevelt Stadium key in baseball history - Robinson broke color barrier, Irvin starred in Jersey City". milb.com. February 2, 2009. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  11. ^ "Jackie Robinson, Jersey City, and His First Game in Organized Baseball". Society for American Baseball Research (SABR). Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  12. ^ "Robinson stepped to the plate in Jersey City and into the history books 75 years ago". The Jersey Journal. April 16, 2021. Retrieved April 24, 2024.
  13. ^ "Remembering Jackie Robinson's 1946 season". milb.com. Retrieved April 24, 2024.
  14. ^ "April 26, 1951: Ottawa Giants bring Triple-A baseball back to Canada's capital". Society for American Baseball Research (SABR). April 26, 1951. Retrieved April 24, 2024.
  15. ^ "Jersey City to get Havana, Castro 'speaks'". Free Lance-Star. (Fredericksburg, Virginia). Associated Press. July 9, 1960. p. 6. Retrieved April 24, 2024.
  16. ^ "The Short but Exciting Life of the Havana Sugar Kings". Society for American Baseball Research (SABR). Retrieved April 26, 2024.
  17. ^ "Ex-Sugar Kings Get a Noisy Welcome in New Home". The New York Times. July 16, 1960. Retrieved April 26, 2024.
  18. ^ a b "Ballparks: 1862 - Present". MLB.com. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  19. ^ "Doby Hits 500 Foot Homer for Griffith Stadium Record". The Milwaukee Journal. May 26, 1949. Retrieved 2011-07-24.
  20. ^ "The Brooklyn Dodgers in Jersey City". Society for American Baseball Research (SABR). Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  21. ^ Stout, Glenn; Johnson, Richard A. (2004). The Dodgers: 120 years of Dodgers baseball. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 206. ISBN 0-618-21355-4. The Dodgers: 120 years of Dodgers baseball.
  22. ^ "April 19, 1956: Dodgers defeat Phillies in Jersey City opener". Society for American Baseball Research (SABR). Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  23. ^ "July 25, 1956: Dodgers win on Snider walkoff home run in Jersey City". Society for American Baseball Research (SABR). July 25, 1956. Retrieved April 24, 2024.
  24. ^ "August 15, 1956: Giants' Antonelli outduels Dodgers' Newcombe in Jersey City". Society for American Baseball Research (SABR). August 15, 1956. Retrieved April 24, 2024.
  25. ^ "Chicago Cubs vs Brooklyn Dodgers Box Score: June 5, 1957". baseball-reference.com. June 5, 1957. Retrieved April 24, 2024.
  26. ^ "Dickinson Loss Streak Extended to 42 Games". The New York Times. September 29, 1974. Retrieved April 23, 2024.
  27. ^ "The Thomas M. Gerrity Athletic Complex". njcugothicknights.com. June 23, 2015. Retrieved April 24, 2024.
  28. ^ "A ROUNDUP OF THE SPORTS INFORMATION OF THE WEEK - SOCCER—INTERNATIONAL SOCCER LEAGUE". Sports Illustrated. June 6, 1960. Retrieved May 1, 2024.
  29. ^ "KILMARNOCK TOPS AMERICANS, 3 TO 1; Earns First Section Title in Soccer Play -- Burnley Wins Opener, 4 to 0". The New York Times. June 20, 1960. Retrieved May 1, 2024.
  30. ^ "Bologna Triumphs Over WestHam,2–1; Cosmos 3–1 Victors". The New York Times. June 21, 1971. Retrieved April 24, 2024.
  31. ^ The Ukrainian Weekly, June 5, 1971
  32. ^ "Pele Leads Santos of Brazil Against Bologna of Italy in Jersey City Today". The New York Times. June 27, 1971. Retrieved April 24, 2024.
  33. ^ "Pele Draws Cheers, Boos in Tie Game Before 21,414 Fans". The New York Times. June 28, 1971. Retrieved April 24, 2024.
  34. ^ "PELE AND SANTOS WIN; FANS ERUPT". The New York Times. March 26, 1973. Retrieved April 24, 2024.
  35. ^ "International Wrestling Association (IWA)". cagematch.net. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  36. ^ "IWA Event 10.07.1975 Jersey City, New Jersey USA Roosevelt Stadium". cagematch.net. October 7, 1975. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  37. ^ a b c "Roosevelt Stadium Concert History". concertarchives.org. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  38. ^ "Pop Music: Crosby, Stills". The New York Times. August 10, 1974. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  39. ^ "Graham Nash on 'CSNY 74,' summer tour". Asbury Park Press. July 4, 2014. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  40. ^ "The SetList Program - Grateful Dead Setlists, Listener Experiences, and Statistics".
  41. ^ "Drum and Bugle Corps Report". The Herald News. July 20, 1967. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  42. ^ "The Blare And the Beat". The New York Times. September 8, 1957. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  43. ^ "Cavaliers in 8th Place In World Corps Contest". The Berkshire Eagle. September 16, 1963. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  44. ^ "Overview of New Jersey Racing History". jerseycarshows.com. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  45. ^ "100-LAP EVENT SET TOMORROW - Postponed Race To Open Jersey City Card". The Record. June 4, 1954. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  46. ^ "Jehovah's Witnesses Told Nations Face 'Collision' With God". The New York Times. July 5, 1971. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  47. ^ "Jehovah Witnesses Open 4-Day Meeting". The New York Times. July 19, 1974. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  48. ^ "The Stadium's a Burden To a Hard-Pressed City". The New York Times. February 20, 1972. Retrieved April 24, 2024.
  49. ^ a b Malinconico, Joseph (1982-11-28). "ROOSEVELT STADIUM: GLORY FADING FAST". New York Times.
  50. ^ a b "Society Hill at Jersey City". New Jersey City University. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  51. ^ "SPORTS PEOPLE; Empty Seats in Jersey". The New York Times. August 26, 1983. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  52. ^ "When the Dodgers and Jackie Robinson Made History in New Jersey". njspotlightnews.org. March 29, 2012. Retrieved April 26, 2024.
  53. ^ "In Jersey City, statue marks Jackie's triumph - Robinson landmark honors site of legend's first game in Minors". MiLB.com. February 2, 2009. Retrieved June 20, 2024.
  54. ^ "42 FILM TOUR". exploregeorgia.org. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  55. ^ "Skate shop to release sneaker that celebrates historic Roosevelt Stadium and Jersey City". The Jersey Journal. July 14, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2024.
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40°42′23″N 74°6′18″W / 40.70639°N 74.10500°W / 40.70639; -74.10500

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