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Kalka–Shimla Railway

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The Kalka–Shimla Railway is a 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) narrow-gauge railway in North India which traverses a mostly mountainous route from Kalka to Shimla. It is known for dramatic views of the hills and surrounding villages. The railway was built under the direction of Herbert Septimus Harington between 1898 and 1903 to connect Shimla, the summer capital of India during the British Raj, with the rest of the Indian rail system.

Kalka–Shimla Railway
TerminusShimla
Commercial operations
Built byHerbert Septimus Harington (20 April 1855 – 11 November 1913)
Preserved operations
Operated byNorthern Railway
Stations18
Length96.60 km
Preserved gauge2 ft 6 in (762 mm)
Commercial history
Opened1903
Preservation history
HeadquartersShimla
LocationHimachal Pradesh, India
Part ofMountain Railways of India
CriteriaCultural: (ii)(iv)
Reference944ter-003
Inscription1999 (23rd Session)
Extensions2005, 2008
Area79.06 ha (0.3053 sq mi)
Buffer zone74.88 ha (0.2891 sq mi)
Coordinates30°51′8″N 76°56′15″E / 30.85222°N 76.93750°E / 30.85222; 76.93750
Kalka–Shimla Railway is located in India
Kalka–Shimla Railway
Location of Kalka–Shimla Railway in India

Its early locomotives were manufactured by Sharp, Stewart and Company. Larger locomotives were introduced, which were manufactured by the Hunslet Engine Company. Diesel and diesel-hydraulic locomotives began operation in 1955 and 1970, respectively.

On 8 July 2008, UNESCO added the Kalka–Shimla Railway to the mountain railways of India World Heritage Site.[1]

History

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Shimla (then spelt Simla), which was settled by the British shortly after the first Anglo-Gurkha war, is located at 7,116 feet (2,169 m) in the foothills of the Himalayas. The idea of connecting Shimla by rail was first raised by a correspondent to the Delhi gazette in November 1847.[2][3]

Shimla became the summer capital of British India in 1864, and was the headquarters of the Indian army. This meant that twice a year it was necessary to transfer the entire government between Calcutta and Shimla by horse and ox drawn carts.[2][4]

In 1891 the 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) broad gauge Delhi–Kalka line opened, which made the construction of a branch line up to Shimla feasible.[2][5]

The earliest survey was made in 1884 followed by another survey in 1885. Based on these two surveys, a project report was submitted in 1887 to the government of British India.[3] Fresh surveys were made in 1892, and 1893 which lead to four alternative schemes being suggested - two adhesion lines 67.25 mi (108.23 km) and 69.75 mi (112.25 km) long and two rack lines.[3] Fresh surveys were again made in 1895 from Kalka to Solan with a view to determine whether a 1 in 12 rack or 1 in 25 adhesion line should be chosen. After much debate an adhesion line was chosen in preference to a rack system.[3]

Construction of the Kalka–Shimla Railway on 2 ft (610 mm) narrow-gauge tracks was begun by the privately funded Delhi-Ambala-Kalka Railway Company following the signing of a contract between the secretary of state and the company on 29 June 1898.[3][4] The contract specified that the line would be built without any financial aid or guarantee from the government. The government however provided the land free of charge to the company. The estimated cost of 8,678,500 rupees doubled by the time the line was opened.[3] The Chief Engineer of the project was Herbert Septimus Harington and the Chief Contractor was Sujan Singh Hadaliwale.[6][failed verification][7][failed verification][8][failed verification]

The 95.68 km (59.45 mi) line opened for traffic on 9 November 1903[4] and was dedicated by Viceroy Lord Curzon.[9] This line was further extended from Shimla to Shimla Goods (which had once housed the bullock cart office) on 27 June 1909 making it 96.60 km (60.02 mi).[10]

The Indian Army were sceptical about the two feet gauge chosen for the line and requested that a wider standard gauge be used for mountain and light strategic railways. Eventually the government agreed that the gauge was too narrow for was essentially a capital city and for military purposes.[2] As a result, the contract with the railway company was revised on 15 November 1901 and the line gauge changed to 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) with the track built to date being regauged.[3][11] Some sources however state the regauging wasn't undertaken until 1905.[12]

In 1905 the company took delivery of a 10-ton Cowans Sheldon travelling crane to assist with lifting rolling stock back onto the tracks after accidents and for general track maintenance. Due to the high capital and maintenance costs and difficult working conditions, the railway was allowed to charge higher fares than on other lines. Nevertheless, the company had spent 16,525,000 rupees by 1904 with no sign of the line becoming profitable, which lead to it being purchased by the government on 1 January 1906 for 17,107,748 rupees.[3] Once it came under the control of the government the line was originally managed as an independent unit from the North West Railway office in Lahore until 1926, when it was transferred to Delhi Division. Since July 1987, the line has been managed by the Ambala Division from Ambala Cantt.[10]

In 2007, the Himachal Pradesh government declared the railway a heritage property.[13] For about a week, beginning on 11 September 2007, a UNESCO team visited the railway to inspect it for possible selection as a World Heritage Site. On 8 July 2008, it became part of the mountain railways of India World Heritage Site[14] with the Darjeeling Himalayan and Nilgiri Mountain Railways.[15]

During the 2023 North India floods, several sections of the line were washed out by landslides.[16]

Technical details

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The track has 20 picturesque stations, 103 tunnels (102 currently active), 912 curves, 969 bridges and 3% slope (1:33 gradient). The 1,143.61 m tunnel at Barog immediately before the Barog station is longest, a 60 ft (18.29 m) bridge is the longest and the sharpest curve has a 123 ft (38 m) radius of curvature. The railway line originally used 42 lb/yd (20.8 kg/m) rail, which was later replaced with 60 lb/yd (29.8 kg/m) rail.[4] The train has an average speed of 25–30 km/h but the railcar is almost 50–60 km/h. Both the train and railcar are equipped with vistadomes.

The temperature range and annual rainfall are 0–45 °C and 200–250 cm, respectively.

Operators

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The KSR and its assets, including the stations, line and vehicles, belong to the government of India under the Ministry of Railways. The Northern Railway handles day-to-day maintenance and management, and several programs, divisions and departments of Indian Railways are responsible for repairs.

Route

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The route winds from a height of 656 metres (2,152 ft) at Kalka in the Himalayan Shivalik Hills foothills, past Dharampur, Solan, Kandaghat, Taradevi, Barog, Salogra, Totu (Jutogh) and Summerhill, to Shimla at an altitude of 2,075 metres (6,808 ft).[11] The difference in height between the two ends of line is 1,419 metres (4,656 ft).

Stations

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The alignment of the railway route from south to north, along the NH-5 on highway's western side till north of Jabli (Koti) and then on eastern side, is as follows.

Station Milepost Height above sea level Description
Kalka 0 km (0 mi) 656 m (2,152 ft) It derived its name from Kali Mata temple located at the Shimla end of the town. It is home to a diesel shed as well as a workshop to service the narrow gauge engines and carriages of the Kalka-Shimla line.[17]
Taksal 5.69 km (3.54 mi) 806 m (2,644 ft) First station after entering Himachal got the name because it was the place where coins were made in ancient time.[17]
Gumman 10.41 km (6.47 mi) 940 m (3,080 ft) An isolated station in Kasauli hills,[17] though Sonwara is the closest train station to Kasauli.
Koti
(Jabli)		 16.23 km (10.08 mi) 1,098 m (3,602 ft) This station is also known as the jabli railway station. The station is often visited by wild animals. The second longest tunnel (No. 10) with a length of 693.72 metres (2,276 ft 0 in) is situated near this station.[17] In August, 2007 a heavy downpour washed away part of the station building and track.
Sonwara 26 km (16 mi) 1,334 m (4,377 ft) The historic residential The Lawrence School at Sanawar is 6 km away. The longest bridge (No.226) on the line with an overall length of 97.40 metres (319 ft 7 in) and height of 19.31 metres (63 ft 4 in) is situated near this station.[17] This services the Kasauli Brewery and Kasauli hill station which are 9.3 kilometres (5.8 mi) and 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) away respectively.
Dharampur 32.14 km (19.97 mi) 1,469 m (4,820 ft) This services the Kasauli hill station which is 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) away. The Engineer's Bungalow (MP 33 km (21 mi)) which was the official residence of the engineer in charge of this section of the line until the late 1960s was converted into the Northern Railway Safety Institute.[17]
Kumarhati
(Dagshai)		 39 km (24 mi) 1,579 m (5,180 ft) This isolated station serviced the Dagshai military cantonment.[17]
Barog 42.14 km (26.18 mi) 1,531 m (5,023 ft) The longest tunnel (No.33) with a length of 1,143.61 metres (3,752 ft 0 in) is situated close to the Kalka side of the station.[17]
Solan 46.10 km (28.65 mi) 1,429 m (4,688 ft) The National Institute of Research on Mushroom Farming and Solan Agriculture University is situated nearby.[17]
Salogra 52.70 km (32.75 mi) 1,509 m (4,951 ft) The famous Solan Brewery is just a few kilometres away from Salogra station.[17]
Kandaghat 58.24 km (36.19 mi) 1,433 m (4,701 ft) Arch bridge No. 493 with a length of 32 metres (105 ft) is situated here.[17]
Kanoh 69.42 km (43.14 mi) 1,647 m (5,404 ft) The highest arch gallery bridge (No.541) with a height of 23 metres (75 ft 6 in) and length of 54.8 metres (179 ft 9 in) is situated here.[17]
Kathleeghat 72.23 km (44.88 mi) 1,701 m (5,581 ft) It is the last station of Shimla district.[17]
Shoghi 77.81 km (48.35 mi) 1,832 m (6,010 ft) Shoghi is the first station of Shimla district.[17]
Taradevi 84.64 km (52.59 mi) 1,936 m (6,352 ft) The name derives from Mata Tara Devi. The Sankat Mochan and Tara Devi temples are situated near this station. The third longest tunnel (No.91) at 992 metres (3,255 ft) is situated on the Shimla end of this station.[17]
Jutogh 89.41 km (55.56 mi) 1,958 m (6,424 ft) This suburb station of Shimla, once served as the transit point for Jutogh Military Cantonment.[17]
Summer Hill 92.93 km (57.74 mi) 2,042 m (6,699 ft) This suburb station of Shimla originally serviced the Viceregal Lodge. The Himachal Pradesh University is situated near the station.[17]
Shimla 95.60 km (59.40 mi) 2,075 m (6,808 ft) This beautiful station is just below the old bus stand in Shimla.[11][17]
  •  
    Shimla
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    Barog
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    Solan
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    Shimla
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    Summer Hill

Bridges and viaducts

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The railway has 988 bridges and viaducts[11] and a ruling gradient of 1 in 33, or three percent. It has 917 curves,[11] and the sharpest is 48 degrees (a radius of 122.93 feet or 37.47 m).

The most architecturally complex bridge is No. 226 which spans a deep valley which required that it had to be constructed in five stages with each level having its own stone arched tier.

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    Crossing a bridge
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    Tunnel near Solan
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    Tunnel near Jutogh

Tunnels

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One hundred seven tunnels were originally built, but as a result of landslides only 102 remain in use.[11]

Rolling stock

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Steam locomotive 520

The first locomotives were two class-B 0-4-0STs from the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway. These were built as 2 ft (610 mm)-gauge engines, but were converted to 2 ft 6 in (762 mm)-gauge in 1901. They were not large enough (they were sold in 1908), and were followed in 1902 by 10 slightly larger engines with a 0-4-2T wheel arrangement. The locomotives weighed 21.5 long tons (21.8 t; 24.1 short tons) each, and had 30 in (762 mm) driving wheels and 12 in × 16 in (304.8 mm × 406.4 mm) cylinders. Later classified as B-class by the North Western State Railway, they were manufactured by the British Sharp, Stewart and Company.[18]

Thirty larger 2-6-2T locomotives, with slight variations, were introduced between 1904 and 1910. Built by the Hunslet Engine and North British Locomotive Companies, they weighed about 35 long tons (36 t; 39 short tons) and had 30 in (762 mm) drivers and 14 in × 16 in (355.6 mm × 406.4 mm) cylinders. Later classed K and K2 by the North Western State Railway, they handled most of the rail traffic during the steam era. A pair of Kitson-Meyer 2-6-2+2-6-2 articulated locomotives, classed TD, were supplied in 1928. However, they quickly fell into disfavour because it often took all day for enough freight to be assembled to justify operating a goods train hauled by one of these locomotives. In 1935 NWR received locos of Class ZF, some of which where delivered from Henschel & Son/Germany.

 
ZF 75, delivered by Henschel

Shippers looking for faster service began turning to road transport. These 68-long-ton (69.09 t; 76.16-short-ton) locomotives were soon transferred to the Kangra Valley Railway, and were converted to 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge in Pakistan.[18] Regular steam-locomotive operation ended in 1971.

 
Diesel locomotive 148

The railway's first diesel locomotives, class ZDM-1 manufactured by Arnold Jung Lokomotivfabrik (articulated with two prime movers), began operating in 1955; they were regauged, reclassified as NDM-1 and used on the Matheran Hill Railway during the 1970s. In the 1960s, class ZDM-2 locomotives from Maschinenbau Kiel (MaK) was introduced; they were later transferred to other lines.

The KSR currently operates with class ZDM-3 diesel-hydraulic locomotives (522 kW or 700 hp, 50 km/h or 31 mph), built between 1970 and 1982 by Chittaranjan Locomotive Works with a single-cab road-switcher body.[19] Six locomotives of that class were built in 2008 and 2009 by the Central Railway Loco Workshop in Parel, with updated components and a dual-cab body providing better track vision.[20]

 
KSR railcar

The railway opened with conventional four-wheel and bogie coaches. Their tare weight meant that only four bogie coaches could be hauled by the 2-6-2T locomotives. In a 1908 effort to increase capacity, the coach stock was rebuilt as 33-by-7-foot (10.1 by 2.1 m) bogie coaches with steel frames and bodies. To further save weight, the roofs were made of aluminium. The weight savings meant that the locomotives could now haul six of the larger coaches. This was an early example of the use of aluminium in coach construction to reduce tare weight.[4]

Goods rolling stock was constructed on a common 30-by-7-foot (9.1 by 2.1 m) pressed-steel underframe. Open and covered wagons were provided, with the open wagons having a capacity of 19 long tons (19.30 t; 21.28 short tons) and the covered wagons 17.5 long tons (17.8 t; 19.6 short tons).[4]

During the winter months snow cutters are attached to the engine to clear the snow from the track.[10]

Trains

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  • Shivalik Deluxe Express: Ten coaches, with chair cars and meal service. This train connects with the Netaji Express.
  • Kalka Shimla Express: First and second class and unreserved seating
  • Himalayan Queen: Connects at Kalka with the express mail of the same name and the Kalka Shatabdi Express to Delhi.
  • Kalka Shimla Passenger: First and second class and unreserved seating
  • Rail Motor: First-class railbus with a glass roof and a front view
  • Shivalik Queen: Ten-carriage luxury fleet. Each carriage accommodates up to eight people and has two toilets, wall-to-wall carpeting and large windows. Available through IRCTC's Chandigarh office.
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BBC Four televised Indian Hill Railways, a series of three programmes[21] which featured the KSR in its third episode, in February 2010; the first two episodes covered the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway and Nilgiri Mountain Railway. The episodes, directed by Tarun Bhartiya, Hugo Smith and Nick Mattingly respectively, were produced by Gerry Troyna. Indian Hill Railways won a Royal Television Society award in June 2010.[22] The KSR also featured in the Punjab episode of CNN's Anthony Bourdain: Parts Unknown.

In 2018, the KSR was featured in an episode of the BBC Two programme Great Indian Railway Journeys.[23]

See also

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References

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Notes

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  1. ^ "Mountain Railways of India". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d Wolmer, Christian (2017). Railways & the Raj. London: Atlantic Books. p. 114 to 115. ISBN 978-0-85789-064-1.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Priya, R. "The Development Of Mountain Railways In India A Study: Kalka - Shimla Railway" (PDF). University of Madras. p. 116 to 143. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  4. ^ a b c d e f "Engineer" journal article, circa 1915, reprinted in Narrow Gauge & Industrial Railway Modelling Review, no. 75, July 2008
  5. ^ "IR History: Early Days II (1870-1899)". IRFCA. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  6. ^ Singh, Khushwant (14 October 2000). NOT A NICE MAN TO KNOW: The Best of Khushwant Singh. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-93-5118-278-8.
  7. ^ Singh, Khushwant (1990). Delhi. Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-012619-8.
  8. ^ The Sikh Courier International. Sikh Cultural Society of Great Britain. 1988.
  9. ^ "109-year-old steam engine once again rolls out on Shimla track - the Times of India". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 31 March 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
  10. ^ a b c "World Heritage Site - Kalka Shimla Railway: An Introduction" (PDF). Indian Railways. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
  11. ^ a b c d e f "Kalka Shimla Railway (India) No 944 ter". UNESCO. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  12. ^ "IR History: Part - III (1900 - 1947)". Indian Railways Fan Club. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  13. ^ "HP declares Kalka–Shimla railway as 'heritage' property". The Hindu. 13 August 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2007.
  14. ^ "Kalka–Shimla Railway makes it to Unesco's World Heritage list". The Hindu Business Line. 9 July 2008. Archived from the original on 25 June 2009. Retrieved 10 July 2008.
  15. ^ "Kalka-Shimla Railway is now a World Heritage Site". Outlook India. 8 July 2008. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  16. ^ "Heritage track of 114-year-old Kalka-Shimla railway line suspended in air after landslide". The Times of India. 15 August 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Railway Stations of Kalka Shimla Section & its Attractions" (PDF). Indian Railways. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  18. ^ a b Hughes, Hugh 1994 Indian Locomotives Pt. 3, Narrow Gauge 1863–1940. Continental Railway Circle.
  19. ^ Description of narrow-gauge diesel locomotives by IRFCA
  20. ^ Central Railway: NG Loco for Kalka Simla, NR
  21. ^ "Indian Hill Railways". BBC. Retrieved 28 February 2010.
  22. ^ "Documentary on Hill railways of India bags UK award". Express India. Archived from the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2010.
  23. ^ "Great Indian Railway Journeys". BBC. Retrieved 20 March 2018.

Bibliography

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