Wikipedia

Buk missile system

(Redirected from SA-N-12)
For other uses, see Buk (disambiguation).

The Buk (Russian: "Бук"; "beech" (tree), /bʊk/) is a family of self-propelled, medium-range surface-to-air missile systems developed by the Soviet Union and its successor state, the Russian Federation, and designed to counter cruise missiles, smart bombs and rotary-wing aircraft, and unmanned aerial vehicles.[citation needed] In the Russian A2AD network, Buk is located between the S-200/300/400 systems above and the point defense Tor and Pantsir type systems below.[2]

9K37 Buk
NATO reporting name:
SA-11 Gadfly, SA-17 Grizzly, SA-N-7 Gadfly
Buk-M1-2 air defence system in 2010
Buk-M1-2 air defence system in 2010
From left to right: Buk-M1-2 TAR, TELAR and TEL vehicles in 2010
TypeMedium range SAM system
Place of originSoviet Union; later Russia
Service history
In service1980–present
Used by9K37 Buk § Operators
Wars
Production history
Designer

Kalashnikov: MMZ (GM chassis)
Designed1972
Variants
Land:
  • 9K37 "Buk"
  • 9K37M
  • 9K37M1 "Buk-M1"
  • 9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2"
  • 9K37M1-2A
  • 9K317 "Buk-M2"
  • 9K317M "Buk-M3"
Naval:
  • 3S90 (M-22)
  • 3S90M
  • 3S90E.1

A standard Buk battalion consists of a command vehicle, target acquisition radar (TAR) vehicle, six transporter erector launcher and radar (TELAR) vehicles and three transporter erector launcher (TEL) vehicles. A Buk missile battery consists of two TELAR (four missiles apiece) and one TEL vehicle, with six missiles for a full complement of 14 missiles.

The Buk missile system is the successor to the NIIP/Vympel 2K12 Kub (NATO reporting name SA-6 "Gainful").[citation needed] The first version of Buk adopted into service carried the GRAU designation 9K37 Buk and was identified in the west with the NATO reporting name "Gadfly" as well as the US Department of Defense (DoD) designation SA-11.[citation needed]

With the integration of a new missile, the Buk-M1-2 and Buk-M2 systems also received a new NATO reporting name Grizzly and a new DoD designation SA-17. Since 2013, the latest incarnation "Buk-M3" is currently in production and active service with a new DoD designation SA-27.[3][4]

A naval version of the system, designed by MNIIRE Altair (currently part of GSKB Almaz-Antey) for the Russian Navy, received the GRAU designation 3S90M and will be identified with the NATO reporting name Gollum and a DoD designation SA-N-7C, according to Jane's Missiles & Rockets. The naval system was scheduled for delivery in 2014.[5]

A Buk missile was used to shoot down Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 over Ukraine in 2014.[6]

Development

edit

Development of the 9K37 "Buk" started on 17 January 1972 at the request of the Central Committee of the CPSU.[7] The development team included many of the same institutions that had developed the previous 2K12 "Kub" (NATO reporting name "Gainful", SA-6), including the Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design (NIIP) as the lead designer and the Novator design bureau, which was responsible for the development of the missile armament.[7] Agat [ru] were employed to develop radar-homing capacities [8] In addition to the land-based system, a marine system was to be produced for the Navy: the 3S90 "Uragan" (Russian: "Ураган"; hurricane) which also carries the SA-N-7 and "Gadfly" designations.[9]

KubKvadrat
Kub-M1Kub-M
Kub-M3
BukUraganShtil
Buk-M1Buk-1 (Kub-M4)
Buk-M1-2Gang GangeBuk-M1-2A
Buk-M2UralBuk-M2EBuk-M2EKEzhShtil
Buk-M3Export VersionSoviet or Russian VersionSmerchShtil-1

The Buk missile system was designed to surpass the 2K12 Kub in all parameters, and its designers, including its chief designer Ardalion Rastov, visited Egypt in 1971 to see Kub in operation.[10] Both the Kub and Buk used self-propelled launchers developed by Ardalion Rastov. As a result of this visit, the developers came to the conclusion that each Buk transporter erector launcher (TEL) should have its own fire control radar, rather than being reliant on one central radar for the whole system as in Kub.[10] The result of this move from TEL to transporter erector launcher and radar (TELAR) was a system able to shoot at multiple targets in multiple directions at the same time.

In 1974 the developers determined that although the Buk missile system is the successor to the Kub missile system, both systems could share some interoperability. The result of this decision was the 9K37-1 Buk-1 system.[7] Interoperability between Buk TELAR and Kub TEL meant an increase in the number of fire control channels and available missiles for each system, as well as faster entry of Buk system components into service. The Buk-1 was adopted into service in 1978 following completion of state trials, while the complete Buk missile system was accepted into service in 1980[10] after state trials took place between 1977 and 1979.[7]

The naval variant of the 9K37 "Buk", the 3S90 "Uragan", was developed by the Altair design bureau under the direction of chief designer G.N. Volgin.[11] The 3S90 used the same 9M38 missile as the 9K37, though the launcher and associated guidance radars were exchanged for naval variants. After the 9S90 system was tested, between 1974 and 1976 on the Kashin-class destroyer Provorny, it was accepted into service in 1983 on the Project 956 Sovremenny-class destroyers.[11]

No sooner had the 9K37 "Buk" entered service than the Central Committee of the CPSU authorised the development of a modernised 9K37 which would become the 9K37M1 Buk-M1, adopted into service in 1983.[7] The modernisation improved the performance of the system radars, its "probability of kill" and its resistance to electronic countermeasures (ECM). Additionally a digital target classification system was installed, relying on spectral analysis of returned radar signals.[10] This targeting system is of different nature and purpose when compared to an IFF system.

 
A Buk-M1-2 SAM system 9A310M1-2 TELAR at 2005 MAKS Airshow

Another modification to the Buk missile system was started in 1992 with work carried out between 1994 and 1997 to produce the 9K37M1-2 Buk-M1-2,[7] which entered service in 1998.[12] This modification introduced a new missile, the 9M317, which offered greater kinetic performance over the previous 9M38, which could still be used by the Buk-M1-2. Such sharing of the missile type caused a transition to a different GRAU designation, 9K317, which has been used independently for all later systems. The previous 9K37 series name was also preserved for the complex, as was the "Buk" name. The new missile, as well as a variety of other modifications, allowed the system to shoot down ballistic missiles and surface targets, as well as enlarging the "performance and engagement envelope" (zone of danger for potential attack) for more traditional targets like aircraft and helicopters.[7] The 9K37M1-2 Buk-M1-2 also received a new NATO reporting name distinguishing it from previous generations of the Buk system; this new reporting name was the SA-17 Grizzly. The export version of the 9K37M1-2 system is called "Ural" (Russian: "Урал"); this name has also been applied to M2, at least to early, towed, export versions.[13]

 
3S90M SA missile system (graphic)

The introduction of the 9K37M1-2 system for the land forces also marked the introduction of a new naval variant: the "Ezh", which carries the NATO reporting name SA-N-7B 'Grizzly' (9M317 missile). was exported under the name "Shtil" and carries a NATO reporting name of SA-N-7C 'Gollum' (9M317E missile), according to Jane's catalogue.[9] The 9K317 incorporates the 9M317 missile to replace the 9M38 used by the previous system. A further development of the system was unveiled as a concept at EURONAVAL 2004, a vertical launch variant of the 9M317, the 9M317ME, which is expected to be exported under the name "Shtil-1". Jane's also reported that in the Russian forces it would have a name of 3S90M ("Smerch") (Russian: "Смерч", English translation: 'tornado').[11][14][15]

The Buk-M1-2 modernisation – based on a previous more advanced developmental system referred to as the 9K317 "Buk-M2"[7] – featured new missiles and a new third-generation phased array fire control radar allowing targeting of up to four targets while tracking an additional 24. A new radar system with a fire control radar on a 24 m extending boom reputedly enabled more accurate targeting of low-altitude planes.[16] This generation of Buk missile systems was stalled due to poor economic conditions after the fall of the Soviet Union. The system was presented as a static display at the 2007 MAKS Airshow.

In October 2007, Russian General Nikolai Frolov, commander of the Russian Ground Forces air defense, declared that the army would receive the brand-new Buk-M3 to replace the Buk-M1. He stipulated that the M3 would feature advanced electronic components and enter into service in 2009.[citation needed] The upgraded Buk-M3 TELAR will have a seven rollers tracked chassis and 6 missiles in launch tubes.[17]

Description

edit
 
Inside the TELAR of a Buk-M1 SAM system

A standard Buk battalion consists of a command vehicle, target acquisition radar (TAR) vehicle, six transporter erector launcher and radar (TELAR) vehicles and three transporter erector launcher (TEL) vehicles. A Buk missile battery consists of two TELAR and one TEL vehicle.

 
Inside the TEL of a Buk-M1-2 SAM system

The Buk-M1-2 TELAR uses the GM-569 chassis designed and produced by JSC MMZ (Mytishchi).[18] The TELAR superstructure is a turret containing the fire control radar at the front and a launcher with four ready-to-fire missiles on top. Each TELAR is operated by a crew of four and is equipped with chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) protection. It can guide up to three missiles against a single target. While the early Buk had a day radar tracking system 9Sh38 (similar to that used on Kub, Tor and Osa missile system), its current design can be fitted with a combined optical tracking system with a thermal camera and a laser rangefinder for passive tracking of the target. The 9K37 system can also use the same 1S91 Straight Flush 25 kW G/H band continuous wave radar as the 3M9 "Kub" system.

The 9S35 radar of the original Buk TELAR uses a mechanical scan of a Cassegrain antenna reflector, where the Buk-M2 TELAR design used a PESA, for tracking and missile guidance.

 
A Buk-M1-2 SAM system 9S18M1-1 Tube Arm target acquisition radar (TAR) on 2005 MAKS Airshow

The 9K37 uses the 9S18 "Tube Arm" or 9S18M1 (which carries the NATO reporting name "Snow Drift") (Russian: СОЦ 9C18 "Купол"; dome) target acquisition radar in combination with the 9S35 or 9S35M1 "Fire Dome" H/I band tracking and engagement radar which is mounted on each TELAR. The Snow Drift target acquisition radar has a maximum detection range of 85 km (53 mi) and can detect an aircraft flying at 100 m (330 ft) from 35 km (22 mi) away and even lower flying targets at ranges of around 10–20 km (6–12 mi).

 
Console of the upgraded TELAR of a Buk-M2E

The TEL reload vehicle for the Buk battery resembles the TELAR, but instead of a radar they have a crane for the loading of missiles. They are capable of launching missiles directly but require the cooperation of a Fire Dome-equipped TELAR for missile guidance. A reload vehicle can transfer its missiles to a TELAR in around 13 minutes and can reload itself from stores in around 15 minutes.

Also, the Buk-M2 featured a new vehicle like TELAR but with radar atop of a telescopic lift and without missiles, called a target acquisition radar (TAR) 9S36. This vehicle could be used together with two TELs 9A316 to attack up to four targets, missile guidance in forested or hilly regions.

The mobile simulator SAM Buk-M2E was shown at MAKS-2013. A self-propelled fire simulator installation JMA 9A317ET SAM "Buk-M2E", based on the mobile, is designed for training and evaluating the combat crew in the war environment to detect, capture, lock on to ("maintain") and defeat targets. A computer information system fully records all actions of the crew to a "black box" to allow objective assessment of the consistency of the crew's actions and results.[19]

All vehicles of the Buk-M1 (Buk-M1-2) missile system use an Argon-15A computer, as does the Zaslon radar (the first Soviet-made airborne digital computer, designed in 1972 by the Soviet Research Institute of Computer Engineering (NICEVT, currently NII Argon). It is produced at a Chișinău plant originally named "50 Years of the USSR".[20][21] The vehicles of Buk-M2 (Buk-M2E) missile system use a slightly upgraded version of Argon-A15K. This processor is also used in such military systems as anti-submarine defence Korshun and Sova, airborne radars for MiG-31 and MiG-33, mobile tactical missile systems Tochka, Oka and Volga. Currently,[when?] Argons are upgraded with the Baget series of processors by NIIP.[citation needed]

Basic missile system specifications

edit
  • Target acquisition (by TAR 9S18M1, 9S18M1-1)
    • Range: 140 kilometres (87 miles)
    • Altitude: 60–25,000 metres (200–82,020 ft)
  • Firing groups in one battalion: up to 6 (with one command post)
  • Firing groups operating in a sector
    • 90° in azimuth, 0–7° and 7–14° in elevation
    • 45° in azimuth, 14–52° in elevation
  • Radar mast lifting height (for TAR 9S36): 21 metres (69 ft)
  • Reloading of 4 missiles by TEL from itself: around 15 minutes
  • Combat readiness time: no more than 5 minutes
  • Kill probability (by one missile): 90–95%
  • Target engagement zone
    • Aircraft
      • Altitude: 15–25,000 metres (49–82,021 ft)
      • Range: 3–42 kilometres (2–26 miles)
    • Tactical ballistic missiles
      • Altitude: 2–16 kilometres (6,600–52,500 feet)
      • Range: 3–20 kilometres (1.9–12.4 miles)
    • Sea targets: up to 25 kilometres (16 miles)
    • Land targets: up to 15 kilometres (9.3 miles)

The system is estimated to have a 70% to 93% probability of destroying a targeted aircraft per missile launched (over 85% of Tomahawks in Syria). In 1992, the system was demonstrated to be capable of intercepting Scud missiles and large rocket artillery.[citation needed]

Operation

edit

The Buk is a mobile, radar-guided surface-to-air missile (SAM) missile system with all four main components – acquisition and targeting radars, a command element, missile launchers, and a logistics element – mounted on tracked vehicles. This allows the system to move with other military forces and relocate to make it a more difficult target to find than a fixed SAM system.

  • The acquisition radar component (several variants have differing capabilities) allows the system to identify, track and target selected targets.
  • The command component is intended to discern "friendly" military aircraft from foes (IFF), prioritise multiple targets, and pass radar targeting information to the missile launchers.
  • The missile launcher component can carry a variety of missiles (as listed below) and may be able to engage more than one target simultaneously.
  • The logistics component carries additional (reload) missiles and provides other supplies and parts for the system and the operators.

In general, the system identifies potential targets (radar), selects a particular target (command), fires a missile (launcher) at the target, and resupplies the system (logistics). The missiles require a radar lock to initially steer the missile to the target until the missile's onboard radar system takes over to provide final course corrections. A proximity fuse aboard the missile determines when it will detonate, creating an expanding fragmentation pattern of missile components and warhead to intercept and destroy the target. A proximity fuse improves the "probability of kill" given the missile and target closure rates, which can be more than 3,000 km/h (1,900 mph) (or more than 900 m/s (3,000 ft/s)).

Alternatively, the command component may be able to remotely detonate the missile, or the onboard contact fuse will cause the warhead to detonate. The most capable radar, assuming it has a line of sight (no terrain between the radar and the target), can track targets (depending on size) as low as 30 m (98 ft) and as far as 140 km (87 mi). The most capable missile can hit targets as far as 50 km (31 mi) and more than 24,000 m (79,000 ft) in altitude. Since the introduction of the Buk in the 1970s, the capabilities of its system components have evolved, which has led to different nomenclature and nicknames for the components' variants. The Buk has also been adapted for use on naval vessels.

Integration with higher level command posts

edit

The basic command post of the Buk missile system is 9С510 (9K317 Buk-M2), 9S470M1-2 (9K37M1-2 Buk-M1-2) and 9S470 (Buk-M1) vehicles, organising the Buk system into a battery. It is capable of linking with various higher level command posts (HLCPs). As an option, with the use of HLCP, the Buk missile system may be controlled by an upper level command post system 9S52 Polyana-D4, integrating it with S-300V/S-300VM into an air defence brigade.[22][23] Also, it may be controlled by an upper level command post system 73N6ME "Baikal-1ME" together with 1–4 units of PPRU-M1 (PPRU-M1-2), integrating it with SA-19 "Grison" (9K22 Tunguska) (6–24 units total) into an air defence brigade, as well as SA-10/20 and SA-5 Gammon and SA-2 Guideline and SA-3 Goa and Air Force.[24][25] With the use of the mobile command center Ranzhir or Ranzhir-M (GRAU designations 9S737, 9S737М) the Buk missile system allows creation of mixed groups of air defense forces, including Tor, Tunguska, Strela-10, and Igla.[26] "Senezh" [27] is another optional command post for a free mixing of any systems. In addition to mixing their potential, each of the air defense system with the aid of Senezh[28][29][30] can become part of another air defence system (missile's / radar's / targeting information). The system works automatically.[31] But for the full realisation of all functions, a Senezh-control system need various other monitoring systems for air defence and air force. Otherwise a Senezh system will work as a command centre, but not within a free association.

edit
9M317M

3S90 "Uragan" / M-22, or for export "Shtil"

edit
 
3S90E "Shtil" (export version of M-22 Uragan) on INS Talwar (F40)

The 3S90 "Uragan" (Russian: Ураган; hurricane) is the naval variant of the 9K37 "Buk" and has the NATO reporting name "Gadfly" and US DoD designation SA-N-7, it also carries the designation M-22. The export version of this system is known as "Shtil" (Russian: Штиль; still). The 9М38 missiles from the 9K37 "Buk" are also used on the 3S90 "Uragan". The launch system is different with missiles being loaded vertically onto a single arm trainable launcher, this launcher is replenished from an under-deck magazine with a 24-round capacity, loading takes 12 seconds to accomplish.[11] The Uragan uses the MR-750 Top Steer D/E band as a target acquisition radar (naval analogue of the 9S18 or 9S18M1) which has a maximum detection range of 300 km (190 mi) depending on the variant. The radar performing the role of the 9S35 the 3R90 Front Dome H/I band tracking and engagement radar with a maximum range of 30 km (19 mi).The 'E' version = extended has a range of 50 to 70 km.

The Uragan underwent trials from 1974 aboard the Project 61 destroyer Provorny, prior to being introduced aboard the Project 956 Sovremenny class, with the first of class commissioned in 1980. The Uragan was officially adopted for service in 1983.[32]

3S90 "Ezh"

edit

The modernised version of the 3S90 is the 9K37M1-2 (or 9K317E) "Ezh", which carries the NATO reporting name "Grizzly" or SA-N-12 and the export designation "Shtil". It uses the new 9M317 missile.

In 1997, India signed a contract for the three Project 1135.6 frigates with "Shtil". Later, when the decision was made to modernise it with a new package of hardware & missiles, the name changed to "Shtil-1".

3S90M, or for export "Shtil-1"

edit

In 2004, the first demonstration module of the new 9M317M (export 9M317ME) missile was presented by Dolgoprudniy Scientific and Production Plant for the upgraded 3S90M / "Shtil-1" naval missile system (jointly with 'Altair'), designed primary for use on warships.

It has 2 styles of launchers, a single-rail launcher and vertical launch system. For single-rail launcher, each launcher consists of 24 missiles and a maximum of 4 launchers can be used together, while for vertical launch system, each launcher consists of 12 missiles and a maximum of 12 launchers can be used together.[33] Old systems Uragan, Ezh and Shtil could be upgraded to Shtil-1 by replacing the launcher module inside the ship. It has a range of 32 km for rail launcher 50 km for VLS launcher.

The reaction time is 10–19 seconds for single-rail launcher and 5–10 seconds for vertical launch system, and there are various differences in missile characteristics for both launcher styles.[33][34] The interval between starts is less 2 seconds. To protect against boats, helicopters, aircraft, anti-ship missiles.[35]

The first Shtil-1 systems were installed into ships exported to India and China, specifically Talwar-class frigates and Type 052B destroyers.[36][37]

It is also in service of the Russian Navy, specifically Admiral Grigorovich-class frigates.

Operational history

edit

Combat service

edit
Russian Armed Forces use a Buk-M1 to engage air targets near southern Donetsk during the Russian invasion of Ukraine

Georgia

edit
  • During the War in Abkhazia (1992–1993), Abkhaz separatist forces had the support of Russian forces in their combat against the Georgian government. On 10 January 1993, an Abkhaz Aero L-39 was shot down by a Russian Buk during a friendly-fire incident.[38] The pilot, Oleg Chanba, who was commander of the Abkhaz separatist air force, was killed during the incident.[38]
  • Abkhaz authorities claimed that Buk air defense system was used to shoot down four Georgian drones at the beginning of May 2008.[39]
  • Initial reports on Georgian Buk missile system success claimed that the system was responsible for shooting down four Russian aircraft—three Sukhoi Su-25 close air support aircraft and a Tupolev Tu-22M strategic bomber—in the 2008 South Ossetia war.[40] U.S. officials have said Georgian Buk-1M was certainly the cause of the Tu-22M's loss and contributed to the losses of the three Su-25s.[41] According to some analysts, the loss of four aircraft was surprising and a heavy toll for Russia given the small size of Georgia's military.[42][43] Some have also pointed out that Russian electronic countermeasures systems were apparently unable to jam and suppress enemy SAMs in the conflict[citation needed] and that Russia was, surprisingly, unable to come up with effective countermeasures against missile systems it had designed.[40] Georgia bought these missile systems from Ukraine; there was an inquiry to determine if the purchase was illegal.[44] According to Moscow Defense Brief six and not four aircraft (Georgia maintains the higher numbers), were shot down, but Russia claims that the three Su-25s were shot down by friendly fire, while highlighting a serious issue in the coordination of Russian Air Force and its ground forces during that war.[45]

Russo-Ukrainian War

edit
  • The system was used to shoot down the Boeing 777-200ER Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, on 17 July 2014, in eastern Ukraine, killing 298 people.[46][47][48]: 142–147  Evidence included missile fragments found on site including pieces of warhead stuck in the wreckage as well as non-explosive parts of the missile with serial number remnants.[49] Missile fragments were recovered from the bodies of the flight crew.[50]
  • On 7 August 2014, pro-Russian separatist forces shot down a Ukrainian Air Force Mikoyan MiG-29 with a Buk surface-to-air missile near the town of Yenakievo. The pilot managed to eject.[51]

Middle East

edit
  • On 14 April 2018, American, British, and French forces launched a barrage of 105 air-to-surface and cruise missiles targeting eight sites in Syria. The Russian Ministry of Defence said that twenty-nine Buk-M2E missiles launched in response destroyed twenty-four incoming missiles.[52] The SOHR, which is cited by many independent media organisations, reported that the Syrian Air Defense Force intercepted and shot down at least 65 missiles.[53][54] The American Department of Defense said that no missiles were shot down.[55]
  • On 19 July 2021, four Israeli Air Force F-16 fighters entered Syria's airspace via the US-controlled al-Tanf zone and fired eight guided missiles at an area southeast of Aleppo. Vadim Kulit, deputy chief of the Russian Center for Reconciliation of the Opposing Parties in Syria, said that seven missiles were shot down by the Russian-made Pantsyr-S and Buk-M2 systems of the Syrian Air Defense Forces.[56] Buk-M2E reportedly continued interceptions through the beginning of September.[57]

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

edit
  • Ukraine's Soviet-era Buk and S-300 missile systems have proven effective at medium and long ranges, forcing Russian jets to fly lower and bringing them into the range of MANPADS and short-range missile systems.[58]
  • Ukraine is adapting some of its Buk missile systems/launchers to accept Sea Sparrow missiles.[59] Buk missile systems have been a target of ZALA Lancet drones. Previously the Polish company Wojskowe Zakłady Uzbrojenia S.A. offered to integrate the Sea Sparrow missile into Kub launchers for export customers, demonstrating the feasibility of integrating NATO standard missiles with Soviet platforms.[60] Both the Buk missile 9M38 and Sea Sparrow are semi-active radar guidance missiles. However, the Sea Sparrow missile is shorter in range than the 9M38 missile. There is a surplus number of these missiles in the US stockpiles. The RIM-162 variant of the Sea Sparrow missile is still in production. A Ukrainian commander of a Buk battery has told the BBC that while his system is "target number one" for the Russians, the shortage of spare parts is more critical than missiles, even though his vehicle carried only two missiles instead of four.[61][62][63]
  • On 27 Feb 2022, a Ukrainian TB2 Bayraktar drone destroyed a TELAR missile and radar transporter and another TEL launcher of a Russian Buk-M1-2 SAM system near Malin, northwest of Kyiv.[64]
  • In 23 February 2024, the General Staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces announced that two Russian Buk-M3 air defense missile systems were destroyed.[65][66]
  • On 11 May 2024, a Russian drone destroyed a Ukrainian Buk-M1 missile system. The Buk-M1 system appears to have been fitted with US-made RIM-7 Sea Sparrow missiles, instead of the original 9M38 missiles.[67]
  • On 11 June 2024 a Switchblade, believed to be a model -600 or improved model, struck a Russian Buk missile launcher in Sarabash (formerly Komunarivka), Donetsk. The drone had to travel more than 30 kilometres (19 mi).[68]

Missiles

edit
9М38
 
Comparison of 9M38M1, 9M317 and 9M317ME surface-to-air missiles of the Buk missile system
TypeSurface-to-air missile
Place of originSoviet Union
Production history
Variants9М38, 9М38M1, 9M317
Specifications (9М38, 9M317)
Mass690 kg, (1500 lb), 715 kg (1589 lb)
Length5,550 mm (18' 3")
Diameter400 mm (15 3/4"); wingspan 860 mm (2' 10")
WarheadFrag-HE
Warhead weight70 kg (150 lb)
Detonation
mechanism
Radar proximity fuse
PropellantSolid propellant rocket
Operational
range
30 kilometres (19 mi)
Flight altitude14,000 metres (46,000 ft)
Maximum speed Mach 3
Guidance
system
Semi-active radar homing
Launch
platform
§ System composition

9М38 and 9М38M1 missile

edit

The 9M38 uses a single-stage X-winged design without any detachable parts; its exterior design is similar to the American Tartar and Standard surface-to-air missile series. The design had to conform to strict naval dimension limitations, allowing the missile to be adapted for the M-22 SAM system in the Soviet Navy. Each missile is 5,550 mm (219 in) long, weighs 690 kg (1,520 lb) and carries a relatively large 70 kg (150 lb) warhead which is triggered by a radar proximity fuze. In the forward compartment of the missile, a semi-active homing radar head (9E50, Russian: 9Э50, 9Э50М1), autopilot equipment, power source and warhead are located. The homing method chosen was proportional navigation. Some elements of the missile were compatible with the Kub's 3M9; for example, its forward compartment diameter 330 millimetres (13 in), which was less than the rear compartment diameter. 9M38M1 contains about 8000 shrapnel elements in the warhead, of which every fourth is in the shape of a butterfly.[citation needed]

 
9M317 surface-to-air missile on the Buk-M2 quadruple launcher.
 
Early Buk M1 missile in display.

The 9M38 surface-to-air missile uses a two-mode solid-fuel rocket engine with total burn time of about 15 seconds; the combustion chamber is reinforced by metal. For the purpose of reducing the centring dispersion while in flight, the combustion chamber is located close to the centre of the missile and includes a longer gas pipe. The 9M38 is capable of readiness without inspection for at least 10 years of service. The missile is delivered to the army in the 9Ya266 (9Я266) transport container.

9M317 missile

edit

The 9M317 missile was developed as a common missile for the Russian Ground Force's Air Defence Forces (PVO) (using Buk-M1-2) as well as for ship-based PVO of the Russian Navy (Ezh). Its exterior design bears a resemblance to the Vympel R-37 air-to-air missile.

The unified multi-functional 9M317 (export designation 9M317E) can be used to engage aerodynamic, ballistic, above-water and radio contrast targets from both land and sea. Examples of targets include tactical ballistic missiles, strategic cruise missiles, anti-ship missiles, tactical, strategic and army aircraft and helicopters. It was designed by OJSC Dolgoprudny Scientific Production Plant (DNPP). The maximum engageable target speed was Mach 3.49[69] and it can tolerate an acceleration overload of 24G. It was first used with Buk-M1-2 system of the land forces and the Shtil-1 system of the naval forces.

In comparison with 9M38M1, the 9M317 has a larger defeat area, which is up to 45 km of range and 25 km of altitude and of lateral parameter, and a larger target classification. Externally the 9M317 differs from the 9M38M1 by a smaller wing chord. It uses the inertial correction control system with semi-active radar homing, using the proportional navigation (PN) targeting method.

The semi-active missile homing radar head (used in 9E420, Russian: 9Э420) as well as 9E50M1 for the 9M38M1 missile (9E50 for 9M38) and 1SB4 for Kub missile (Russian: 1СБ4) was designed by MNII Agat (Zhukovskiy) and manufactured by MMZ at Ioshkar-Ola.

The 9M317 missile uses active homing when approaching the target.[70]

9M317M and 9M317A missiles

edit

Currently, several modernised versions are ordered, including the 9M317M / 9M317ME,[71] and active radar homing (ARH) missile 9M317A / 9M317MAE.

The lead developer, NIIP, reported the testing of the 9M317A missile within Buk-M1-2A "OKR Vskhod" (Sprout in English) in 2005.[72] The range is reported as being up to 50 km (31 mi), maximum altitude around 25 km (82,000 ft) and maximum target speed around Mach 4. The weight of the missile has increased slightly to 720 kg (1587 lb).

The missile's Vskhod development program for the Buk-M1-2A was completed in 2011. This missile could increase the survival capability and firing performance of the Buk-M1-2A using its ability to hit targets over the horizon.[73]

In 2011, Dolgoprudny NPP completed preliminary trials of the new autonomous target missile system OKR Pensne (pince-nez in English) developed from earlier missiles.[73]

9M317M(E) missile

edit

The weight of the missile is 581 kg, including the 62 kg blast fragmentation warhead initiated by a dual-mode radar proximity fuze. Dimensions of the hull are 5.18 m length; 0.36 m maximum diameter. Range is 2.5–32 km in a 3S90M / "Shtil-1" naval missile system. Altitude of targets from 15 m up to 15 km (and from 10 m to 10 km against other missiles). 9M317ME missiles can be fired at 2-second intervals, while its reaction (readiness) time is up to 10 s.

The missile was designed to be single-staged, inertial guidance, radio control mid-course update and terminal semi-active radar homing.[36]

The tail surfaces have a span of 0.82 m when deployed after the missile leaves the launch container by a spring mechanism. Four gas-control vanes operating in the motor efflux turn the missile towards the required direction of flight. After the turnover manoeuvre, they are no longer used and subsequent flight controlled via moving tail surfaces. A dual-mode solid-propellant rocket motor provides the missile with a maximum speed of Mach 4.5.[74]

Comparison

edit
Missile
(GRAU designation) 		3M9 9М38 9М38
9М38M1 		9М38
9М38M1
9M317 		9M317 9M317M 9M317ME
System
(GRAU and NATO designation) 		2K12 "Kub"
(SA-6) 		9K37
"Buk"
(SA-11) 		9K37M
"Buk-M1"
(SA-11) 		9K37M1-2
"Buk-M1-2"
(SA-17) 		9K317E
"Buk-M2E"[75]
(SA-17) 		9K37M

Buk-M3 (SA-27)/ Shtil-1 SA-N-12

9K37M Buk M3 or Shtil 1

SA-N-12 (export version)

Introduced 1967[76] adopted by 1980[77] is used from 1978[78] 1983[citation needed] is used from 1979[79] 1998[80] development is completed 1988,[81][82][83] produced from 2007 2016 [84] 1983 / first seen in 2004[34]
Missiles per TEL 3 4 4 4 4 12 12/24/36
Missiles per TELAR 3 4 4 4 4 6
Missile weight 599 kg
(1321 lb) 		690 kg
(1521 lb) 		690 kg
(1521 lb) 		9М38M1: – 690 kg
(1521 lb);
9M317: – 710–720 kg
(1565–1587 lb) 		710–720 kg
(1565–1587 lb) 		581 kg [84] 581 kg
Range 6(8)–22 km
(2–15 miles)[76] 		3,5–25 (30) km
(3–19 miles) 		3,3–35 km
(2–22 miles)[85] 		9М38M1: – 3–42 km
(2–26 miles);
9M317: 3–50 km
(2–31 miles) 		3–50(M2),[86] 45(M2E)[87] km
(2–31(29) miles) 		2.5–70 km (1.6–43.5 mi)[88] (M-22=25 km)/3,5-32[89] up to 50 km (taking into account the use against large targets (ships))[90]
Range of altitude 100–7000 m
[76] 		25–18000 (20000) m
(100-46,000 ft)[77] 		15–22000 m
(100-72,000 ft)[85] 		15–25000 m
(100-82,000 ft)[91] 		15 of M2E[25] 10 of M2[92]–25000 m
(to-82,000 ft) 		0.015–35 km (49–114,829 ft)[88] (M-22=10)5[93]–15000 m
Missile speed
(Mach) 		2.8 3 3 3 4 4.6 4.5 (for M-22 average speed of 1000 m/s)
Maximum target
speed (Mach) 		2 800 m/s[77] 4 4 to meet (M2E – aerodynamic up to 1100[69] m/s, of ballistic 1200 m/s), pursuing 300–400 m/s[86] 3,000 m/s (11,000 km/h; 6,700 mph; Mach 8.8 [84] 830 m/s[90]/?
Maximum
manoeuvrability (G) (for missiles). 		19/? 19[94] 20 24[95] For missiles (24[69]). For target (10[70]). 24 [84] up to 19/?
Simultaneous
fire 		1–2 (Kub-M4/Buk-1 ) (2) max 6[79] 18[96] (2) 18[96] 22[96][97] 6 old/12 update 1997[95] 24[25][98] 36 [84] 2–12[93] (For Shtil-1 directs to 3 missiles simultaneously at each target)[89]

Other variants

edit

Original design tree

edit
  • 9K37-1 'Buk-1' – First Buk missile system variant accepted into service, incorporating a 9A38 TELAR within a 2K12M3 Kub-M3 battery.
  • 9K37 'Buk'- The completed Buk missile system with all new system components, back-compatible with 2K12 Kub.
  • 9K37M1 'Buk-M1' – An improved variant of the original 9K37 which entered into service with the then Soviet armed forces.
  • 9K37M1-2 'Buk-M1-2' ('Gang' for export markets) – An improved variant of the 9K37M1 'Buk-M1' which entered into service with the Russian armed forces.
  • 9K317 'Ural' – initial design of Buk-M2 which entered into service with the Russian armed forces
 
Backside of the 9A317 TELAR of Buk-M2E (export version) at the 2007 MAKS Airshow
 
Wheeled MZKT-6922 TELAR of Buk-M2EK SAM system at Kapustin Yar, 2011
  • 9K317E 'Buk-M2E' – revised design for export markets[citation needed]
  • 9K37M1-2A 'Buk-M1-2A' – redesign of Buk-M1-2 for the use of 9M317A missile
  • 'Buk-M2EK'[99] – A wheeled variant of Buk-M2 on MZKT-6922 chassis exported to Venezuela and Syria.
  • 9K317M 'Buk-M3' – A SAM battalion has 36 target channels in total.
edit
  • 3S90/M-22 Uragan (SA-N-7 "Gadfly") – Naval version of the 9K37 Buk missile system with 9M38/9M38M1 missile.
  • 3S90 Ezh (SA-N-7B/SA-N-12 'Grizzly') – Naval version of the 9K37M1-2 with 9M317 missile.
  • 3S90 Shtil (SA-N-7C 'Gollum') – Naval export version of the 9K37M1-2 with 9M317E missile.
  • 3S90E.1 "Shtil-1" (SA-N-12 'Grizzly') – Naval export version with 9M317ME missile.
  • 3S90M Smerch (SA-N-12 'Grizzly') – naval version with 9M317M missile.

Copies

edit
 
Wheeled MZKT-69225 TELAR of Buk-MB3K SAM system at Milex military exhibition, 2021
  •   Belarus – In May on the MILEX-2005 exposition in Minsk, Belarus presented their own digital upgrade package for early models of 9K37 Buk, called Buk-MB.[100] On 26 June 2013 an exported version of Buk-MB was displayed on a military parade in Baku. It included the new 80K6M Ukrainian-build radar on an MZKT chassis (instead the old 9S18M1) and the new Russian-build missile 9M317 (as in Buk-M2).[101] Buk-MB has been sold to Azerbaijan.
 
HQ-16A
  •   Iran – Ra'ad (Thunder) Medium Ranged Surface-to-Air Missile System using Ta'er 2 missiles. It has very similar layout to wheeled Buk-M2EK 9M317. It was shown during 2012 military parade.[102]
  •   Ukraine – Soviet copies of M1 variants, designed by Artem Luch Arsenal (Kyiv) KBs and built in KhAZ (Kharkiv) and Yuzhmash (Dnipro) plants, planned Dnipro SAM system (between Buk and S-300P type).

HQ-16

edit
Main article: HQ-16

The HQ-16 is a medium range semi-active radar homing surface-to-air missile developed by the People's Republic of China.

Development of the HQ-16 began in 2005 as a joint development with Russian company Almaz-Antey, based on the older Buk-M1 and Buk-M2 surface-to-air missile systems.[103]

System composition

edit
Composition[citation needed]
Complex
(GRAU and NATO designation) 		9K37
"Buk"
(SA-11) 		9K37-1
"Buk-1"
(SA-11) 		9K37M1
"Buk-M1"
(SA-11) 		9K37M1-2
"Buk-M1-2"
(SA-17) 		9K317E
"Buk-M2E"
Command post 9S470 N/A 9S470M1 9S470M1-2 9S510
Surveillance radar
(SURN, SOTs, or TAR) 		9S18 Kupol 1S91M3 9S18M1 Kupol-M1 9S18М1-1 9S112,
9S36
TELAR 9А310,
9А38 		9A38 9A310M1 9A310M1-2 9A317
TEL 9А39 2P25M3 9A39M1 9A39M1,
9A39M1-2 		9A316

9K37 Buk

edit
 
TEL 9A316
 
TELAR 9A317
  • Upper level CP (PBU of the zrbr – zenith-rocket brigade) from the structure of ASU Polyana-D4
    • 4 × zrdn (zenith-rocket division)
      • CP 9S470
      • SOTs 9S18 Kupol range up to 120 km (45 km at a height 30 meters).[104]
    • 3 × zrbat (zenith-rocket battery)
      • 2 × TELAR 9А310
      • 1 × TEL 9А39
    • Technical service division
    • Сommunication service platoon

2K12M4 Kub-M4 (9K37-1 Buk-1)

edit
  • 1 × SURN 1S91M3 (from the structure of 2K12M3 Kub-M3)
  • 4 × TEL 2P25M3 (from the structure of 2K12M3 Kub-M3)
  • 1 × TELAR 9A38 (from the structure of 9K37 Buk)

9K37M1 Buk-M1 (Ganges)

edit

Technical service division

edit
  • 9V95M1E – mobile automatized control and test station vehicle based on a ZIL-131 with a trailer
  • 9V883, 9V884, 9V894 – repair and technical service vehicles based on Ural-43203-1012
  • 9V881E – technical service workshop based on Ural-43203-1012
  • 9T229 – transporter vehicle for 8 missiles or 6 containers with missiles based on a KrAZ-255Б
  • 9T31M – auto crane
  • MTO-ATG-M1 – technical service workshop based on ZIL-131

Preparing to fight (inversely) – 5 min. Translation in battle mode, not for the first time in battle (after moving to another place) – no more than 20 seconds.[105] During the exercise, "Defense 92" (1992) SAM family of "Buk" conducted successful firing at targets on the basis of ballistic missile R-17 Elbrus, and on the basis of MLRS rockets "Smerch" (caliber 0.3 meters).[106]

9K37M1-2 Buk-M1-2 (Ural)

edit

A command post vehicle 9S470M1-2 may take control over 4 batteries, each has 1 TELAR 9A310M1-2 with 1 × TEL 9A39M1/9A39M1-2 or 2 batteries, each has 1 target acquisition radar 9S18М1-1 and 2 × TELs 9A39M1

Additionally, the TELAR 9A310M1-2 may take control over the Kub vehicles – just the TEL 2P25 or the self-propelled unit of reconnaissance and guidance 1S91 with a TEL 2P25. In this configuration complex can simultaneously fire two goals instead of one.[95]

Probability of hitting of one rocket is:[97]

  • Statically flying aircraft, 0.7–0.9;
  • Manoeuvring aircraft with overdrive to 7–8 G, 0.5–0.7;
  • Tactical ballistic missiles, 0.5–0.7;
  • Anti-radar missiles, 0.6–0.8;
  • Cruise missiles, 0.6–0.8.

The composition:[95]

  • command post 9S470M1-2
  • 6 self-propelled fire units 9A310M1-2 can perform all combat functions,[95] including identification of the state of the owner of the object detected.[105]
  • 3 launchers (can fire, transporting and loading of other launchers) installation 9A39M1,
  • target detection station 9S18M1,
  • machine of maintenance 9V881M1-2 with caravan ZIP 9T456,
  • workshop of maintenance SPA-M1,
  • machine of repair and maintenance.

The maximum range of fire against ballistic missiles is 20 km, and the maximum target speed is 1200 m/s.[107] Its capacity of protecting against ballistic missiles are comparable with that of the Patriot PAC-2.[108] However, the engagement ceiling is lower.[105] Preparing to fight (inversely) – 5 min.[107] Translation in battle mode, not for the first time in battle (after moving to another place) – no more than 20 seconds.[105] The range for engaging targets on land is 15 km, 25 km on the water.[109] The capture distance of targets with RCS = 5 m2 – 40 km.[95] It automatically provides a high resistance to interference and work in several different combat modes, detection range of the locator of early detection 160 km.[105]

Technical service division

edit
  • Technical service vehicle MTO 9V881M1-2 with a trailer ZIP 9T456
  • Technical service workshop MTO AGZ-M1
  • Technical service and maintenance vehicles MRTO: MRTO-1 9V883M1, MRTO-2 9V884M1, MRTO-3 9V894M1
  • Transport vehicle (TM) 9T243 with a technological equipment set KTO 9T3184
  • Automated control and test mobile station AKIPS 9V95M1
  • Workshop vehicle for the missile maintenance 9T458
  • Unified compressor station UKS-400V
  • Mobile power plant PES-100-T/400-AKP1

9K317 Buk-M2

edit

There was an experimental 9А320 TEL (with 8 missiles).

Some works were performed to use a wheeled vehicles for Buk-M2-1 on a KrAZ-260 chassis, but they were not completed.[110]

Developed in 1988.[111] Accepted for service in 2008.

The structure of the Buk-M2[25][92][112]

  • Fighting means
    • Anti-aircraft missiles: 9М317
    • Self-propelled firing installation: 9А317 and 9А318 (towed), has everything for self-War, reaction time – 5 sec, range to 20 km (reflecting surface, 1–2 m2; height 3 km), 18–20 km (rs 1–2 m2, height 10–15 m), range of work in the system −5 to + 85 degrees for missile guidance (to search for up to 70 if alone)[69]
    • Installation of charging 9А317 and 9А318 or shooting teams 9С510: 9А316 and 9А320;[113]
  • Management tools
  • Command post 9С510, reaction time 2 seconds.
    • Radar of targets detection (all directions – 360°) 9С18М1–3, range to 160 km (1–2 m2)
  • Radar of illumination and guidance of missiles or radar of targets detection of range ±60° 9С36.
    • 9S36-1 (if derrick is raised as much as possible) range to 120 km (reflecting surface 1–2 m2, height 3 km), 30–35 km (rs 1–2 m2, height 10–15 m) [92]

Translation in battle mode for the first time in battle-not more than 5 minutes, but 10–15 minutes when using derrick in which the radar of 9S36-1. Translation in battle mode, not for the first time in battle (after moving to another place) – no more than 20 seconds.[92]

The probability of hitting targets one missile is: (data from the developer and several other sources)

  • Aircraft of tactical aviation, 0.9–0.95
  • Tactical ballistic missiles, 0.6–0.7 maximum speed of ballistic targets 1200 m/s.
  • Cruise missiles, 0.7–0.8
  • Hovering helicopters, 0.3–0.4[98]
  • Helicopter, 0.7–0.8[92]
  • Anti-radiation missile, 0.5–0.7.[86]

The minimum rs to 0.05 square meters. Day-and-night passive optical system for target detection, thermal imager with minimal radiation (9А317 and 9А318).[114] The system operates in a mountainous area without glare.[69]

The normal range of a ballistic missile to intercept with the use of Buk is up to 200 km.[115]

Buk-M3

edit
 
9A316M launcher of the Buk-M3 surface-to-air missile system

The 9K317M 'Buk-M3' (9K37M3) is the latest production version, based on new hardware.[116][117] It has 36 target channels and features advanced electronic components. Specifications include a maximum target speed of 3,000 m/s (11,000 km/h; 6,700 mph; Mach 8.8), an altitude range of 0.015–35 km (49–114,829 ft) and a distance range of 2.5–70 km (1.6–43.5 mi). Extensive trials began in 2015,[118] with the first deliveries planned for 2016.[119] (2 in 2016).[citation needed] The probability of hitting a target with one missile is: aircraft – 0.95; tactical ballistic missile – 0.7; cruise missile – 0.8. It offers increased efficiency against electronic countermeasures and manoeuvring targets.[120] They are more compact, increasing the TELAR's carrying capacity to six missiles.[citation needed] The missile's new HE-fragmentation warhead can more easily penetrate armor.[121] The complex is highly mobile and designed against air, ground and sea targets (e.g. destroyers).[122]

The missile reaches a speed of 1,550 m/s (5,600 km/h; 3,500 mph; Mach 4.6), and manoeuvres by air rudders and reactive rudders.[123] The interval between shots is one second in any direction. Targeting is by commands or active homing, or in combination. Thermal radar works on any target at any time in any weather. Russian sources claim the system can destroy the MGM-140 ATACMS, though this has never been actually attempted.[124][125]

Radar, guidance and target detection operates at a range of ±60° 9S36. A target at an altitude of 7–10 m can be detected at a distance of up to 35 km,[citation needed] targets like the AGM-158A "JASSM" at an altitude of 20 m, and RCS over 0.1 m2 at a distance of 17–18 km.[126] The radar sees targets at an altitude of 5 meters and in practical shooting, the system demonstrated its ability to destroy anti-ship missiles flying at that altitude.[124]

In June 2016 Almaz-Antey announced successful trials of the anti-aircraft complex. Firing at Kapustin Yar in the Astrakhan region was carried out at a ballistic target, which was made by the missile-target. The first brigade set of the "Buk-M3" was delivered in 2016.[127] It is in active service.[128]

A missile uses active guidance, the system has radio and thermal guidance (any weather, day / night), the missile uses guidance 1) on commands, 2) only active homing, 3) mixed. The missile uses a directional explosion, Minimum target height 5 meters.[129]

In April 2018, Rosoboronexport announced that it would be promoting the Buk-M3 "Viking" version for export.[130] The system can be integrated with the launchers of the Antey 2500 complex, increasing its range from 65 to 130 km.[131] The "Viking" is reported to be able to operate both autonomously and in cooperation with other air defence systems, using their radar data for targeting, and have a gap of 20 seconds between stopping and launching missiles.[132] The probability of intercept is reported to be close to 100%.[133] The complex is also reported to be effective against tactical ballistic missiles.[134]

Operators

edit
 
Map with Buk operators
  Current
  Former
 
Buk-M1-2 of Armenian Army
 
9K37 Buk in Azerbaijan service

Current operators

edit
 
Ukrainian 9K37 Buk SAMS during the Kyiv Independence Day Parade (2008)

Former operators

edit
  •   Finland – In 1996 Finland started operating the missile systems that they received from Russia as debt payment.[166] Due to concerns about susceptibility to electronic warfare, Finland has replaced the missile system with NASAMS 2.[167][168][169] Finland still does use this, mainly in storage. Still ready for wartime use and are all in "operational condition".[170]
  •   Soviet Union - Passed on to successor states.

Potential operators

edit

Failed bids

edit

Before 1990, 9K37M1E "Ganga" launchers were supposed to enter the armies of the Warsaw Pact, but did not enter their armaments because they ceased to exist.[172]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ "Big Russian flotilla led by Admiral Kuznetsov carrier heads for Syrian port". DEBKAfile. 21 August 2008. Archived from the original on 12 August 2010. Retrieved 23 March 2010.
  2. ^ "The Russia - NATO A2AD Environment". Missile Threat. 3 January 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  3. ^ "Russian Troops to Start Getting Advanced Air Defense Systems in 2016". RIA Novosti. 28 December 2013. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
  4. ^ "Buk-M3 anti-aircraft systems intercept long-range spy drones in western Russia drills". RIA Novosti. 15 June 2020.
  5. ^ "Russian Navy to receive first Shtil SAM systems in 2014". IHS Jane's Missiles & Rockets. 6 November 2013. Archived from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
  6. ^ "MH17 missile owned by Russian brigade, investigators say". BBC News. 24 May 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h "9K37 Buk (SA-11 Gadfly)". Vestnik PVO (in Russian). 17 November 2004. Archived from the original on 19 August 2008. Retrieved 20 August 2008.
  8. ^ Kopp, Carlo (12 July 2009). "NIIP 9K37/9K37M1/9K317 Buk M1/M2 Self Propelled Air Defence System / SA-11/17 Gadfly/Grizzly НИИП Cамоходный Зенитный Ракетный Комплекс 9К37/9К37М1/9К317 Бук М1/М2". Air Power Australia: 1.- accessed 3 March 2020
  9. ^ a b "SA-N-7 'Gadfly' (3K90 M-22 Uragan/Shtil)/SA-N-7B 'Grizzly' (9K37 Ezh/Shtil-1)/SA-N-7C 'Gollum'(9M317E) (Russian Federation), Surface-to-air missiles". Jane's Naval Weapon Systems. 25 June 2010. Archived from the original on 3 May 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
  10. ^ a b c d "Chief Designer Ardalion Rastov". milparade.udm.ru. 31 August 1998. Archived from the original on 23 January 2009. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
  11. ^ a b c d "M-22 Uragan (SA-N-7 Gadfly)". Vestnik PVO (pvo.guns.ru) (in Russian). 17 November 2004. Archived from the original on 5 November 2008. Retrieved 17 November 2008.
  12. ^ "Air defense missile complex (ADMC) "Buk-М1–2"". OJSC NIIP. 2013. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
  13. ^ Carlo, Kopp (12 July 2009). "9K37/9K37M1/9K317 Buk M1/M2 / SA-11/17 Gadfly/Grizzly / Cамоходный Зенитный Ракетный Комплекс 9К37/9К317 Бук М/М1/М2": 1. Archived from the original on 2 February 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  14. ^ "Smerch/Shtil-1/-2 (SA-N-12 'Grizzly') (Russian Federation), Defensive weapons". Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems. 11 February 2010. Archived from the original on 3 May 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
  15. ^ "Smerch/Shtil-1/-2 (SA-N-7B/C or SA-N-12 'Grizzly') (Russian Federation), Defensive weapons". Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems. 11 March 2011. Archived from the original on 3 May 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
  16. ^ Зенитный ракетный комплекс "Бук-М2Э". OJSC NIIP (Russian). 2005. Archived from the original on 27 September 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
  17. ^ "New variant of TELAR for Buk-M3 missile system was presented in Moscow" (in Russian). military-informant.com. 21 August 2013. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
  18. ^ "GM 569, 579, 577, 567 (Buk) for ADMC "Buk-M1-2" and "Buk-M2"". JSC MMZ (in Russian). 2011. Archived from the original on 10 September 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
  19. ^ "Mobile simulator SAM Buk-M2E shown at MAKS-2013". Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  20. ^ The MiG-31 Foxhound: One of the World's Greatest Interceptors Archived 3 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine at Aircraft InFormation.info
  21. ^ Argon-15 Archived 13 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine at www.computer-museum.ru
  22. ^ (in Russian) KSA KP zrbr 9S52M Polyana-D4M Archived 20 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine at Missile Technology Information System of BGTU Voenmeh
  23. ^ (in Russian) ASU sg zrk 9S52M1 Polyana-D4M1 Archived 20 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine at Missile Technology Information System of BGTU Voenmeh
  24. ^ (in Russian) ASU Baikal-1ME Archived 27 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine at Missile Technology Information System of BGTU Voenmeh
  25. ^ a b c d Main defense product range at JSC «Concern «Almaz-Antey» website
  26. ^ (in Russian) UBCP 9S737M Archived 6 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine at Missile Technology Information System of BGTU Voenmeh
  27. ^ (in Russian) Senezh-M1E Archived 21 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine at OKB Peleng website
  28. ^ 34Л6 "СЕНЕЖ-М1Э". Pvo.guns.ru. 18 July 2006. Archived from the original on 24 June 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  29. ^ Автоматизированная Система Управления. Pvo.guns.ru. Archived from the original on 17 July 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  30. ^ "ВКО". Old.vko.ru. Archived from the original on 17 July 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  31. ^ АСУ Сенеж-М1Э. Arms-expo.ru. 22 May 2015. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  32. ^ М-22 "Ураган". Pvo.guns.ru. 22 May 2009. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  33. ^ a b "Shipborne medium-range air defence missile system with 9M317E and 9М317ME surface-to-air missiles Shtil-1". Roe.ru.
  34. ^ a b Штиль-1 с ЗУР 9М317МЭ. Pvo.guns.ru. 22 May 2009. Archived from the original on 28 May 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  35. ^ «Штиль» от «Авиационного оборудования». rostec.ru (in Russian). 3 July 2013. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
  36. ^ a b (in Russian) Russian Anti-Aircraft Missiles & Systems Archived 23 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine by Peter F. Berezovsky
  37. ^ Russia moves to vertical-launch Shtil Archived 3 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine by Miroslav Gyürösi, Jane's Missiles and Rockets, 18 November 2004
  38. ^ a b "Aviation in Abkhaz Conflict". Mikhail Zhirohov. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  39. ^ "SA-11 'Gadfly' Used to Down Georgian Drones". Abkhaz FM, Civil Georgia (in Georgian). The Georgian Times. 6 May 2008. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012.
  40. ^ a b "Air Defense: Russia Takes A Beating Over Georgia". StrategyWorld.com. 14 August 2008. Archived from the original on 25 December 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
  41. ^ Georgian Military Folds Under Russian Attack Archived 21 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine By David A. Fulghum, Douglas Barrie, Robert Wall and Andy Nativi, AW&ST, 15 August 2008
  42. ^ War Reveals Russia's Military Might and Weakness Archived 20 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine By Vladimir Isachenkov, Associated Press, 18 August 2008
  43. ^ Georgia war shows Russian army strong but flawed Archived 20 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Reuters, 20 August 2008
  44. ^ "Yushchenko may have to answer for illegal arms sales to Georgia". Voice of Russia. 26 October 2010. Archived from the original on 12 November 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2010.
  45. ^ "Friendly fire downed Russia jets in Georgia-report". Reuters. 8 July 2009.
  46. ^ Gregory Katz and Matthew Knight (17 July 2014). "Buk Missile Suspected in Malaysia Plane Disaster". ABC News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  47. ^ "MH17 Ukraine disaster: Dutch Safety Board blames missile". BBC News. 13 October 2015. Archived from the original on 30 September 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  48. ^ Crash of Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 Hrabove, Ukraine, 17 July 2014 (PDF) (Report). Dutch Safety Board. 13 October 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2015.
  49. ^ "Evidence proving that flight MH-17 was taken down by a BUK missile". rtlnieuws. 19 March 2015. Archived from the original on 8 April 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
  50. ^ "Bodies of MH17 victims 'contain missile fragments', SBU says". Ukraine Today. 19 December 2014. Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2015. Some of the bodies of the passengers of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17, which crashed in Donetsk on July 17, contain metal fragments that indicate the plane was shot down by a surface-to-air missile, Ukraine's SBU security service said on Friday
  51. ^ "Возле Енакиево сбили истребитель МиГ-29 – Селезнев". Korrespondent.net. 7 August 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  52. ^ "Briefing by Russian Defence Ministry official Major General Igor Konashenkov (April 16, 2018) : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation". Archived from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
  53. ^ "The Western Coalition's strikes targeted important centers of the regime in the capital Damascus and its vicinity, as well as the outskirts of Homs city". SOHR. 14 April 2018. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  54. ^ Mal Siret; Joseph Lee (14 April 2018). "'More than 65 missiles intercepted' – monitoring group (14:10h)". BBC. Archived from the original on 16 April 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  55. ^ "Department of Defense Press Briefing by Pentagon Chief Spokesperson". U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
  56. ^ "Russian Pantsyr-S and Buk-M2 systems intercept seven missiles fired by Israeli fighter jet". Tass.com.
  57. ^ "Syrian air defense downs 21 out of 24 missiles fired by Israeli fighter jets". Tass.com.
  58. ^ "Ukraine's BUK Missiles 'Rain Hell' on Russian Fighters; the Missile Was Used to Down Malaysian Airliner". 13 November 2022.
  59. ^ Malyasov, Dylan (8 January 2023). "Ukraine to integrate Sea Sparrow missile into Soviet-era Buk launchers".
  60. ^ "UPGRADE OF 2K12 KUB (SA-6) ANTI-AIRCRAFT MISSILE SYSTEM" (PDF). 14 November 2023.
  61. ^ THOMAS NEWDICK; TYLER ROGOWAY (18 April 2023). "What Could Happen If Ukraine's Stock Of Soviet SAMs Runs Dry launchers". The Drive.
  62. ^ David Axe (20 April 2023). "Compatible With American Missiles". Forbes.
  63. ^ Jonathan Beale (20 April 2023). "Compatible With American Missiles". BBC.
  64. ^ "Russia's intense air and missile defence operation in Ukraine War". www.key.aero. 24 January 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
  65. ^ "Ukrainian Armed Forces destroy two Buk-M3 launchers and a Russian facility in Svitlodarsk". Militarnyi. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
  66. ^ office_zzam. "Ukraine claims destruction of two Russian Buk-M3 air defense missile s". armyrecognition.com. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
  67. ^ THOMAS NEWDICK (28 May 2023). "Ukraine's FrankenSAM That Uses RIM-7 Sea Sparrow Missiles Breaks Cover". TWZ.
  68. ^ Hambling, David (11 June 2024). "Switchblade Long-Range Loitering Munition Destroys Russian Buk SAM". mil.in.ua. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
  69. ^ a b c d e Зенитный ракетный комплекс средней дальности 9К317 "Бук-М2" | Ракетная техника. Rbase.new-factoria.ru. Archived from the original on 11 May 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  70. ^ a b Юрьевна, Сизова Ирина. Многоцелевой зенитный ракетный комплекс средней дальности «Бук-М2». www.niip.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
  71. ^ "ЦАМТО / Главное / На форуме «Армия-2022» подписаны 7 и вручены 29 госконтрактов с 26 предприятиями ОПК". Armstrade.org. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  72. ^ (in Russian) Annual statement of the OJSC Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design in 2005
  73. ^ a b "2011 Financing Statement of the OJSC DNPP". ZAO SCRIN (in Russian). Dolgoprudny Scientific Production Plant. 2012. Archived from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
  74. ^ Batch 2 Of Three Project 1135.6 Frigates Being Readied Archived 17 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Pakistan Defence, 14 April 2011
  75. ^ "Russia forces USA out from its traditional arms markets". Pravda.Ru. 16 May 2008. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
  76. ^ a b c Зенитный ракетный комплекс 2К12 Куб. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  77. ^ a b c Зенитный ракетный комплекс 9К37 Бук. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  78. ^ ЗРК БУК- обзор. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  79. ^ a b "-1". Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  80. ^ "Buk-M2E Air Defence Missile System – Army Technology". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  81. ^ В Индонезии устроили презентацию российского комплекса "Бук-М2Э" – ОРУЖИЕ РОССИИ Информационное агентство. Arms-expo.ru. 22 May 2015. Archived from the original on 24 June 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  82. ^ "-2, – "-2"". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  83. ^ ЗРК "Бук-М2Э". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  84. ^ a b c d e "9K317M "Buk-M3" medium-range anti-aircraft missile system | Missilery.info".
  85. ^ a b Зенитный ракетный комплекс 9К37 Бук-М1. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  86. ^ a b c Зенитный ракетный комплекс средней дальности 9К317 "Бук-М2". Archived from the original on 11 May 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  87. ^ Основная продукция военного назначения (in Russian). Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  88. ^ a b "Almaz-Antey Tests Buk-M3 Air Defense Missile System".
  89. ^ a b "Штиль-1" – Алмаз-Антей. Almaz-antey.ru. Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  90. ^ a b «Штиль» – российский зенитно-ракетный комплекс, модульные комплекты которого поступят на вооружение ВМФ России в 2014 году (in Russian). 23 September 2013. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
  91. ^ "Buk-M1-2 – Almaz Antey Corp". Archived from the original on 3 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  92. ^ a b c d e (in Russian) ZRK SD 9K317 "Buk-M2" Archived 11 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine at Missile Technology Information System of BGTU Voenmeh
  93. ^ a b Корабельный зенитный ракетный комплекс "Штиль-1" | Ракетная техника. Rbase.new-factoria.ru. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  94. ^ ЗРК "Бук"-Зенитная ракета 9М38. Pvo.guns.ru. 20 July 2000. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  95. ^ a b c d e f Зенитный ракетный комплекс Бук-М1–2 (Урал). Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  96. ^ a b c Vasily N. Ya, Gurinovitch AL, anti-aircraft missile systems, page 251
  97. ^ a b Сизова Ирина Юрьевна. Зенитный ракетный комплекс "Бук-М1–2". Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  98. ^ a b Multichannel middle-range ADMC «Buk-М2E» Archived 31 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine at NIIP website
  99. ^ Russia celebrates the Day of military drivers Archived 3 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine, 29 May 2010 (in Russian)
  100. ^ Army prepares to test upgraded BUK missile system Archived 25 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Charter'97, 11 October 2005
  101. ^ (in Russian)Buk-MB on a military parade in Baku Archived 19 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Voenno-politicheskoe obozrenie, 26 June 2013
  102. ^ "Iran tests new anti-air missile defense: Guard". The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon. Archived from the original on 27 November 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  103. ^ ARG. "HQ-16 Medium-Range Air Defense Missile System". Military-today.com. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  104. ^ ЗРК "Бук"-Станция обнаружения и целеуказания. Pvo.guns.ru. 20 July 2000. Archived from the original on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  105. ^ a b c d e "RusArmy.com -". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  106. ^ ЗРК "Бук-М1". Pvo.guns.ru. 21 July 2000. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  107. ^ a b Бук-М1-2 – Алмаз-Антей. www.almaz-antey.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
  108. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  109. ^ ЗРК "Бук-М1–2"/ (экспорт. "Урал"). pvo.guns.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
  110. ^ "History of the testings on Emba firing range". Archived from the original on 5 April 2008. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  111. ^ Дальность "Бук-М3" достигла 70 км, по ряду параметров он превзошел С-300. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  112. ^ Зенитно-ракетный комплекс "Бук-М2" принят на вооружение в башкирской бригаде ПВО. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  113. ^ Зенитный ракетный комплекс "Бук-М2Э" | Армейский вестник. army-news.ru (in Russian). 6 January 2011. Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
  114. ^ ""Бук" и "Тунгуска": опции совершенства". www.oborona.ru. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
  115. ^ Источник: комплекс ПВО "Бук-М3" примут на вооружение до конца года (in Russian). Archived from the original on 17 July 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
  116. ^ "ANTIAIRCRAFT MISSILE SYSTEM 9К317М "BUK-M3"". Nevskii-bastion.ru. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  117. ^ МОСКВА, ОРУЖИЕ РОССИИ www.arms-expo.ru 12 (22 May 2015). До конца 2015 года комплекс ПВО "Бук-М3" будет принят на вооружение – ОРУЖИЕ РОССИИ Информационное агентство. Arms-expo.ru. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  118. ^ НИИП им. Тихомирова: госиспытания Т-50 начнутся в марте-апреле | РИА Новости. Ria.ru. 3 March 2014. Archived from the original on 19 May 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  119. ^ ВЗГЛЯД / Минобороны: Поступление ЗРК "Бук-М3" в войска ожидается в 2016 году. Vz.ru. 28 December 2013. Archived from the original on 21 December 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  120. ^ Имя *. "Бук-М3 самоходный ЗРК | огнестрельное оружие России". Rus-guns.com. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  121. ^ "Бук-М3" против ATACMS: почему российские ракеты превосходят американский комплекс. 6 January 2016. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  122. ^ Национальная оборона / Приоритеты / Новейший ЗРК "Бук-М3" успешно поразил баллистическую цель. www.oborona.ru. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  123. ^ "Бук-М3" выведет армейскую ПВО на новый уровень – Армейский вестник. army-news.ru. Archived from the original on 17 December 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  124. ^ a b tvzvezda.ru, Редакция (6 January 2016). "Бук-М3" против ATACMS: почему российские ракеты превосходят американский комплекс. tvzvezda.ru. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  125. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  126. ^ Даманцев, Евгений. "Бук-М3" выведет армейскую ПВО на новый уровень – Армейский вестник. Archived from the original on 30 November 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  127. ^ "Rogozin told the Russian anti-aircraft missiles of the new generation". LNRMedia. 6 August 2016. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
  128. ^ Первый дивизион ЗРК "Бук-М3" пришел в войска. 24 October 2016. Archived from the original on 5 December 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  129. ^ tvzvezda.ru, Редакция (6 January 2016). "Бук-М3" против ATACMS: почему российские ракеты превосходят американский комплекс. tvzvezda.ru. Archived from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  130. ^ Zudin, Alexander (9 April 2018). "Russia offers Buk-M3 for export". Jane's Information Group. Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018. Russian state arms export corporation Rosoboronexport says it has begun promoting the latest M3 variant of the Buk medium-range surface-to-air missile (SAM) system for export.
  131. ^ ""Рособоронэкспорт" впервые предложил зарубежным заказчикам новейший ЗРК "Викинг"". ИА «Оружие России». Archived from the original on 1 January 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
  132. ^ ""Викинг" выставили на продажу". Рамблер/новости. 28 March 2018. Archived from the original on 24 April 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
  133. ^ "Иностранным заказчикам предложили уникальный российский ЗРК "Викинг"". 28 March 2018. Archived from the original on 24 April 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
  134. ^ "ЗРК "Викинг" подготовили к экспортным поставкам". Российская газета. 28 March 2018. Archived from the original on 24 April 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
  135. ^ "Algeria confirms Buk delivery | Jane's 360". archive.is. 16 August 2017. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2018.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  136. ^ "Buk system spotted during Armenia's Independence Day parade rehearsal - PanARMENIAN.Net". Archived from the original on 17 September 2016.
  137. ^ "Azerbaijan to demonstrate "BUK" anti-aircraft missile complex". News.Az. 20 June 2013. Archived from the original on 23 June 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
  138. ^ "Tikhomirov Instrument Research Institute 9K37 Buk (SA-11 'Gadfly') low to high-altitude surface-to-air missile system". Jane's Information Group. 20 March 2008. Retrieved 4 August 2008. [dead link‍]
  139. ^ "Israeli Fighter Jets Challenge Cypriot Air Defense in Mock Battle Exercise". 17 February 2014. Archived from the original on 28 September 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
  140. ^ "Egyptian President Reinforces Friendship with Russia – Kommersant Moscow". Kommersant.com. Archived from the original on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
  141. ^ "Egypt Requests Buk-M3 Surface-To-Air Missiles From Russia". www.defensemirror.com. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  142. ^ "Armament of the Georgian Army". Geo-army.ge. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
  143. ^ "Kazakhstan receives first Buk-M2E air-defence system from Russia". Janes.com. 3 February 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  144. ^ Армия Ким Чен Ира Archived 17 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Анатолий Цыганок. ПОЛИТ.РУ, 16 October 2006
  145. ^ "Pakistan Army inducts Chinese-made LY-80 SAM system – Jane's 360". www.janes.com. Archived from the original on 4 December 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  146. ^ "Pakistan formally inducts LY-80 (HQ-16) air defence system". quwa.org. 13 March 2017. Archived from the original on 29 October 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  147. ^ Sinha, Akash (14 July 2018). "Pakistan deploys Chinese air defence system: Where does India stand?". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 1 January 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
  148. ^ New HQ-16 surface to air missile ready for action: PLA Archived 2 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, China Military News, 28 September 2011
  149. ^ Source: Military Balance 2016, page 190
  150. ^ Source: Military Balance 2016, page 195
  151. ^ Source: Military Balance 2016, page 197
  152. ^ Source: Military Balance 2016, page 199
  153. ^ "Buk-M2 goes on combat duty for anti-aircraft defence". Rambler News (in Russian). 30 November 2011. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
  154. ^ Moscow Defense Brief № 1, 2011
  155. ^ "ЦАМТО / Новости / Валерий Герасимов: за пятилетний период принято на вооружение более 300 новых образцов ВиВТ". armstrade.org. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  156. ^ "ЦАМТО / Новости / Минобороны заключило контракты на поставку комплексов ПВО "Тор-М2", "Тор-М2ДТ", "Бук-МЗ" и С-300В4". Armstrade.org. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  157. ^ "ЦАМТО / / Министр обороны РФ проверил выполнение ГОЗ на предприятии Концерна ВКО "Алмаз-Антей" в Ульяновске". ЦАМТО / Центр анализа мировой торговли оружием (in Russian). 10 October 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  158. ^ "9K37 Buk". Jane's Information Group. 17 November 2008. Retrieved 19 November 2008. [dead link‍]
  159. ^ "Trade Registers". Archived from the original on 14 April 2010. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  160. ^ "Чем будет воевать Сирия в случае агрессии стран западной коалиции?". 30 August 2013. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  161. ^ The International Institute For Strategic Studies IISS The Military Balance 2012. — Nuffield Press, 2012. — С. 349 с
  162. ^ "The "BUK" Ground Force Air Defense System". State Company "Ukroboronservice". Ukraine. Archived from the original on 20 July 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
  163. ^ Source: Military Balance 2016, page 206
  164. ^ Hristoforov, Vladislav (3 March 2018). "Україна модернізує зенітні установки ЗРК "Бук М1"". Archived from the original on 4 March 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
  165. ^ Russia Beyond "Así probó Venezuela sus misiles antiaéreos rusos Buk-M2E en unos ejercicios militares (Vídeo)". 12 February 2019.
  166. ^ Video of Buk firing[permanent dead link‍], Finnish Defence Forces website [dead link‍]
  167. ^ "Pääkaupunkiseudun ilmasuojassa paljastui aukko". Suomen Kuvalehti (in Finnish). Pekka Ervasti. 3 June 2008. Archived from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
  168. ^ "Finland Updating Its Air Defense Systems". Defense Industry Daily. 10 September 2013. Archived from the original on 25 December 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
  169. ^ "BUK M1 -ilmatorjuntajärjestelmä löytyy edelleen myös Suomesta – video". YLE (in Finnish). 23 July 2014. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
  170. ^ "Uutisvideot | Uutisvideot: BUK M1 –ilmatorjuntajärjstelmä löytyy edelleen myös Suomesta". 23 July 2014.
  171. ^ "¿Como son los sistemas de defensa aérea que ofrece Rusia?". 4 February 2021.
  172. ^ "samolotypolskie.pl – 9K37 "Buk"". www.samolotypolskie.pl. Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.

Sources

edit

Russian sources

edit

Video

edit
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Buk surface-to-air missile system.
 
Look up Buk in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buk_missile_system&oldid=1252346343#9K37M1-2_Model_(SA-17)"