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San Pedro, Los Angeles

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San Pedro (/sæn ˈpiːdroʊ/ san PEE-droh;[4][5][6][7] Spanish for 'Saint Peter') is a neighborhood located within the South Bay and Harbor region of the city of Los Angeles, California, United States. Formerly a separate city, it consolidated with Los Angeles in 1909. The Port of Los Angeles, a major international seaport, is partially located within San Pedro. The district has grown from being dominated by the fishing industry, to a working-class community within the city of Los Angeles, to an increasingly dense and diverse community.

San Pedro
Neighborhood of Los Angeles
The historic Harbor View House
The historic Harbor View House
Boundaries of San Pedro as drawn by the Los Angeles Times
Boundaries of San Pedro as drawn by the Los Angeles Times
San Pedro is located in Southern Los Angeles
San Pedro
San Pedro
Location within Southern Los Angeles
Coordinates: 33°44′N 118°17′W / 33.74°N 118.29°W / 33.74; -118.29
CountryUnited States
StateCalifornia
CountyLos Angeles
CityLos Angeles
Named forPope Peter I of Alexandria
Elevation
[1]
112 ft (34 m)
Population
 (2022)[2]
 • Total
83,556
Time zoneUTC−8 (PST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−7 (PDT)
ZIP code
ZIP Codes 90731-90734[3]
Area code(s)310/424
GNIS feature ID1661392

History

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Indigenous

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The Tongva used te'aats to navigate the coastline.

The peninsula, including all of San Pedro, was the homeland of the Tongva for thousands of years, home to the village of Chowigna along and the nearby Suangna. In other areas of the Los Angeles Basin archeological sites date back to at least about 10,000 years old.[8][9] The Tongva used seafaring plank canoes or te'aats, found all throughout the coastline, to travel to and from the Channel Islands and along the coastline. The boats are still constructed by the Tongva today and retain a cultural significance.[10][11]

First contact with Europeans occurred in 1542 with Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, the Spanish explorer who noted the extensive presence of the plank boats of the neighboring Chumash.[12]

Origin of name

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Don Manuel Domínguez, a Californio politician, signer of the California Constitution and owner of Rancho San Pedro helped found the settlement at San Pedro, then a small fishing village.

San Pedro was named for St. Peter of Alexandria, as his feast day is November 24 on the ecclesiastical calendar of Spain, the day on which Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo discovered the San Pedro Bay in 1542.[7] Santa Catalina Island, named after Catherine of Alexandria, was claimed for the Spanish Empire the next day, on her feast day, November 25. In 1602–1603, Sebastián Vizcaíno (1548–1624) officially surveyed and mapped the California coastline, including San Pedro Bay, for New Spain. The anglicized pronunciation is "san-PEE-dro".[6]

Settlement

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Rudecinda Sepúlveda de Dodson, pioneer of San Pedro and a founder of the San Pedro Woman's Club

European settlement began in 1769 as part of an effort to populate California, although trade restrictions encouraged more smuggling than regular business. In 1784, the Spanish Crown deeded Rancho San Pedro, a tract of over 75,000 acres (300 km2), to retired soldier Juan José Domínguez, who helped explore California with the Portolá expedition in 1769–1770. Rancho San Pedro was the first land grant in the Alta California portion of the Province of Las Californias in New Spain.

When New Spain won its independence from the Spanish Empire and Alta California became part of Mexico, the trade restrictions were lifted, and the town flourished.

Under United States control after 1848, when the United States defeated Mexico in the Mexican–American War, the harbor was greatly improved and expanded under the guidance of Phineas Banning and John Gately Downey, the seventh governor of California after the Free Harbor Fight. In 1868 Banning created the Los Angeles & San Pedro Railroad, Southern California's first railroad and used it to transport goods from San Pedro Bay to Los Angeles, which soon became a major city in Southern California.[13]

 
1859 survey map of Rancho San Pedro

San Pedro was a township in the 1860 census. The township consisted of the present-day South Bay communities, Compton and western Long Beach.[14] Census records report a population of 359 in 1860. The township was renamed Wilmington Township for 1870.[15]

In 1906, the city of Los Angeles annexed the Harbor Gateway, a long, narrow strip of land connecting the city to the northern border of Wilmington, and in 1909, the larger city consolidated with Wilmington and with San Pedro.[16]

In 1929, the city experienced the Sunken City Disaster, where an earthquake caused multiple homes to slide off a cliff into the sea.[17]

United States Navy Battle Fleet home port 1919–1940

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USS Nevada, port of call at San Pedro, 1934

In 1888, the War Department took control of a tract of land next to the bay and added to it in 1897 and 1910. This became Fort MacArthur in 1914 and was a coastal defense site for many years. Woodrow Wilson transferred 200 United States Navy ships from the Atlantic to the Pacific in 1919 when tension arose between the United States and Japan over the fate of China. San Diego Bay was considered too shallow for the largest ships, so the battleships anchored in San Pedro Bay on August 9, 1919. Local availability of fuel oil minimized transportation costs, and consistently good weather allowed frequent gunnery exercises off the nearby Channel Islands of California. The heavy cruisers of the Scouting Force were transferred from the Atlantic to San Pedro in response to the 1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria. By 1934, 14 battleships, two aircraft carriers, 14 cruisers, and 16 support ships were based at San Pedro. On April 1, 1940, the Pacific Fleet battleships sailed to Hawaii for annual fleet exercises. The battleships remained in the Hawaiian Islands to deter Japanese aggression until the attack on Pearl Harbor. The fleet post office, supply depot, fuel depot, degaussing range, ECM repair facility, and naval training schools for small craft, fire fighters, merchant ship communications, and anti-submarine attack remained at San Pedro through World War II;[18] but the battle fleet never returned.[19]

San Pedro was selected as the final home port of the battleship USS Iowa (BB-61). The Iowa now serves as a museum ship and memorial recognizing "the positive contributions of this battleship and its crew at critical moments in American history".[20]

Additionally, the United States Maritime Commission commissioned private San Pedro and Long Beach shipbuilders such as the Calship to build attack transports, Liberty ships, and Victory ships during World War II under the Emergency Shipbuilding Program, including the SS Lane Victory, now a designated a U.S. National Historic Landmark museum ship in San Pedro.[21]

Geography and climate

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In this nighttime aerial photograph of Los Angeles, San Pedro is in the center and right foreground, including part of the brightly lit Terminal Island. The dark peninsula to the left of San Pedro is Palos Verdes.

The neighborhood is bordered to the north by the fellow Los Angeles City neighborhood of Harbor City and the city of Torrance, to the east by the Los Angeles City neighborhood of Wilmington and the city of Long Beach, to the south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the west by Rancho Palos Verdes and the city of Lomita.[22][23][24]

Climate data for San Pedro, Los Angeles
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 67
(19) 		68
(20) 		68
(20) 		71
(22) 		73
(23) 		76
(24) 		81
(27) 		82
(28) 		80
(27) 		77
(25) 		72
(22) 		67
(19) 		73
(23)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 46
(8) 		48
(9) 		50
(10) 		52
(11) 		56
(13) 		59
(15) 		62
(17) 		63
(17) 		62
(17) 		57
(14) 		50
(10) 		46
(8) 		54
(12)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.31
(84) 		3.12
(79) 		2.69
(68) 		0.70
(18) 		0.27
(6.9) 		0.08
(2.0) 		0.03
(0.76) 		0.13
(3.3) 		0.25
(6.4) 		0.43
(11) 		1.17
(30) 		1.85
(47) 		14.02
(356)
Source: [25]

Locations of interest

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San Pedro Municipal Building, Beaux-Arts structure completed in 1928
 
Cabrillo Beach Bathhouse.
 
Point Fermin Light

San Pedro, Wilmington, and Terminal Island are the locations of the Port of Los Angeles. The Vincent Thomas Bridge is a 1,500-foot-long (457 m) suspension bridge linking San Pedro with Terminal Island and named after California Assemblyman Vincent Thomas. (It is the fourth longest suspension bridge in California.) Nearby is the Battleship Iowa museum and attraction, the Los Angeles Maritime Museum (the largest maritime museum in California), and the museum ship SS Lane Victory (a fully operational Victory ship of World War II and National Historic Landmark). Ports O' Call Village, a tourist destination, which provided shopping venues, waterfront eateries, was demolished in 2019 to make way for West Harbor, a major waterfront food hall and park under development, slated to open in 2024.[26][27][28]

Warehouse 1, the largest warehouse west of Chicago at the time it was built in 1917, is now a California State Historical Landmark, while a historic naval warehouse built in 1944 houses Crafted at the Port of Los Angeles, a permanent craft marketplace.[29]

The Frank Gehry–designed Cabrillo Marine Aquarium had its origins in the old Cabrillo Beach Marine Museum which was located in the historic Bath House at Cabrillo Beach. The Point Fermin Light, a Victorian-era structure built in the late 19th century, is a museum and park on a bluff overlooking the ocean. The Korean Bell of Friendship is a massive bronze memorial bell donated by South Korea in 1976 to the people of Los Angeles. The church of Mary Star of the Sea is a prominent landmark with a steeple-top statue overlooking the harbor.

On 28th Street, between Gaffey Street and Peck Avenue, is a steep section of public roadway. For about 50 feet (15 m), the street climbs at a 33.3% angle, although the rest of the street is less steep.[30]

Demographics

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Population history

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A cyclist on Beacon Street around the time of annexation by Los Angeles in 1909

Ethnically diverse San Pedro was a magnet for European immigrants from various countries for years, reflected in the number of restaurants representing diverse cuisines, especially Croatian, Portuguese, Mexican, Italian, Irish and Greek. San Pedro is home to the largest Italian-American community in Southern California, centered on the "Via Italia" (South Cabrillo Avenue). San Pedro is also considered the heart of the Croatian and Norwegian communities in Los Angeles. The Croatian community, originally composed of seafarers and fishermen from the Dalmatia (especially the islands of Brač, Hvar, Vis and Korčula) region, has been present in San Pedro since the settlement began more than 200 years ago. The City of Los Angeles even named a stretch of 9th Street "Croatian Place" in honor of the city's old Croatian community. The Norwegian presence can be felt at the Norwegian Seamen's Church.

Until February 1942, San Pedro was home to a vibrant Japanese immigrant community of about 3,000 people who lived in what had been described as a "typical Japanese Fishing Village" on Terminal Island (East San Pedro).[31] These Japanese immigrants pioneered albacore fishing out of San Pedro Bay and harvesting abalone off White Point,[32] thus leading the way in establishing a viable fishing industry in San Pedro. The 48-hour forced expulsion of these San Pedro residents and the razing of their homes and shops, as part of the Japanese-American internment during World War II, is described in Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston's memoir Farewell to Manzanar.

2000 census

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St. Peter Catholic Church.

A total of 80,065 people lived in San Pedro's 12.06 square miles, according to the 2000 U.S. census—averaging 6,640 people per square mile, near Los Angeles' total population density. The median age was 34 in the San Pedro neighborhood, considered average for Los Angeles.[33]

San Pedro is considered highly diverse ethnically, with a diversity index of 63.0.[34] In 2000, whites made up 44.2% of the population, Latinos were at 40.8%, blacks at 6.1%, Asians at 4.8% and others at 4.1%. Mexico and Italy were the most common places of birth for the 24.5% of the residents who were born abroad, considered a low percentage of foreign-born when compared with the city as a whole.[33]

The $57,508 median household income in 2008 dollars was average for the city and county. Renters occupied 56.1% of the housing units, and homeowners occupied the rest. In 2000 there were 3,394 families headed by single parents, or 17.5%, a rate that was average for the county and the city. In the same year there were 6,559 military veterans, or 11% of the population, considered high when compared to the city and county as a whole.[33]

Transportation

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The Sea Princess in Port of LA

San Pedro serves as the southern terminus of Interstate 110, beginning at Gaffey Street heading 20 miles north to Downtown Los Angeles and beyond to Pasadena via the Arroyo Seco Parkway. California State Route 47 heads west from San Pedro across the Vincent Thomas Bridge, connecting San Pedro, Terminal Island, and Wilmington, to Long Beach and beyond.

The LA Metro Bus 205 line travel North from 6th and Harbor up to Willowbrook,[35] the LADOT DASH San Pedro line travels up and down Western, and the LADOT Commuter Express travels west to Downtown Long Beach.

LA Metro J Line

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Downtown San Pedro
  
Services
Preceding station   Metro Busway Following station
Harbor Beacon
(with interim stops)
toward El Monte
 J Line
950
 Terminus

Line 950 of the Los Angeles Metro Busway's J Line terminates in downtown San Pedro. The line runs north to Downtown Los Angeles following the Harbor Freeway (I-110) and Harbor Transitway before following the El Monte Busway along the San Bernardino Freeway (I-10) east to its northeastern terminus in El Monte.

Heading south from Harbor Beacon Park & Ride along Beacon Street, the line turns west along First Street, then south along Pacific Avenue down to its southern terminus at 21st Street. Heading back north, the line turns west on 22nd Street, north on Gaffey Street, and finally east onto 19th Street before once again meeting Pacific Avenue and turning north.

Downtown San Pedro stops include:

  • Beacon Street at 1st Street
  • Pacific Avenue at 1st Street
  • Pacific Avenue at 3rd Street
  • Pacific Avenue at 7th Street
  • Pacific Avenue at 11th Street
  • Pacific Avenue at 15th Street
  • Pacific Avenue at 17th Street
  • Pacific Avenue at 19th Street (southbound only)
  • Pacific Avenue at 21st Street

Ports and freight

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See also: Port of Los Angeles
 
Historic Warehouse No. 1, built in 1917

The Port of Los Angeles is a seaport located in San Pedro Bay and together with the neighboring Port of Long Beach, is promoted as "America's Port" and consistently ranked as the top one and two busiest ports in the Western Hemisphere. The port has 25 cargo terminals, 82 container cranes, 8 container terminals, and 113 miles (182 km) of on-dock rail within 7,500 acres (3,000 ha) of land and water with 43 miles (69 km) of waterfront. The port's top three trading partners were China (including Hong Kong), Japan, and Vietnam.[36][37]

The World Cruise Center offers cruises up and down the Pacific Coast and beyond aboard cruise lines such as Royal Caribbean and Crystal Cruises, as well as a ferry to Catalina Island via the Catalina Express.[36][38]

Government and infrastructure

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City Council

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San Pedro Post Office Building

San Pedro anchors the southern end of Los Angeles City Council District 15, which has long been represented only by residents of San Pedro. The neighborhood, according to the Los Angeles Times, "despite accounting for less than one-third of the district's population has enjoyed outsize influence as the district's traditional base of political power."[39]

Federal government

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The United States Postal Service operates the San Pedro Post Office at 839 South Beacon Street and the Eastview Post Office at 28649 South Western Avenue.[40][41] The USPS also operates the Seafarers Post Office at Suite A at 93 Berth in close proximity to the San Pedro Post Office.[42]

Fort MacArthur, now a sub-base of Los Angeles Air Force Base, serves as privatized housing and an administrative annex for Department of Defense service members and dependents under the management of Tierra Vista Communities.

 
Reservation Point at USCG Base LA/LB, looking across the channel at Warehouse 1

The United States Coast Guard's Sector Los Angeles-Long Beach is based at Coast Guard Base LA/LB on Terminal Island in San Pedro. Base LA/LB is home to many tenant commands including Aids to Navigation Team LA/LB, Maritime Safety and Security Team 91103, Port Security Unit 311, CGIS Pacific Region DET, CG Motion Picture Office, 4 Sentinel-class Fast Response Cutters, the USCGC Argus Offshore Patrol Cutter, USCGC George Cobb Coastal Buoy Tender, CG Boat Station LA/LB, as well as supporting marine units of U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Los Angeles County Lifeguards, and LA Sheriffs.[43]

The Federal Bureau of Prisons operates the Federal Correctional Institution, Terminal Island on Terminal Island and in San Pedro.[44]

Education

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Just 23.8% of San Pedro residents aged 25 or older had completed a four-year degree in 2000, about average when compared with the city and the county at large, and the percentage of those residents with more than a high school diploma was high for the county.[33]

Primary and secondary schools

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San Pedro is served by the Los Angeles Unified School District. The area is within Board District 7.[45] As of 2023, Tanya Ortiz Franklin represents the district.[46]

San Pedro High School, Mary Star of the Sea High School, and the Port of Los Angeles High School are the primary high schools within the region. San Pedro High School is home to the protected landmarks in the form of The English Language Arts and Administration Buildings (c. 1939, 1936, resp.). The school celebrated its 100-year anniversary in 2003. It is home to both the Marine Science and Police Academy Magnet programs. Port of Los Angeles High School is a public charter high school, fusing a college preparatory program with elective coursework in International Business and Maritime Studies. Such studies reinforce the significant impact of California's ports on the global economy and international trade.

As of 2012, test scores tended to be higher in the area's elementary schools than in its middle and high schools.[47]

Under certain specific circumstances, residents of San Pedro may be admitted into schools in the Palos Verdes Peninsula Unified School District located in the neighboring Palos Verdes Peninsula;[48] specifically they may attend Miraleste Intermediate School and Palos Verdes High School. This admittance is only granted if a student's parent or guardian is enlisted in the US military, has a parent or guardian employed within the Palos Verdes Peninsula, has a grandparent residing within the Palos Verdes Peninsula, or if the student simply lives in a closer vicinity to a PVPUSD school than any other LAUSD schools.

Primary schools (Grades 1–5)
  • 15th Street Elementary[49][50]
  • Bandini Elementary[51]
  • Barton Hill Elementary[52][53]
  • Cabrillo Early Education Center[54]
  • Cabrillo Elementary[55]
  • Leland Elementary[56]
  • Park Western Harbor Magnet[57]
  • Point Fermin Marine Science Magnet[58]
  • San Pedro/Wilmington Early Education Center[59]
  • South Shores Magnet for the Visual and Performing Arts Elementary School
  • Taper Elementary[60][61]
  • Taper Avenue Elementary Technology Magnet Center[62]
  • White Point Elementary[63]
  • Crestwood Elementary
  • 7th Street Elementary
Secondary schools (Grades 6–12)
Continuation schools
  • Angel's Gate Continuation High[68]
  • Cooper Community Day School[69]
  • Harbor Community Adult School[70]
  • Harbor Occupational Center[71]
Private schools

Private schools in San Pedro include:

Grades Preschool–8
Grades 1–8
Grades 6–12
  • Rolling Hills Estates Preparatory School—the current location opened on February 6, 2007.[75]
Grades 9–12

Libraries

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The Los Angeles Public Library operates the San Pedro Regional Branch Library at 931 South Gaffey Street. The late Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley attended its opening in 1983.[77]

Media

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San Pedro News-Pilot, a newspaper, closed in 1998.[78]

Events

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Honor

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San Pedro was declared 2017 Neighborhood of the year by Curbed Los Angeles.[79]

Notable people

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Main article: People from San Pedro, Los Angeles
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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "San Pedro". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved January 7, 2018.
  2. ^ "Population and Race of Neighborhoods of the City of Los Angeles, California". Los Angeles Almanac. Archived from the original on January 17, 2024. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  3. ^ "San Pedro ZIP Codes". zipdatamaps.com. 2022. Archived from the original on November 12, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  4. ^ "Pronouncing 'Los Angeles'". Los Angeles Almanac. Archived from the original on March 16, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
  5. ^ "KNX On Your Corner: 'San Pee-dro' Vs. 'San Pay-dro'". July 19, 2013. Archived from the original on March 16, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
  6. ^ a b Lauren Lloyd (May 7, 2013). "Why Spanish Pronunciations Of L.A. Neighborhoods Are Making A Comeback". LAist. Gothamist LLC. Archived from the original on June 9, 2013. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
  7. ^ a b Pollack, Gina (July 22, 2019). "How To Speak LA: Your Guide To The City's Most Debated And Mispronounced Words". LAist. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
  8. ^ "Survey of park to determine burial-ground limits". Orange County Register. October 9, 2013. Archived from the original on December 21, 2022. Retrieved December 21, 2022.
  9. ^ Loewe, Ronald (2016). Of sacred lands and strip malls : the battle for Puvungna. Lanham, MD. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-7591-2162-1. OCLC 950751182.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. ^ L. Frank (2007). First families : a photographic history of California Indians. Kim Hogeland. Berkeley, Calif.: Heyday Books. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-59714-013-3. OCLC 76901815.
  11. ^ A passage in time : the archaeology and history of the Santa Susana Pass State Historical Park, California. Richard Ciolek-Torrello. Tucson: Statistical Research. 2006. p. 47. ISBN 1-879442-89-2. OCLC 70910964.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  12. ^ Helvarg, David (2016). The Golden Shore: California's Love Affair with the Sea. New World Library. pp. 20–22. ISBN 9781608684403.
  13. ^ Nathan Masters (January 17, 2013). "Lost Train Depots of Los Angeles". Socal Focus. KCET. Archived from the original on September 12, 2014. Retrieved September 8, 2014.
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  21. ^ Colton, Tim. "California Shipbuilding Corporation". Shipbuilding History.
  22. ^ Los Angeles Times Archived May 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine "Harbor", Mapping L.A., Los Angeles Times
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  24. ^ The Thomas Guide, 2006, pages 823 and 824
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  27. ^ "Construction start for 42-acre San Pedro Public Market pushed to 2021". Long Beach Post. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 17, 2021.
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  49. ^ 15th Street Elementary School (2012). "15th Street Elementary School". Los Angeles Unified School District. Archived from the original on February 7, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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  62. ^ "Taper Technology Magnet". Lausd.k12.ca.us. Archived from the original on May 16, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Pedro, Los Angeles.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for San Pedro.
Preceding station   Metro Busway Following station
Terminus J Line Harbor Beacon Park & Ride
toward Harbor Gateway or San Pedro
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