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Uniforms and insignia of the Sturmabteilung

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The uniforms and insignia of the Sturmabteilung (SA) were Nazi Party paramilitary ranks and uniforms used by SA stormtroopers from 1921 until the fall of Nazi Germany in 1945. The titles and phrases used by the SA were the basis for paramilitary titles used by several other Nazi paramilitary groups, among them the Schutzstaffel (SS). Early SS ranks were identical to the SA, since the SS was originally considered a sub-organisation of the Sturmabteilung.

SA guards at Oranienburg concentration camp, 1933

Origins of SA titles (1921–1923)

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The original pip system used by the SA in the 1920s

The brown shirted stormtroopers of the Sturmabteilung gradually come into being within the Nazi Party beginning in 1920. By this time, Adolf Hitler had assumed the title of Führer of the Nazi Party, replacing Anton Drexler who had been known as the more democratically elected Party Chairman. Hitler began to fashion the Nazi Party on fascist paramilitary lines and, to that end, the early Nazis of the 1920s would typically wear some sort of paramilitary uniform at party meetings and rallies. The most common of these were World War I uniforms with full medals. Also common were uniforms of the Freikorps as well as uniforms of veteran groups such as Der Stahlhelm. Nazi Party members would also mix components from all three types of uniforms with little to no standardisation except a swastika armband worn on the left arm.

By 1921, the Nazi Party had taken its "Sports Detachment", consisting mostly of bodyguards Hitler used for his own protection, and had formed the Nazi stormtroopers, or the "Storm Detachment", which was shortened to be known as the SA. It was at this point that the very first SA titles came into being, although there were no established uniforms or insignia except a swastika armband worn on a paramilitary uniform. At the start of the group's existence, the SA had four primary titles:

In 1923, the SA was disbanded after the failed Munich Beer Hall Putsch. The group was re-founded two years later in 1925.

Early SA rank insignia (1924–1929)

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From 1923 to 1925, the SA did not officially exist since Hitler had been imprisoned for his actions in the Munich Putsch and the Nazi Party banned in Germany. Underground cells of SA men did continue to meet in secret, including one run by an SA leader named Gerhard Roßbach. It was Roßbach who effectively invented the "Nazi brownshirt" uniform since, during Roßbach's Austrian exile in 1924, a large store of military surplus brown denim shirts intended for tropical uniforms in East Africa,[1] which were originally bought in 1921, was taken over by the Schill Youth in Germany.[2] The "Schill Sportversand" then became the main supplier for the SA brown shirts.

In 1925, the SA was re-founded as part of the new Nazi Party which Hitler had put together following his release from prison. The reborn SA then received its first formal uniform regulations and also began using the first recognisable system of rank insignia.

Along with a brown shirt uniform, SA members would wear swastika armbands with a kepi cap. Originally, the SA used its pre-1923 rank titles, but this changed in 1926 when local SA units began to be grouped into larger regiment sized formations known as Standarten. Each SA regiment was commanded by a senior SA officer called a Standartenführer. At the same time, to differentiate from the SA rank and file, senior SA officers began to wear oak leaves on their collars to signify their authority. Under this system, a Standartenführer wore one oak leaf, an Oberführer two oak leaves, and the Supreme SA Commander wore three. The lower ranks of SA-Führer and SA-Mann still wore no insignia.

 
An SA unit insignia patch; here: Sturm 12/Standarte 93

In 1927, the officer rank of SA-Führer became known by the title of Sturmführer and a higher officer rank known as Sturmbannführer was created to be held by battalion formation commanders directly subordinate to the Standartenführer. In 1928, an expansion of SA enlisted ranks was required in response to the growing rank and file membership of the SA troopers. These new titles and ranks were denoted by an insignia system which consisted of silver pips pinned to a wearer's collar. The pip system was adopted from the Stahlhelm veteran's group which was closely connected to the SA both in dual membership and ideological design.

A further change in 1928 was the creation of the rank of Gruppenführer. This rank used the three leaf collar insignia previously reserved for the Supreme SA Commander and the rank was held by the senior most SA commanders in Germany who led division sized formations of several SA-Standarten. By this time, the SA had also begun to use unit insignia for its junior members which consisted of a numbered collar patch, showing both battalion and regiment affiliation, worn opposite the badge of rank. This unit insignia patch was worn by those holding the rank of Sturmbannführer and below; the higher officer ranks wore oak leaf insignia on both collars.

 
The original pip system used by the SA in 1935

By the end of the 1920s, the SA rank system had solidified into the following titles:

SA rank Reichswehr equivalent UK equivalent
Gruppenführer Generalleutnant Lieutenant-general
Untergruppenführer Generalmajor Major general
Oberführer No equivalent
Standartenführer Oberst Colonel
Sturmbannführer Major Major
Sturmhauptführer Hauptmann Captain
Sturmführer Leutnant Lieutenant
Truppführer Feldwebel Sergeant
Scharführer Corporal
SA-Mann Soldat Private

SA uniforms under Ernst Röhm (1930–1933)

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A German poster showing uniforms and insignia of Sturmabteilung (to the left) and Schutzstaffel (SS, to the right), two paramilitary branches of the Nazi Party, published in English by the Chicago Sunday Tribune 1933. The caption reads: Putting masculine Germany into uniforms of types portrayed above is only one aspect of complete regimentation of the German people – a regimentation which includes reshaping of thought in the Nazi mold, suppression of rights, and control and censorship over newspapers.

The next major change in SA uniforms and insignia occurred in 1930 when Ernst Röhm was appointed as Chief of Staff of the SA. Röhm's appointment was as the result of Hitler personally assuming command of the SA as the Oberster SA-Führer. Hitler would hold this title until the fall of Nazi Germany in 1945 and, after 1930, it was the SA Chief of Staff who was the effective leader of the organisation.

Röhm undertook several changes to the SA uniform and insignia design, the first being to invent several new ranks in order for the SA rank system to mirror that of the professional military. The rank expansion took place gradually between 1930 and 1932, with the final addition being the creation of a rank of SA-Obergruppenführer, which Röhm appointed to himself as well as senior SA-generals of the SA command staff. The new ranks used the same collar pip and oak leaf system as before, but with the addition of corded shoulder boards worn on the right shoulder for the officers. Further, the officers wore right shoulder cord of either gold or silver. In contrast, the enlisted men wore piping cords shaped as shoulder straps on the right shoulder.[3]

 
Ernst Röhm's special rank insignia as SA Chief of Staff, used between 1933 and 1934. It was abolished after the Night of the Long Knives.

In 1933, when Hitler became Chancellor of Germany, Röhm made his title of SA-Chief of Staff into an actual rank. The insignia for Röhm's new rank (known as Stabschef) consisted of a wreathed star which was designed after that of a Bolivian general, due to Röhm's previous military experience as a military adviser in Bolivia.

Ranks and insignia

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This table contains the final ranks and insignia of the SA, which were in use from 1942 to 1945.

Insignia[4] Title Approximate equivalents during World War II
Collar Shoulder German Army[5] UK[6]
General officer ranks
N/A Oberster Führer der SA
Supreme SA Leader 		Reichsmarschall
    Chef des Stabes der SA
Chief of Staff SA 		Generalfeldmarschall Field Marshal
N/A Generaloberst General
    SA-Obergruppenführer
SA-Senior group leader 		General der Waffengattung Lieutenant-general
  SA-Gruppenführer
SA-Group leader 		Generalleutnant Major general
  SA-Brigadeführer
SA-Brigade leader 		Generalmajor Brigadier
Officer ranks
    SA-Oberführer
SA-Senior leader 		— Colonel
    SA-Standartenführer
SA-Standard leader (regiment sized unit) 		Oberst
  SA-Obersturmbannführer
SA-Senior storm unit leader (battalion sized unit) 		Oberstleutnant Lieutenant colonel
  SA-Sturmbannführer
SA-Storm unit leader 		Major Major
    SA-Hauptsturmführer
SA-Chief storm leader (company sized sub unit) 		Hauptmann/Rittmeister Captain
  SA-Obersturmführer
SA-Senior storm leader 		Oberleutnant Lieutenant
  SA-Sturmführer
SA-Storm leader 		Leutnant Second lieutenant
Non-Commissioned officer ranks
  SA-Haupttruppführer
SA-Chief troop leader (platoon sized unit) 		Stabsfeldwebel Sergeant major
  SA-Obertruppführer
SA-Senior troop leader (platoon sized unit) 		Oberfeldwebel
  SA-Truppführer
SA-Troop leader (platoon sized unit) 		Feldwebel Staff sergeant
  SA-Oberscharführer
SA-Senior squad leader 		Unterfeldwebel Sergeant
  SA-Scharführer
SA-Squad leader 		Unteroffizier Corporal
Enlisted ranks
N/A Stabsgefreiter Lance corporal
  SA-Rottenführer
SA-Team leader (Fire team sized unit) 		Obergefreiter
  SA-Sturmmann
SA-Storm man/Storm trooper 		Gefreiter Senior private
  SA-Mann
SA-Man/SA-Trooper 		Soldat Private
SA-Anwärter
SA-Candidate 		Conscript or military volunteer —
Remarks

Right collar patch contains the number and type of unit (ascending up to "Obersturmbannführer" in the SA and SS, and "Oberstaffelfuehrer" in NSMC): ... Left collar patch contain the rank insignias (from ascending "Standartenführer" both sides).

Waffenfarben

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Main article: Corps colours of the Sturmabteilung

Prior to 1932, when the Schutzstaffel wore the same uniform as the SA, black uniform colours also indicated membership in the SS; however, SS men wore all-black kepis and neckties, and (from 1929) black breeches and boots.

It was also during the 1930s that the SA began using uniform colours to denote an SA member's Gruppe (Division) to which the SA member belonged. The unit colour was worn on the front of the kepi cap as well as rank and unit collar patches. The marking system - patches/kepi colour combined with gold or silver buttons/pips - would eventually expand to cover these SA divisions; as of 1937:[7]

 
Drawing of an SA trooper wearing red unit colours, indicating assignment to an SA Group Staff
  •    Crimson and Gold: SA Chief of Staff
  •    Carmine and Silver: SA Supreme Command and Standarte Feldherrnhalle
  •    Crimson and Silver: SA Group Staff
  •    Dark Maroon and Gold: Ostland Group (East Prussia and Free City of Danzig)
  •    Dark Maroon and Silver: Westfalen Group (Westphalia and Lippe)
  •    Black and Gold: Niederrhein Group (northern part of Rhine Province)
  •    Black and Silver: Berlin-Brandenburg Group (Berlin and western part of Brandenburg)
  •    Pink and Gold: Ostmark Group (Eastern part of Brandenburg)
  •    Apple Green and Gold: Pommern Group
  •    Apple Green and Silver: Thüringen Group
  •    Dark Brown and Gold: Westmark Group (parts of Rhine Province and Saar territory)
  •    Dark Brown and Silver: Niedersachsen Group (eastern part of Province of Hanover and Brunswick)
  •    Emerald and Gold: Sachsen Group
  •    Emerald and Silver: Nordmark Group (greater part of Schleswig-Holstein)
  •    Yellow Orange and Gold: Mitte Group (Province of Saxony and Anhalt)
  •    Yellow Orange and Silver: Südwest Group (Württemberg and greater part of Baden)
  •    Sulphur Yellow and Gold: Franken Group (parts of Northern and Western Bavaria)
  •    Sulphur Yellow and Silver: Schlesien Group
  •    Light Blue and Gold: Bayerische Ostmark Group (parts of Eastern and Northern Bavaria)
  •    Light Blue and Silver: Hochland Group (parts of Southern and Western Bavaria)
  •    Steel Green and Gold: Nordsee Group (Western part of Province of Hanover, Oldenburg, and Bremen)
  •    Steel Green and Silver: Kurpfalz Group (including parts of Hesse and Baden)
  •    Navy Blue and Gold: Hansa Group (Hamburg, Mecklenburg, southern part of Schleswig-Holstein)
  •    Navy Blue and Silver: Hessen Group (Hesse-Nassau and parts of Hesse)

Final pattern SA uniforms (1934–1945)

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Final SA rank insignia pattern (1934–1945)

A slight alteration to the rank and insignia system of the SA occurred in July 1934 after the Night of the Long Knives. Viktor Lutze did away with Röhm's special insignia for the rank of Stabschef and instead adopted a collar patch in much the same design as that of Reichsführer-SS, a rank which Heinrich Himmler now held.

Special uniforms

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Even before the fall of Röhm, the SA had adopted a more formal appearance to its uniforms in an effort to make the group appear as an actual military formation rather than a group of street fighters. To this end, the SA had created a formal "office" type uniform which consisted of a brown coat worn over the basic brown shirt uniform.

Special uniforms also existed for corps of the SA, such as the motorised SA, the SA Alpine troops, and the SA-Marine, considered an auxiliary of the Kriegsmarine. It was the SA-Marine that expanded its uniforms almost to a level unto themselves, with special nautical insignia which no other unit of the SA displayed.

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    Propaganda poster showing SA uniforms from the Freikorps movements after World War I, through the party ban 1923–25, the uniform ban 1930–1931 up to 1933 when Adolf Hitler became Chancellor
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    SA leader Viktor Lutze in uniform, 1934
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    SA uniforms in 1943 (Organisationsbuch der NSDAP)
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    SA uniforms in 1943 (Organisationsbuch der NSDAP)
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    SA uniforms in 1943 (Organisationsbuch der NSDAP)
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    SA uniforms in 1943 (Organisationsbuch der NSDAP)

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Toland, John (1976). Adolf Hitler. New York: Doubleday & Company. ISBN 0-385-03724-4
  2. ^ Gerhard Roßbach (1950). Mein Weg durch die Zeit. Erinnerungen und Bekenntnisse. Weilburg/Lahn : Vereinigte Weilburger Buchdruckereien.
  3. ^ Angolia 1985, pp. 136–137, 148–149.
  4. ^ Verlag Moritz Ruhl 1936, Table 20.
  5. ^ CIA 1999, p. 18.
  6. ^ CIA 1999, p. 29.
  7. ^ Robert Ley, Organisationshandbuch der NSDAP (3rd ed.), 1937, p. 388/389

Bibliography

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