Sir Mir Turab Ali Khan, Salar Jung I, GCSI (21 January 1829 – 8 February 1883), known simply as Salar Jung I, was an Indian nobleman who served as Prime Minister of Hyderabad State from 1853 until his death in 1883. He also served as regent for the sixth Nizam, Asaf Jah VI between 1869 and 1883.[2][3]
His Excellency Mukhtar-ul-Mulk, Shuja ud-Daula, Nawab Sir Mir Turab Ali Khan Salar Jung I, GCSI | |
|---|---|
 Jung in an undated photo | |
| Born | January 21, 1829 |
| Died | February 8, 1883 (aged 54) |
| Burial place | Daira Mir Momin, Hyderabad[1] |
| Family | Salar Jung family |
| Prime Minister of Hyderabad | |
| In office 1853–1883 | |
| Monarchs | Asaf Jah IV Asaf Jah V Asaf Jah VI |
| Preceded by | Siraj ul-Mulk |
| Succeeded by | Salar Jung II |
His tenure is known for administrative reforms, which included a reorganization of the revenue and judicial systems, the division of Hyderabad State into districts, institution of a postal service, establishment of the first modern educational institutions, and construction of the first rail and telegraph networks.[4] A small offshoot of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 took place in Hyderabad State during his tenure, and he was partly responsible for quelling it.
He was one of the five Prime Ministers from the Salar Jung family, one of the most prominent families of the state. His daughter Amat-uz-Zehra married Asaf Jah VI, and he was the maternal grandfather of the last Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan.
Early life
editKhan was born in Bijapur in 1829. He was a descendant of a family which had held various appointments, first under the Adil Shahi dynasty of Bijapur, then under the Mughal Empire, and lastly under the Nizams. His father was Muhammad Ali Khan, the eldest son of Mir Alam, and his mother was the daughter of Saiad Kazim Ali Khan.[5] He was educated privately.
Career
editHe was appointed the talukdar of Khammam in 1847. He held the position for 8 months.[6]
Prime Minister of Hyderabad
edit
He succeeded his uncle Siraj-ul-Mulk as the prime minister in 1853 at the age of 23.[7] During this time, the administration of the Hyderabad State was infused with corruption, and there was no systematic form of government.
Before the administration of H. E. the Nawab Salar Jung I there was no regular or systematic form of government, nor were there any separate departments of administration. Everything was in the hands of the Diwan or Minister, without any regular form of administration. It was altogether a new idea, an element foreign to the conservative mind of Hyderabad to have anything like an organised system of government.
His early reforms included constitution of courts of justice at Hyderabad, organization of the police force, construction and reparation of irrigation works, and establishment of schools.[7][8] In 1854, the first modern educational institution in Hyderabad was established by the name, Dar-ul-Ulum.[9]
On the outbreak of the Indian rebellion of 1857, he supported the British, and although unable to hinder an attack on the British Residency, he warned the British minister that it was in contemplation.[10] The attack was repulsed; the Hyderabad contingent remained loyal, and their loyalty served to ensure the tranquility of the region. Salar Jung took advantage of the preoccupation of the British government with the rebellion to push his reforms more boldly, and when the Calcutta authorities were again at liberty to consider the condition of affairs his work had been carried far towards completion.[2]
In 1867, the State was divided into five Divisions (subahs) — namely Berar, Bidar, Bijapur, Aurangabad, and Hyderabad,[11] and seventeen Districts, and subedars, or governors, were appointed for the five Divisions and talukdars and tehsildars for the districts.[12][4]
The other important reform introduced by Salar Jung was the stabilization of currency. A central mint was established at Hyderabad and the district mints were abolished. He issued Hali Sikka rupees and this became the standard currency for all monetary transactions. A government treasury was established in the city, and the customs department brought directly under the government.[4]
As Regent
editOn 26 February 1869, Asaf Jah V died, and his eldest son Mir Mahbub Ali Khan, a boy of two, was crowned as the sixth Nizam. Salar Jung, at the insistence of the British government, was associated in the regency along with the principal noble of the state, Shams-ul-Umara. In 1881, Shams-ul-Umara died and Salar Jung remained as the sole regent.[13] During the lifetime of the Asaf Jah V, Salar Jung was considerably hampered by the Nizam's supervision, but during his tenure as regent, he enjoyed greater authority.[12] Salar Jung also personally tutored the Nizam on matters of the state.[14]
In 1868, an attempt was made on Salar Jung's life, on the day of Eid ul-Fitr as he was proceeding towards the Nizam's court. Two pistol-shots were fired, of which one injured his attendant, while the other grazed his turban.[15] The assassin was immediately captured, and would have been lynched by the crowd, however, Salar Jung forbade any further violence, and asked that he be handed over to the police. He sentenced to death by beheading, although Salar Jung himself had appealed for the sentence to be commuted to imprisonment.[15] The motive for the crime remains unknown as the assassin never made a confession.[16]
Sir Salar was created G.C.S.I. on 28 May 1870. In 1876, he visited England with the object of obtaining the restoration of Berar.[17] Although he was unsuccessful, his personal merits met with full recognition. A London journal remarked - "Our guest is the man who, when Delhi had fallen and our power was, for the moment, in the balance, saved Southern India for England". He received the honorary degree of D.C.L. from the University of Oxford on 21 June 1876.
Art collection
edit
In 1876 on a trip to France the unique "double sculpture " Mephistopheles & Margaretta sculpture was acquired by Khan. He also traveled to Rome where he purchased a marble statue called Veiled Rebecca.[18]
The Salar Jung family had a history of collecting art, and eventually the collection of art from Salar Jung I, II and III all ended up in the Salar Jung Museum.[19]
Personal life
editHe had two sons and two daughters. His daughter Amat-uz-Zehra married Asaf Jah VI, and he was therefore the maternal grandfather of the last Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan.
Death and legacy
editHe died of cholera at Hyderabad on 8 February 1883, and was buried at the Daira Mir Momin. A three-day mourning period was declared for all of Hyderabad State.[20] His son Salar Jung II succeeded him as Prime Minister. His grandson enjoyed an estate of 1486 sq. miles, yielding an income of nearly £60,000.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Law, 1914, pp. 36–37.
- ^ a b c Law, 1914, pp. 31–37.
- ^ Luther, Narendra (1 June 1996). "The First Salar Jung". Narendra Luther Archives. Archived from the original on 15 December 2007. Retrieved 26 October 2007.
- ^ a b c Kamraju, M. (January 2018). "Evolution of Administrative Reforms in Hyderabad State". International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT). Archived from the original on 8 September 2019. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
- ^ Bilgrami, 1883, pp. 13.
- ^ Campbell, A. C. (1898). Glimpses of the Nizams Dominions.
- ^ a b Law, 1914, pp. 33.
- ^ McAuliffe, 1904, pp. 53–55.
- ^ Leonard, 2007, pp. 19–20.
- ^ Ali, 1883, pp. 235.
- ^ Ali, 1884, pp. 26.
- ^ a b Law, 1914, pp. 35.
- ^ Bilgrami, 1883, pp. 115.
- ^ Lynton, 1987, pp. 32–34.
- ^ a b Bilgrami, 1883, p. 73-74.
- ^ Ali, 1883, pp. 236.
- ^ McAuliffe, 1904, pp. 54.
- ^ "salar jung museum". salarjungmuseum.in. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
- ^ Ians (20 January 2019). "Salar Jung museum: How one man's art collection became a national treasure". Business Standard. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
- ^ Bilgrami, 1883, pp. 126–136.
Further reading
edit- Lynton, Harriet Ronken; Rajan, Mohini (1987), Days of the Beloved, Orient Blackswan, ISBN 978-0863112690
- Law, John (1914), Modern Hyderabad (Deccan), Thacker, Spink & Company
- McAuliffe, R. Paton (1904), The Nizam; the origin and future of the Hyderabad state, being the Le Bas Prize essay in the University of Cambridge, London C.J. Clay
- Ali, Moulavi Cheragh (1884), Hyderabad (Deccan) under Sir Salar Jung, vol. 1, Education Society's Press, Byculla
- Bilgrami, Syed Husain (1883), A memoir of Sir Salar Jung, G.C.S.I., Printed at the Times of India Steam Press
- Leonard, Karen Isaksen (2007), Locating Home: India's Hyderabadis Abroad, Stanford University Press, ISBN 9780804754422
- Ali, Moulvie Syed Mahdi (1883), Hyderabad Affairs (Volume 3), The Times of India Steam Press, Bombay
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Salar Jung, Sir". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 60.
