Elmo Burns Roper Jr. (July 31, 1900 in Hebron, Nebraska – April 30, 1971 in Redding, Connecticut) was an American pollster known for his pioneering work in market research and opinion polling, alongside friends-cum-rivals Archibald Crossley and George Gallup.
Elmo Roper | |
|---|---|
| Born | July 31, 1900 Hebron, Nebraska, United States |
| Died | April 30, 1971 (aged 70) West Redding, Connecticut, United States |
| Occupation | Public opinion analyst |
| Years active | 1933–1966 |
Early life
editElmo Burns Roper, Jr. was born in Hebron, Nebraska, on July 31, 1900. His father, Elmo Burns Roper, was a banker. After receiving his preliminary education, he attended the University of Minnesota and the University of Edinburgh from 1919 to 1921, but did not receive a degree. In 1921, he started a jewelry store, which made him interested in customer opinions. However, the store was closed in 1928. In the following years, he worked as a salesman for the Seth Thomas Clock Company and the New Haven Clock Company. In 1933, during the Great Depression, Roper became a sales analyst for the Traub Manufacturing Company.[1][2][3]: 769
Career
editIn 1933,[4] Roper, alongside Richardson Wood and Paul T. Cherington, co-founded "Cherington, Wood, and Roper", a marketing research firm. Woods suggested Henry Luce, the director of Fortune magazine, to include survey of social and political trend in the magazine; Luce agreed.[1] Subsequently in 1935, Roper became the director of the Fortune survey.[4] Unlike other popular surveys, his survey relied on relatively fewer respondents. This initially lead to many questioning poll's accuracy.[1] The Fortune survey was the first national poll to use scientific sampling strategies.[3]
In the 1936 presidential election, incumbent Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt was challenged by Alf Landon, the Republican candidate.[5]The Literary Digest's presidential poll, which surveyed millions of people, predicted Landon to win. However, Roper, and other pollsters like George Gallup and Archibald Crossley predicted Roosevelt's re-election.[1] Roper predicted Roosevelt to receive 61.7% of the popular vote.[5] His prediction was correct to within 0.9%;[6] Roosevelt received 60.7% of the popular vote.[5] In the 1940 presidential election, Roper again predicted Roosevelt's victory against Wendell Willkie. His prediction was correct to within 0.5%.[6] In the 1944 presidential election, he again accurately predicted Roosevelt to win a fourth term again Thomas E. Dewey.[6]
In the 1948 presidential election, however, Roper predicted Dewey to defeat the incumbent Democratic President Harry S. Truman. He announced that his organization would discontinue polling since it had already predicted Dewey's victory by a large majority of electoral votes.[7]: 42 He said that his whole inclination was to predict Dewey's victory by a heavy margin, and to devote his time and efforts in other things.[8]: 86 His latest poll showed Dewey leading by an "unbeatable" 44% to Truman's 31%.[7]: 42
When that partnership fell apart, he founded his own research company, Elmo Roper, Inc.
In 1940, Roosevelt hired Roper to assess public opinion of Lend-Lease prior to its implementation.[citation needed]
In 1942 he was hired by William Joseph Donovan to be the deputy director of the Office of Strategic Services; Roper subsequently worked with the Office of War Information. After leaving the OWI he founded the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research at the Williams College in 1947.
From 1956 he served as chairman of board of directors of Fund for the Republic[9][10] succeeding Paul G. Hoffman.
Roper Opinion Research Company (the "Roper Poll") was later renamed Roper Starch Worldwide Company and eventually acquired by NOP World and then GfK in 2005.
Personal life and family
editSee also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d Wells, Harwell (2000) [1999]. "Roper, Elmo". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700462. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Archived from the original on June 3, 2018. Retrieved January 6, 2022.
- ^ "Elmo Roper". Encyclopædia Britannica. July 27, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2022.
- ^ a b White, Eric (2008). "Roper, Elmo (1900–1971)". In Lavrakas, Paul J. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-4129-1808-4.
- ^ a b "Elmo Roper". Roper Center for Public Opinion Research. Archived from the original on June 7, 2019. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- ^ a b c "Elmo Roper, Pollster, Is Dead; Predicted '36 Roosevelt Victory". The New York Times. May 1, 1971. Retrieved January 6, 2022.
- ^ a b c Andrews, Charles H. (May 4, 1944). "Odds Favor Roosevelt for Fourth Term, Should He Run, Elmo Roper Predicts". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved January 6, 2021 – via Google News.
- ^ a b Lemelin, Bernard (2001). "The U.S. Presidential Election of 1948 – The Causes of Truman's 'Astonishing' Victory". Revue française d'études américaines. 87: 38–61. doi:10.3917/rfea.087.0038. ISSN 0397-7870.
- ^ Frantz, Douglas (1995). Friends in High Places – The Rise and Fall of Clark Clifford. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-29162-0. LCCN 95002361. OL 1271143M. Retrieved November 8, 2021 – via the Internet Archive.
- ^ Fund for Republic Elects Chairman and 3 New Directors, in The New York Times; published 21 November 1956; retrieved 5 October 2021
- ^ "Elmo Roper | Roper Center for Public Opinion Research".
- ^ Pioneering pollster Burns Roper dead at 77 Archived September 24, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Associated Press, January 23, 2003, archived at Carnegie Mellon University.