Salammoniac,[2] also sal ammoniac or salmiac, is a rare naturally occurring mineral composed of ammonium chloride, NH4Cl. It forms colorless, white, or yellow-brown crystals in the isometric-hexoctahedral class. It has very poor cleavage and is brittle to conchoidal fracture. It is quite soft, with a Mohs hardness of 1.5 to 2, and it has a low specific gravity of 1.5. It is water-soluble. Salammoniac is also the archaic name for the chemical compound ammonium chloride.
| Salammoniac | |
|---|---|
 | |
| General | |
| Category | Halide mineral |
| Formula (repeating unit) | NH4Cl |
| IMA symbol | Sam[1] |
| Strunz classification | 3.AA.25 |
| Crystal system | Isometric |
| Crystal class | Hexoctahedral (m3m) H-M symbol: (4/m 3 2/m) |
| Space group | Pm3m |
| Unit cell | a = 3.859 Å; Z = 1 |
| Identification | |
| Formula mass | 53.49 g/mol |
| Color | Colorless, white, pale gray; may be pale yellow to brown, if impure. |
| Crystal habit | Crystals skeletal or dendritic; massive, encrustations |
| Twinning | On {111} |
| Cleavage | Imperfect on {111} |
| Fracture | Conchoidal |
| Tenacity | Sectile |
| Mohs scale hardness | 1–2 |
| Luster | Vitreous |
| Streak | White |
| Diaphaneity | Transparent |
| Specific gravity | 1.535 |
| Optical properties | Isotropic |
| Refractive index | n = 1.639 |
| Birefringence | Weak after deformation |
| Ultraviolet fluorescence | No |
| Absorption spectra | No |
| Solubility | In water |
| References | [2][3][4] |
History
editPliny, in Book XXXI of his Natural History, refers to a salt produced in the Roman province of Cyrenaica named hammoniacum, so called because of its proximity to the nearby Temple of Jupiter Amun (Greek Ἄμμων Ammon).[5][6] However, the description Pliny gives of the salt does not conform to the properties of ammonium chloride. According to Herbert Hoover's commentary in his English translation of Georgius Agricola's De re metallica, it is likely to have been common sea salt.[7] Nevertheless, that salt ultimately gave ammonia and ammonium compounds their name.
The first attested reference to sal ammoniac as ammonium chloride is in the Pseudo-Geber work De inventione veritatis, where a preparation of sal ammoniac is given in the chapter De Salis armoniaci præparatione, salis armoniaci being a common name in the Middle Ages for sal ammoniac.[8]
It typically forms as encrustations formed by sublimation around volcanic vents and is found around volcanic fumaroles, guano deposits and burning coal seams. Associated minerals include sodium alum, native sulfur and other fumarole minerals. Notable occurrences include Tajikistan; Mount Vesuvius, Italy; and Parícutin, Michoacan, Mexico.
Uses
editIt is commonly used to clean the soldering iron in the soldering of stained-glass windows.
Metal refining
editIn jewellery-making and the refining of precious metals, potassium carbonate is added to gold and silver in a borax-coated crucible to purify iron or steel filings that may have contaminated the scrap. It is then air-cooled and remelted with a one-to-one mixture of powdered charcoal and salammoniac to yield a sturdy ingot of the respective metal or alloy in the case of sterling silver (7.5% copper) or karated gold.
Food
editSalammoniac has also been used in the past in bakery products to give cookies or biscuits their crisp texture,[citation needed] but the application of food grade baking ammonia (ammonium carbonate or (NH4)2CO3) is generally being substituted with the creation of modern baking powder or baking soda (sodium bicarbonate).
Salammoniac is used in salmiac liquorice, for instance salty liquorice or salmiak pastilles.
Dyeing
editIn addition, the mineral or, better, its synthetic counterpart, also serves for the production of cooling baths as well as in dyeing and leather tanning.[9]
Electronics
editSalammoniac (as ammonium chloride) was the electrolyte in Leclanché cells, a forerunner of the dry battery; a carbon rod and a zinc rod or cylinder formed the electrodes.
Medicine
editIt was also brought into pharmacopeias by Islamic physicians for medicinal purposes.[10]
In the 14th-century "The Canon's Yeoman's Tale" one of Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, an alchemist purports to use sal armonyak as smelling salts.[11]
A medical manuscript compiled in 1666 included a recipe for "making Sal Ammoniac according to Robert Boyle" (the noted scientist). It says when inhaled, salammoniac can help "giddyness of the head & in violent Headaches, & in epileptick fits" as well as easing "obstinate griefe & Melancholy."[12]
References
edit- ^ Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.
- ^ a b "Salammoniac". mindat.org and the Hudson Institute of Mineralogy.
- ^ "Redirect for Sal-ammoniac". webmineral.com.
- ^ "Handbook of Mineralogy" (PDF).
- ^ "Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, Book XXXI, Chapter 39. (7.) - The various kinds of salt; the methods of preparing it, and the remedies derived from it".
- ^ Stapleton, H. E. (1905). "Sal-Ammoniac: A Study in Primitive Chemistry". Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 1 (4): 25--42, i--iii – via Archive.org.
- ^ Hoover, Herbert (1950). Georgius Agricola De Re Metallica - Translated from the first Latin edition of 1556. New York: Dover Publications. p. 560. ISBN 978-0486600062.
- ^ "Geberis philosophi perspicacissimi, summa perfectionis magisterii in sua natur ex bibliothecae Vaticanae exemplari". 1542.
- ^ "In Salmiak Territory - Opinion - The Harvard Crimson". www.thecrimson.com.
- ^ Pormann, Peter E.; Savage-Smith, Emilie (2007). Medieval Islamic Medicine. Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-1-58901-161-8.
- ^ Prewitt, Alex (March 17, 2016). "Smelling salts jolt of choice in NHL". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
- ^ Jardine, Lisa; Hooke, Robert (2003). The curious life of Robert Hooke: the man who measured London. London: Harper Collins. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-00-714944-5.
External links
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Media related to Salammoniac at Wikimedia Commons- Mineral galleries
