Side judge, or assistant judge, is a judicial position unique to the U.S. state of Vermont. There are two side judges in each of Vermont's 14 counties. Like lay judges, side judges are usually not legal professionals.
Duties and responsibilities
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While Family, District and Superior Court judges are appointed by the Governor, probate and side judges are elected. Side judges run at-large (not specifically for one of the two seats) and county-wide in November of even-numbered, non-presidential election years, and serve four-year terms. The terms begin on the following February 1.[1]
In the event of a vacancy, the Governor is empowered to appoint a replacement.[2]
Side judges sit with the judge in Superior (civil cases and violations of traffic laws and municipal ordinances) and Family Court. There are Superior and Family Courts located in each of Vermont's 14 counties at their "shire town" or county seat.[3][4]
There are normally two side judges on the bench, but the court may proceed with only one side judge or none. In theory the side judges, who are generally not attorneys, have input only on matters of fact, with matters of law left to the presiding judge, but the vote of a side judge has the same weight as that of the judge, so two side judges can outvote the judge. If there is only one side judge and the side judge and the judge disagree on a matter of fact, a mistrial is declared.[5] Side judges who undergo some training may also sit alone in small claims, uncontested divorces, traffic offenses, and violations of municipal ordinances.[6]
Side judges have administrative duties in addition to court responsibilities. They appoint the County Clerk, Treasurer and Auditor, Road Commissioners, and Notaries Public, manage the county courthouse, sheriff's office and other property, and prepare the county budget.[7] As a result, side judges receive two types of compensation: a salary for their administrative duties, paid by the county, and a per diem for their judicial duties, paid by the state.[8]
Once the county budget has been determined, municipalities in the county are assessed a portion, based on their grand list (total evaluation of property in the municipality).[9]
Vermont's Assistant Judges also have a professional association and lobbying group, the Vermont Association of County Judges.[10]
History
editThe position of side judge was part of Vermont's government during the mid to late 1700s period of the Vermont Republic, and was continued in the Vermont Constitution when Vermont was admitted to the Union as the fourteenth state in 1791.[11][12]
The idea of side judges appear to have been borrowed from the colony of Pennsylvania, and they were also part of the judiciary in other states, including New Hampshire and Connecticut.[13][14][15] In Vermont, they were created in part because early Vermont residents were distrustful of lawyers, many of whom had received their training in England before the American Revolution, making their loyalty suspect, or had supported New York during the dispute between New York's colonial government and Vermont's original white settlers over control of Vermont's first towns. The founders of Vermont had purchased their land grants from Benning Wentworth, the Governor of New Hampshire. When the British government supported New York's attempts to assert control, those with New Hampshire land grants refused to re-purchase them from New York. Adding lay judges to the courts was a means of ensuring that pro-British or pro-New York judges could not control the courts.[16][17]
Though reorganization of the judiciary in other states eliminated the side judge position, It has continued in Vermont. Some updates and changes to Vermont's court system included elimination or a reduced role for the side judges, but most of those efforts have been unsuccessful.[18][19]
Notable side judges
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- David M. Camp, Lieutenant Governor from 1836 to 1841, Orleans County Assistant Judge, 1830 to 1832 and 1834 to 1835.[20]
- William Chamberlain, United States Representative, 1803 to 1805, 1809 to 1811, Orange County Assistant Judge, 1795–1796.[21]
- Augustine Clarke, Vermont State Treasurer from 1833 to 1837, Caledonia County Assistant Judge, 1824–1825.[22]
- Charles S. Dana, Speaker of the Vermont House of Representatives from 1917 to 1921, Addison County Assistant Judge, 1908–1912.[23]
- Edward H. Edgerton, President pro tempore of the Vermont State Senate from 1925 to 1927, Windsor County Assistant Judge, 1913–1921.[24]
- Abram W. Foote, Lieutenant Governor from 1921 to 1923, Assistant Judge of Addison County from 1902 to 1906.[25]
- Jonas Galusha, Governor of Vermont from 1809 to 1813 and 1815 to 1820, Assistant Judge of Bennington County from 1795 to 1798.[26]
- William Hunter, United States Representative, 1817 to 1819, Assistant Judge of Windsor County, 1805–1816.[27]
- Elias Keyes, United States Representative from 1821 to 1823, Assistant Judge of Windsor County, 1803 to 1814.[28]
- William C. Kittredge, Lieutenant Governor from 1852 to 1853, Rutland County Assistant Judge, 1833–1839.[29]
- Aaron Leland, Lieutenant Governor from 1822 to 1827, Windsor County Assistant Judge, 1803–1817, 1818–1822.[30]
- Orlando L. Martin, Speaker of the Vermont House of Representatives from 1923 to 1925, Washington County Assistant Judge, 1939 to his death.[31]
- Samuel Mattocks, Vermont State Treasurer from 1786 to 1800, Rutland County Assistant Judge, 1783–1788, 1794.[32]
- Gideon Olin, United States Representative, 1803–1807, Assistant Judge of Bennington County, 1781–1798.[33]
- William M. Pingry, Vermont Auditor of Accounts from 1853 to 1860, Assistant Judge in both Washington (1838–1839) and Windsor (1880 to his death) Counties.[34][35][36]
- Thomas Porter, Speaker of the Vermont House of Representatives, 1780 to 1782, Assistant Judge of Rutland County, 1781–1782.[37]
- James M. Slade, son of Governor William Slade, Lieutenant Governor from 1856 to 1857, Assistant Judge of Addison County, 1868 to 1870.[38]
- John Spaulding, Vermont State Treasurer from 1841 to 1846.[39][40]
- Paul Spooner, Lieutenant Governor, 1782 to 1787, Windsor County Assistant Judge, 1779–1782, 1785–1789.[41]
- Zed S. Stanton, Lieutenant Governor of Vermont from 1902 to 1904, Washington County Assistant Judge, 1884–1888.[42]
- John Strong, Speaker of the Vermont House of Representatives in 1786, Assistant Judge of Bennington County, 1781–1782.[43]
- John E. Weeks, Governor from 1927 to 1931, Addison County Assistant Judge, 1884–1886.[44]
- David Wing Jr., Secretary of State of Vermont from 1802 to 1806, Caledonia County Assistant Judge, 1797-1803, Presiding Judge, 1804-1806.[45]
- Augustus Young, United States Representative, 1841 to 1843, Franklin County Assistant Judge, 1851–1854.[46]
Current side judges
editAs of October 2023, the assistant judges in each county are:[47]
Addison County
- Patricia Ross, Democratic
- Nicole Wilkerson, Democratic
Bennington County
- Brian W. Peat, Democratic
- Mary C. Frost, Democratic
Caledonia County
- Merle Haskins, Independent
- John S. Hall, Republican/Democratic
Chittenden County
- Suzanne Brown, Democratic
- Connie C. Ramsey, Democratic
Essex County
- Evan Hammond, Republican
- Kenn Stransky, Republican
Franklin County
- Kelly Gosselin, Republican
- Josh Aldrich, Democratic
Grand Isle
- Sherri Potvin, Democratic
- Joanne R. Batchelder, Republican
Lamoille County
- Madeline M. Motta, Democratic
- Joel W. Page, Democratic/Republican
Orange County
- Laurel Mackin, Democratic
- Joyce McKeeman, Democratic
Orleans County
- Benjamin M. Batchelder, Republican
- Curtis A. Hardy, Republican
Rutland County
- David S. Wolk, Independent
- Stephen P. Benard, Republican
Washington County
- Elizabeth Battey, Democratic
- Leah Murphy Jones, Democratic
Windham County
- Carolyn Partridge, Democratic
- Lamont Barnett, Democratic
Windsor County
- Alison Johannensen, Democratic
- David H. Singer, Democratic
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Vermont Superior Court, In re Assistant Judge Calvin Colby Archived 2015-01-12 at the Wayback Machine, December 14, 2009
- ^ Domenic Poli, Brattleboro Reformer, Gov. Appoints Barnett as Windham County Side Judge Archived 2014-01-16 at the Wayback Machine, August 11, 2012
- ^ State of Vermont Judiciary, Vermont Superior Court: Civil Division, retrieved January 16, 2014
- ^ State of Vermont Judiciary, State of Vermont Judiciary: family Court, retrieved January 16, 2014
- ^ Brattleboro Reformer, Disorder in the Courts Archived 2014-01-16 at the Wayback Machine, April 9, 2010
- ^ Cornelia Cesari, Randolph Herald, ‘Side Judges’ Wear Two Hats Archived 2014-01-16 at the Wayback Machine, December 6, 2007
- ^ State of Vermont, The Vermont Statutes Online, Title 24: Municipal and County Government, Chapter 5: County Officers; Powers and Duties, Sub-Chapter 1: Assistant Judges, retrieved January 17, 2014
- ^ Mitch Wertlieb, Vermont Public Radio, Assistant Judges Against Proposal To Reduce Duties, January 7, 2010
- ^ Gresser, Joseph (December 19, 2012). "Side judges see $50,000 bump in county budget". The Chronicle. Barton, Vermont. p. 16.
- ^ Vermont Association of County Judges, Home Page: Vermont Association of County Judges Archived 2014-01-17 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved January 16, 2014
- ^ Vermont Archives and records Administration, Vermont Constitution of 1777, Section XXVII Archived 2012-07-25 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved January 16, 2014
- ^ Vermont Archives and records Administration, Vermont Constitution of 1793, Section 9th Archived 2014-02-20 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved January 14, 2014
- ^ David W. Belisle, History of Independence Hall, 1859, page 172
- ^ Franklin Ellis, Samuel Evans, History of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 1883, page 226
- ^ National Society of the Colonial Dames of America in the State of Pennsylvania, Register of Pennsylvania Society, 1907, page 227
- ^ Vermont Bar Association, The Vermont Bar Journal & Law Digest, Volume 16, 1990, page 5
- ^ Jerome Alan Cohen, The Criminal Process in the People's Republic of China, 1949-1963, Volume 2, 1968, page 434
- ^ Jesse Roman, Stowe Today, Side Judges Fight Against Extinction: Efficiency Study Favors Eliminating the Elected Posts, July 10, 2013
- ^ Caledonian Record, Judicial Plan Doesn't Cut Side Judges Archived 2014-01-17 at archive.today, November 16, 2009
- ^ Biography of the Bar of Orleans County, Vermont, by Frederick W. Baldwin, 1886, pages 59 to 64
- ^ "William Chamberlain". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 12, 2014.
- ^ Hamilton Child, Gazetteer of Caledonia and Essex Counties, Vt. 1764–1887, 1887, page 38
- ^ Vermont Legislative Directory, published by Vermont Secretary of State, 1919, page 511
- ^ Vermont Secretary of State, Legislative Directory, 1923, page 410
- ^ Vermont Secretary of State, Legislative Directory, 1921, page 452
- ^ White, Pliny H. (1866). Jonas Galusha, the Fifth Governor of Vermont. Vermont Historical Society, publisher, E. P. Walton, printer. p. 10.
- ^ "William Hunter". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 12, 2014.
- ^ "Elias Keyes". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 12, 2014.
- ^ National Life Insurance Company, National Life Insurance Company: A History of Its Foundation and Development 1850–1925, 1925, page 30
- ^ Lewis Cass Aldrich, Frank R. Holmes, History of Windsor County, Vermont, 1891, pages 183–184
- ^ Vermont Archives and Records Administration, Speakers of the Vermont House of Representatives, 1870–2009 Archived 2012-04-15 at the Wayback Machine, 2009, page 5
- ^ Vermont General Assembly, Records of the Governor and Council of the State of Vermont, Volume III, 1875, pages 77–78
- ^ Olin, Chauncey C. (1893). A Complete Record of the John Olin Family. Baker–Randolph Co. p. 27.
gideon olin assistant judge.
- ^ Matt Bushnell Jones, History of the Town of Waitsfield, Vermont, 1782–1908, 1909, page 200
- ^ William M. Pingry, Genealogical Record of the Descendants of Moses Pengry, 1881, page 46
- ^ Vermont General Assembly, Journal of the Vermont State Senate, 1886, page 322
- ^ H. P. Smith and W. S. Rann, History of Rutland County, Vermont, 1886, pages 142 to 143
- ^ The American Journal of Education, edited by Henry Barnard, Volume 2, 1869, page 463
- ^ "Senate: Appointments; Washington County". Rutland County Herald. Rutland, VT. October 27, 1840. p. 3.
- ^ "Personal: Hon. John Spaulding has been commissioned by Gov. Dillingham as Assistant Judge of Washington Co. Court". Burlington Free Press. Burlington, VT. May 31, 1867. p. 2.
- ^ Benjamin Homer Hall, History of Eastern Vermont, 1858, pages 698–699
- ^ Jacob G. Ullery, Men of Vermont Illustrated, 1903, page 373
- ^ LaFayette Wilbur, Early History of Vermont, Volume 2, 1900, page 390
- ^ "John E. Weeks". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
- ^ Child, Hamilton (1887). Gazetteer of Caledonia and Essex Counties, Vt. 1764-1887. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse Journal Company. pp. 35-36.
- ^ "Augustus Young". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
- ^ "Information By County". VT Assistant Judges.org. Montpelier, VT: Vermont Association of County Judges. 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
- ^ "Meeting notice, Addison County Budget" (PDF). Town of Middlebury. Addison County Assistant Judges. December 18, 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
- ^ "Some New Faces Join Bennington County Elected Officials". Rutland Herald. Rutland, VT. November 10, 2014.