Over the course of Japan's Edo period, the Ryūkyū Kingdom sent eighteen[1] missions to Edo (琉球江戸上り, ryūkyū edo nobori, "lit. 'the going up of Ryūkyū to Edo'), the capital of Tokugawa Japan. The unique pattern of these diplomatic exchanges evolved from models established by the Chinese, but without denoting any predetermined relationship to China or to the Chinese world order.[2] The Kingdom became a vassal to the Japanese feudal domain (han) of Satsuma following Satsuma's 1609 invasion of Ryūkyū, and as such were expected to pay tribute to the shogunate; the missions also served as a great source of prestige for Satsuma, the only han to claim any foreign polity, let alone a kingdom, as its vassal.[3]
Evolving relationships
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Royal princes or top-ranking officials in the royal government served as chief envoys, and were accompanied by merchants, craftsmen, scholars, and other government officials as they journeyed first by sea to the Ryūkyū-kan (琉球館) in Kagoshima, an institution which served a role similar to a consulate for the Ryūkyū Kingdom, and then on by land to Edo.[4] Missions traveled as a part of Satsuma's regular missions to Edo under the sankin kōtai system, the Ryūkyūan envoys and their entourage considerably outnumbered by the Japanese envoys and entourage from Satsuma, and were housed in the Shimazu clan residences during their time in Edo.[5] Even so, they were still regarded as diplomatic missions from a foreign country. This was reflected in the envoys' reception in Edo, in the associated rituals and meetings.[6] Ryūkyū was, however, regarded as being quite low in the hierarchy of foreign countries in the shogunate's world view. While the Ryūkyūan embassies paralleled in many ways those sent by Joseon Dynasty Korea in the same period, various aspects of the Ryūkyūan envoys' reception reflected their lower status in the shogunate's view. Since envoys from both Korea and Ryūkyū were not equals with the shōgun, intermediaries represented the shogunate in meetings with the envoys; while Korean envoys met with members of various high-ranking families (the kōke), envoys from Ryūkyū were met by a lower-ranking master of ceremonies, the sōshaban.[7]
The nature and composition of these Ryūkyūan missions to Edo evolved over the course of time. The earliest Ryūkyūan mission was received in Kyoto in 1451 (Hōtoku 3, 7th month )[8] Mention of this diplomatic event is among the first of its type to be published in the West in an 1832 French version of Sangoku Tsūran Zusetsu (三国通覧図説, An Illustrated Description of Three Countries) by Hayashi Shihei.[9] The essential character of these diplomatic expeditions mirrored the Ryūkyūan embassies to the Qing court in Beijing. The best extant description of these embassies is found in Tsūkō ichiran, compiled by Hayashi Akira in 1853.[10] Japanese modifications to the well-established concepts and patterns of foreign relations of Imperial China developed as conditions changed.
Every mission was conducted either to congratulate a new shōgun on his succession or in connection with the accession of a new king of Ryūkyū.[11] In the latter case, approval and formal recognition of the new king would be formally requested of both the Shimazu clan lords of Satsuma and of the shogunate, but the request was essentially simply a matter of ritual, and none were ever denied.
Extensive efforts were made to stress the foreignness of the costume, language, customs and art of the Ryūkyū Kingdom, emphasizing the glory and power of the Shimazu clan of the Satsuma Domain, the only daimyōs (feudal lords) in Japan to enjoy the fealty of a foreign kingdom. The missions served a similar function for the shogunate at times, helping to create the image that the shōgun's power and influence extended overseas.[3] The third Tokugawa shōgun, Tokugawa Iemitsu, called for an embassy to be sent from Ryūkyū in 1634, as his predecessor Tokugawa Hidetada had done with a Korean embassy in 1617, to provide a show for the Imperial court and daimyōs of the shōgun's power.[12]
Cultural impacts
editNumerous woodblock prints and paintings of the exotic and brightly colored costumes and banners of the Ryūkyū delegation were produced, and bought and sold by commoners and samurai alike.[13]
Missions chronology
edit1609–1611
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The Kingdom of Ryūkyū was invaded by forces from the Satsuma Domain in the 12th year of Keichō (1609).[14] King Shō Nei and a number of royal advisors and government officials were taken back to Kagoshima and then to Sunpu, where they met with retired shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu. The delegation continued north to Edo for a formal audience in the shogunal court of Tokugawa Hidetada. Upon returning to Kagoshima, the king and officials were required to sign oaths of loyalty to Satsuma.[15] Secondary sources, i.e. history books, often count this as the first tribute mission.
1629
editNo formal tribute/diplomatic mission was sent in this year, but three high-ranking officials from the Ryūkyū government journeyed to Edo to perform before shōgun Tokugawa Iemitsu.[16]
1649
editThe 1649 mission was headed by Prince Gushikawa Chōei.[17] Chōei was the seventh son of Shō Kyū, son of King Shō Gen (r. 1556–72).
1682
editPrince Nago led a mission in 1682 to congratulate shōgun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi on his succession. He alone of the members of the mission was granted an audience with the shōgun; by contrast, the Korean representatives received several months later included three ambassadors and seven or so aides and pages. This is but one of many differences seen in the reception of Korean and Ryūkyūan embassies, reflections of the different levels of status the two countries held in the Japanese view.
The reception for Prince Nago was attended by all daimyōs below the fourth court rank; a great number of samurai lords, but of relatively low rank. In presenting formal greetings on behalf of King Shō Tei, he bowed nine times "on the fourth mat below the Lower State [and] withdrew" and then presented obeisances on his own behalf from the veranda.[7] This, too, reflects a lower status than the Korean ambassadors, who made only four and a half bows from the second mat below the Middle Stage.[18] Historian Ronald Toby, by way of contrasting the treatment of the two embassies, also adds that the Ryūkyūans were offered no grand banquet as the Koreans did, nor were they bade farewell by the rōjū (Council of Elders; chief shogunal advisors) when they left Edo for home, as the Korean envoys did.[19]
1710
editMission to Edo included 168 from Ryūkyū, far exceeding the size of any previous mission.[20] This is a reflection in large part of the relative prosperity of the kingdom under the guidance of royal advisor Sai On.
1714
editThe largest mission in the history of the practice journeys to Edo, led by Princes Yonagusuku and Kin. Tei Junsoku, Confucian scholar and influential educational reformer, accompanied the mission as the Chief of Correspondence.[21] Tei met with Japanese Confucian scholars Arai Hakuseki, Ogyū Sorai, and Dazai Shundai. Hakuseki would later write a history of the Ryūkyū Islands, entitled "History of the Southern Islands" (南島史, Nantō-shi), based on discussions with Tei Junsoku and others during this envoy mission; Shundai likewise included passages about the Ryūkyūs in his "Economic Record" (経済録, Keizai roku).[22]
Discussions between the Ryūkyūan emissaries and their Japanese counterparts concerned in part problems faced by the Ryūkyū Kingdom. Economic policies put into place in the ensuing years were patterned after recent Japanese policies under shōgun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi. The influence of this 1714 mission was particularly strong in drawing the attention of the shogunate to the affairs of the Ryūkyū Kingdom.[22]
1748–1752
editAn embassy from the Ryūkyū Islands arrived in Japan in the 1st year of Kan'en (1648), and another embassy arrived in the 2nd year of Hōreki (1752).[23]
1764
editThe king of the Ryūkyū Islands sent an ambassador to the court of Empress Go-Sakuramachi in the 1st year of Meiwa (1764);[24] and presentations of Ryukyuan music were among the offerings presented by the Ryukyuan ambassador.[25]
Missions Table
edit| Year | Mission type[28] | Shōgun | Ryūkyūan King | Lead envoy | Number in entourage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1634 | Congratulation & Gratitude | Tokugawa Iemitsu | Shō Hō | Princes Tamagusuku, Kin, Sashiki[29] | Unknown |
| 1644 | Congratulation & Gratitude | Tokugawa Iemitsu | Shō Ken | Princes Kin, Kunigami | 70 |
| 1649 | Gratitude | Tokugawa Iemitsu | Shō Shitsu | Prince Gushikawa Chōei | 63 |
| 1653 | Congratulation | Tokugawa Ietsuna | Shō Shitsu | Prince Kunigami | 71 |
| 1671 | Gratitude | Tokugawa Ietsuna | Shō Tei | Prince Kin | 74 |
| 1682 | Congratulation | Tokugawa Tsunayoshi | Shō Tei | Prince Nago | 94 |
| 1710 | Congratulation & Gratitude | Tokugawa Ienobu | Shō Eki | Princes Miri, Tomigusuku | 168 |
| 1714 | Congratulation & Gratitude | Tokugawa Ietsugu | Shō Kei | Princes Kin, Yonagusuku | 170 |
| 1718 | Congratulation | Tokugawa Yoshimune | Shō Kei | Prince Goeku | 94 |
| 1748 | Congratulation | Tokugawa Ieshige | Shō Kei | Prince Gushikawa | 98 |
| 1752 | Gratitude | Tokugawa Ieshige | Shō Boku | Prince Nakijin | 94 |
| 1764 | Congratulation | Tokugawa Ieharu | Shō Boku | Prince Yomitanzan | 96 |
| 1790 | Congratulation | Tokugawa Ienari | Shō Boku | Prince Ginowan | 96 |
| 1796 | Gratitude | Tokugawa Ienari | Shō On | Prince Ōgimi | 97 |
| 1806 | Gratitude | Tokugawa Ienari | Shō Kō | Prince Yomitanzan | 97 |
| 1832 | Gratitude | Tokugawa Ienari | Shō Iku | Prince Tomigusuku | 78 |
| 1842 | Congratulation | Tokugawa Ieyoshi | Shō Iku | Prince Urasoe | 99 |
| 1850 | Gratitude | Tokugawa Ieyoshi | Shō Tai | Prince Tamakawa | 99 |
Notes
edit- ^ Nineteen, if the 1609–11 journey of King Shō Nei and his advisors to Sunpu as prisoners of war following the 1609 invasion of Ryukyu is counted.
- ^ Toby, Ronald P. (1991). State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu, p. 87., p. 87, at Google Books
- ^ a b Walker, Brett L (Fall 2002), "Foreign Affairs and Frontiers in Early Modern Japan: A Historiographical Essay", Early Modern Japan (PDF), pp. 50–51.
- ^ Kerr, George H. (2000). Okinawa: The History of an Island People, p. 168., p. 168, at Google Books
- ^ Toby, p. 188., p. 188, at Google Books
- ^ Toby, p. 46., p. 46, at Google Books
- ^ a b Toby, p. 186., p. 186, at Google Books
- ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 346., p. 346, at Google Books.
- ^ WorldCat, Sangoku Tsūran Zusetsu; alternate romaji Sankoku Tsūran Zusetsu; Klaproth, Julius. (1832). San kokf tsou ran to sets, ou Aperçu général des trois royaumes, p. 176, at Google Books
- ^ Smits, Gregory. (1999). Visions of Ryūkyū: Identity and Ideology in Early-Modern Thought and Politics, p. 37., p. 37, at Google Books
- ^ Smits, p. 27., p. 27, at Google Books
- ^ Toby, Ryukyuan missions to Edo, p. 72, at Google Books
- ^ Kerr, p, 247., p. 247, at Google Books
- ^ Titsingh, p. 409, p. 409, at Google Books.
- ^ Smits, p. 16., p. 16, at Google Books
- ^ Kerr, p. 224., p. 224, at Google Books
- ^ Kerr, p. 191., p. 191, at Google Books
- ^ Toby, p. 185., p. 185, at Google Books
- ^ Toby, pp. 188–89., p. 188, at Google Books
- ^ National Archives of Japan: Ryūkyū Chuzano ryoshisha tojogyoretsu, Ryūkyū emissary, 1710. Archived 3 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Smits, p. 47., p. 47, at Google Books
- ^ a b Kerr, pp. 201–2 247., p. 201, at Google Books
- ^ Titsingh, p. 418, p. 418, at Google Books.
- ^ Titsingh, p. 419, p. 419, at Google Books
- ^ Klaproth, p. 178., p. 178, at Google Books
- ^ Shinshō nihonshi (新詳日本史, "New Detailed Japanese History"). Nagoya: Hamajima Shoten, 2006, p. 153.
- ^ Toby, pp. 48–9.
- ^ Missions generally fell into two categories. Gratitude missions were sent to formally seek the shogunate's approval on the accession of a new king. Congratulatory missions were sent on the occasion of the birth of a new shogunal heir, accession of a new shōgun, or on other similar occasions.
- ^ As royals and aristocrats of the Ryūkyū Kingdom are commonly identified by placenames, referring to their title or post, not to a personal name, multiple references to a given envoy, for example, Prince Kin, refer not to the same person, but to successive generations of officials to hold the title.
See also
editReferences
edit- Hayashi, Shihei (1786). Sangoku Tsūran Zusetsu (三国通覧図説, An Illustrated Description of Three Countries). Edo: Manuscript. OCLC 44014900
- Kerr, George H. and Mitsugu Sakihara (1958). Okinawa, the History of an Island People. Tokyo: Tuttle Publishing. OCLC 722356. Reprinted in 2000, ISBN 978-0-8048-2087-5
- Klaproth, Julius. (1832). San kokf tsou ran to sets, ou Aperçu général des trois royaumes. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 2563166; also OCLC 561284561
- Smits, Gregory (1999). Visions of Ryukyu: Identity and Ideology in Early-Modern Thought and Politics, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2037-4; OCLC 39633631
- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon (Nihon Odai Ichiran). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
- Toby, Ronald P. (1991). State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1951-3; OCLC 246640133
- Walker, Brett L (Fall 2002), "Foreign Affairs and Frontiers in Early Modern Japan: A Historiographical Essay", Early Modern Japan (PDF), pp. 44–62, 124–28.