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Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone

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Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone (Alexander Augustus Frederick William Alfred George; born Prince Alexander of Teck; 14 April 1874 – 16 January 1957), was a member of the extended British royal family, as a great-grandson of King George III, a brother of Queen Mary, uncle to the Kings Edward VIII and George VI, and the husband of Princess Alice of Albany. He was a British Army commander, who served as Governor-General of the Union of South Africa and Governor General of Canada.

Major-General The Right Honourable
The Earl of Athlone
KG GCB GCMG GCVO DSO KStJ PC ADC FRS
Portrait, c. 1940
16th Governor General of Canada
In office
21 June 1940 – 12 April 1946
MonarchGeorge VI
Prime MinisterWilliam Lyon Mackenzie King
Preceded byThe Lord Tweedsmuir
Succeeded byThe Viscount Alexander of Tunis
4th Governor-General of South Africa
In office
21 January 1924 – 21 December 1930
MonarchGeorge V
Prime MinisterJan Smuts
J. B. M. Hertzog
Preceded byPrince Arthur of Connaught
Succeeded byThe Earl of Clarendon
Personal details
Born
Prince Alexander of Teck

(1874-04-14)14 April 1874
Kensington Palace, London, England
Died16 January 1957(1957-01-16) (aged 82)
Kensington Palace, London, England
Resting placeRoyal Vault, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle; later Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1904)​
ChildrenLady May Abel Smith
Rupert Cambridge, Viscount Trematon
Prince Maurice of Teck
Parent(s)Francis, Duke of Teck
Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge
EducationEton College; Royal Military Academy Sandhurst
ProfessionArmy officer
AwardsSee below...
Military service
AllegianceUnited Kingdom
Branch/serviceBritish Army
Years of service1894–1931
RankMajor-General
Battles/wars

Prince Alexander was born in London to Francis, Duke of Teck and Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge and was educated at Eton College and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. In 1904, he married Princess Alice of Albany and rose in the military ranks through his service on the western front of the First World War, receiving numerous honours and decorations.

A cousin and also brother-in-law of King George V, Alexander relinquished his German titles in 1917, including that of Prince of Teck in the Kingdom of Württemberg, and was elevated to the peerage as the Earl of Athlone. In 1923, the King appointed Lord Athlone as Governor-General of South Africa, on the recommendation of British prime minister Stanley Baldwin, and he occupied the viceregal post until 1930. Athlone then served as Chancellor of the University of London until, in 1940, his nephew George VI appointed him as Governor General of Canada,[1][2][3][4] on the recommendation of Canadian prime minister William Lyon Mackenzie King. He occupied the post until 1946. Athlone helped galvanise the Canadian war effort and was a host to British and American statesmen during the Second World War.

After returning to the United Kingdom, Athlone sat on the organising committee for the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, his great-niece. He died at Kensington Palace in 1957 and was interred in the Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore.

Early life, education, and military career

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The Duchess of Teck and her family c. 1880; Prince Alexander sits centre with his arm around the Duchess, Princess Mary (later Queen Mary) is seated at far right

Prince Alexander of Teck was born at Kensington Palace on 14 April 1874,[5] the fourth child and third son of Prince Francis, Duke of Teck, and Princess Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck. Although his mother was a granddaughter of King George III and first cousin to Queen Victoria, Athlone, as the son of a prince of Teck in Württemberg, was styled from birth as His Serene Highness and held the title Prince Alexander of Teck.[5][6] He was known, however, to his family and friends as Alge, derived from the first two letters of Alexander and George,[7] and was characterised as a meticulous individual with a quick, but short-lived, temper and an ability to be cautious and tactful.[7]

 
Prince Alexander of Teck, 28 June 1910, wearing the insignia of the Royal Victorian Order, and the star and sash of the Order of the Rautenkrone

When Prince Alexander was nine years old, his parents fled the United Kingdom for continental Europe to escape their high debts. They stayed there for two years. The Prince remained at Eton College before moving on to the Royal Military College, Sandhurst.[6] In October 1894, having completed his officer's training, Prince Alexander was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the 7th Queen's Own Hussars,[6][8] and shortly after served in the Second Matabele War. He was mentioned in despatches during the conflict and, after its cessation, was appointed on 8 December 1898 by Queen Victoria as a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order.[9] He received a promotion to lieutenant in June 1899 and to captain the following April.[10][11] For his actions in the Second Boer War, Alexander was, in April 1901, appointed by King Edward VII as a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order.[12]

The announcement came on 16 November 1903 that Prince Alexander had become engaged to his second cousin once removed,[13] Princess Alice of Albany, daughter of Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, and thus a granddaughter of Queen Victoria and niece of the then soon-to-be Governor General of Canada, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn. The two were wed at St. George's Chapel, in Windsor Castle, on 10 February 1904 and,[5][6] six days later, in celebration of the wedding, the Prince was promoted to the grade of a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order.[14] The couple thereafter had three children: Princess May of Teck, born 1906; Prince Rupert of Teck, born 1907; and Prince Maurice Francis George of Teck.[15] Maurice, however, lived only for less than six months, between 29 March and 14 September 1910.

In the same year, Prince Alexander was appointed Chairman of Middlesex Hospital.[7]

First World War

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Prior to the outbreak of the Great War in 1914, Prince Alexander, who had been promoted to major in January 1911 and was a brevet lieutenant-colonel commanding the 2nd Regiment of Life Guards,[16] was nominated by the British Prime Minister H. H. Asquith to serve as Governor General of Canada. However, the Prince was called up for active service with his regiment.[17] taking him to battle in France and Flanders. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel, with the temporary rank of brigadier-general, in December 1915.[18] For his service on the battlefields, in June 1917 Prince Alexander was appointed by his brother in law, King George V, as a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George.[19]

During the war, anti-German sentiment throughout the British Empire led the King to change the name of the royal house from the Germanic House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to the more English House of Windsor, while simultaneously renouncing all Germanic titles for himself and all members of the Royal Family. Through a royal warrant issued on 14 July 1917, Alexander, along with his brother, Prince Adolphus, Duke of Teck, similarly relinquished all of his German titles, styles, and honours, choosing instead the name of Cambridge, after his grandfather, Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge.[20] Alexander was then known simply as Sir Alexander Cambridge (being entitled to the honorific Sir through his knighthoods in the Royal Victorian Order and the Order of the Bath), until, on 7 November 1917, the King created him Earl of Athlone and Viscount Trematon.[21] Athlone had declined a marquessate, as he thought the title did not sound British enough. Athlone's wife retained her royal style and title, while their surviving children became the Lady May Cambridge and Rupert Cambridge, Viscount Trematon. Rupert was to inherit the title of Earl of Athlone, but he died on 15 April 1928 following a car crash, ten days shy of his twenty-first birthday, meaning the third creation of the title became extinct with the death of the first earl.

Post-war career and Governor-General of the Union of South Africa

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Following the cessation of hostilities in Europe in 1918, Athlone was promoted to the brevet rank of colonel in June 1919, and retired from the army that November, with the honorary rank of brigadier-general.[22][23] He took up posts in the civilian world, continuing at Middlesex Hospital. Because of his experience there, he was appointed in 1921 to chair an investigative committee on the needs of doctors. Known as the Athlone Committee, its work resulted in the creation of post-graduate schools for medical education and research,[7] such as the Royal Postgraduate Medical School at Hammersmith Hospital and the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. In March 1922, he was promoted to the rank of colonel in the Regular Army Reserves, retaining his honorary rank of brigadier-general,[24] and, in 1937, was appointed chair of a committee of inquiry into the arrangements for "recruitment, training and registration and terms and conditions of service" for nurses.[25]

For their London residence, the Athlones used the grace and favour apartments of Princess Alice's mother, the late Duchess of Albany, in the Clock House at Kensington Palace and, in 1923, they acquired a country residence, Brantridge Park, in West Sussex.[26]

In December of the same year, Athlone was appointed by the King as both an honorary major-general and as the Governor-General of the Union of South Africa,[7] replacing his wife's cousin, Prince Arthur of Connaught.[27] He arrived in Pretoria in January 1924 and was immediately at work with his viceregal duties, opening the newly finished parliament building, just weeks before his South African prime minister, Jan Smuts, suddenly advised him to prorogue the legislature.[28]

In the ensuing election—the running of which forced Athlone to cancel the planned tour of Prince Edward, Prince of Wales[28]—the National Party won a majority of seats in the House of Assembly, meaning Athlone appointed the party's leader, James Barry Munnik Hertzog, as his new prime minister. At the time, Afrikaner nationalism was increasing in the dominion, and Hertzog was a republican who promoted the secession of South Africa from the British Empire. As such, he proposed the country adopt its own flag over the Union Flag. Athlone, however, proved sympathetic and tactful, and resolved the issue by advancing a flag that was unique to South Africa, but which still contained the Union Flag within it, despite opposition from numerous Afrikaners. He also gained popularity with South Africans of all races through his frequent tours of the country,[7] performing a number of ceremonial duties, including opening Pioneers' Park in Johannesburg.[29]

For his service to the Crown in South Africa, Athlone was appointed by George V as a Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter, on 17 April 1928,[30] and, upon his return to the UK, was made on 4 August 1931 the Governor and Constable of Windsor Castle.[31] The following year, he was also selected as the Chancellor of the University of London, which post he held until 1955.[32]

In 1937 he led the Ministry of Health and Board of Education Interim Report of the Interdepartmental Committee on Nursing Services, also known as The Athlone Report. It looked at nursing recruitment, retention and skills and included Dame Ellen Musson[33]

In January 1939, Athlone was appointed president of The Football Association.[34] The move represented the first time the FA had appointed someone that was not a football administrator to the position.[35]

Governor General of Canada

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The Earl of Athlone (seated right) with (left to right) Canadian Prime Minister Mackenzie King, US President Roosevelt, and UK Prime Minister Churchill, at La Citadelle, August 1943
 
The Earl of Athlone and his wife, Princess Alice, followed by Prime Minister Mackenzie King at the State Opening of Parliament, 6 September 1945

In Canada in the late 1930s, there had been calls from government circles and the media alike for the King to appoint a Canadian-born individual as governor general. However, with the rush to fill the post after the unexpected death (on February 11, 1940) of the incumbent viceroy, Lord Tweedsmuir, and with the country embroiled in the Second World War, Canadian prime minister William Lyon Mackenzie King advised King George VI that the time was not right for such a change in viceregal tradition.

Instead, it was George's uncle, the Earl of Athlone, whose name Mackenzie King put forward and the Earl accepted.[37] Subsequently, Athlone, along with his wife and his aide-de-camp, Alastair Windsor, Earl of Macduff,[n 1][38] voyaged to Canada to take up his position, their liner using a submarine-evading zig-zag pattern across the Atlantic Ocean to Halifax, Nova Scotia.[39] After travelling on to Ottawa by train, Athlone was sworn in during a ceremony in the Senate chamber on 21 June 1940. The Athlones' three grandchildren, Anne, Richard, and Elizabeth (children of their daughter May), lived with them in Canada for the duration of the war.[40]

Athlone immediately made himself active in the support of the war effort, travelling across the country and focusing much of his attention on the troops, either those training at military facilities or those injured and in hospital. Viewing his position as governor general as a link between Canadians and their monarch, Athlone also communicated in speeches that the King stood with them in their fight against Adolf Hitler and the Nazi regime.[32]

The war was brought close to home for the Athlones also because many of those belonging to displaced European royal families sought refuge in Canada and resided at or near the royal and viceroyal residence, Rideau Hall. Among the royal guests were Crown Prince Olav and Crown Princess Märtha of Norway; Grand Duchess Charlotte and Prince Felix of Luxembourg; King Peter II of Yugoslavia; King George II of Greece; Empress Zita of Bourbon-Parma (Austria-Hungary) and her daughters; as well as Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands and her daughter, Princess Juliana.[41] Further, in December 1941, British prime minister Winston Churchill arrived at the residence, where he presided over British Cabinet meetings via telephone from his bed.[42]

It was Athlone's duty to play host at Quebec City to his prime minister, still Mackenzie King, as well as Churchill and President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt, who all gathered to take part in what would become known as the Quebec Conferences, with the first taking place between 17 and 24 August 1943 at the viceregal residence in La Citadelle, and the second occurring from 12 to 16 September 1944 at the Château Frontenac. It was at these meetings that the four men discussed the Allied strategies that would eventually lead to victory over Nazi Germany and Japan. When Germany fell on 8 May 1945 and Japan on 15 August of the same year, Athlone led the national celebrations held on Parliament Hill and elsewhere. He thereafter spoke in speeches about Canada's future being marked not by war but by a strong role in reconstruction and reconciliation.[32]

During his time as the Canadian viceroy, Athlone also lent his status to various charitable and other social events, and mounted a number of activities of his own, such as tobogganing parties and skating lessons on the grounds of Rideau Hall, as well as skiing in Gatineau Park. When he departed Canada at the end of his time as the King's representative, Athlone left as a legacy the Athlone Fellowship, awarded by the Engineering Institute of Canada.[32]

Post-viceregal life

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Bust of the Earl of Athlone, Senate House, University of London.

After Lord Athlone's replacement as governor general was appointed on 21 March 1946, he returned to the United Kingdom to retirement, taking up residence again in a grace and favour apartment at Kensington Palace and, on 1 September of that year, resigning as colonel of the 7th Queen's Own Hussars.[43] He did not completely remove himself from public activity, however, and was, along with his Canadian viceregal successor, Lord Alexander of Tunis, appointed to the committee charged with organising the coronation in 1953 of Athlone's great-niece, Queen Elizabeth II,[44] and continued to sit as Chancellor of the University of London until 1955.[32]

The Earl of Athlone died at Kensington on 16 January 1957 at the age of 82, and was interred in the Royal Vault at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on 19 January before being transferred to the Royal Burial Ground at Frogmore on 15 May 1957.[45] He was the last surviving great-grandchild of George III.

Honours

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Ribbon bars of the Earl of Athlone
       
       
       
       
       
       
Orders
Appointments
Medals
Awards
Foreign honours and decorations

Honorary military appointments

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Honorific eponyms

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Awards
Geographic locations
Buildings
Schools

Arms

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Coat of arms of Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone
 
Crest
A Dog's Head and Neck lozengy bendy sinister Sable and Or, langued Gules, a Crescent Argent, for difference. Coronet of an earl.
Escutcheon
Quarterly: 1st & 4th grand-quarters, The Royal Arms as borne by a son King George III, differenced by a Label of three-points Argent, the centre point charged with a Cross Gules, and each of the other points with two Hearts in pale Gules; 2nd & 3rd grand-quarters, Or, three Stags' Attires fesswise in pale, the points of each Attire to the sinister Sable, impaling Or three Lions passant in pale Sable, langued Gules, the dexter forepaws Gules; over all an Inescutcheon lozengy bendy sinister Sable and Or (Teck); Over all at the fess point a Crescent Sable for difference.
Supporters
Dexter: a Lion Sable, the dexter forepaw Gules, differenced on the shoulder by a Crescent Argent.
Sinister: a Stag Proper, differenced on the shoulder by a Crescent Argent.
Motto
FEARLESS AND FAITHFUL
Orders
Order of the Garter (appointed 17 April 1928)
Symbolism
The second and third quarterings represent his descent from the Dukes of Württemberg

Ancestry

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Lord Macduff (originally Prince Alastair of Connaught), who would succeed to the title of Duke of Connaught and Strathearn in 1942, was the grandson of the previous Governor General of Canada, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, and the son of former South African governor general Prince Arthur of Connaught. He died at Rideau Hall in 1943.

References

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  1. ^ Galbraith, William (1989), "Fiftieth Anniversary of the 1939 Royal Visit" (PDF), Canadian Parliamentary Review, 12 (3), Ottawa: Commonwealth Parliamentary Association: 7–9, archived from the original (PDF) on 14 March 2011, retrieved 14 December 2009
  2. ^ Wayling, Thomas (22 May 1939). "George VI Becomes King of Canada". The Leader-Post. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  3. ^ "George IV, Dominion Will See First 'King of Canada'". The Canadian Jewish Chronicle. 12 May 1939. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  4. ^ Tidridge, Nathan (5 February 2012). "This Jubilee day is also a sad anniversary". The Hamilton Spectator. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  5. ^ a b c Eilers, Marlene A. (1987). Queen Victoria's Descendants. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-938311-04-1.
  6. ^ a b c d Cokayne, G. E.; et al. (2000). The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant. Vol. XIII. Gloucester: Alan Sutton Publishing. p. 258. ISBN 978-0-904387-82-7.
  7. ^ a b c d e f "Earl of Athlone (1874–1957)". University of Warwick. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2009.
  8. ^ "No. 26563". The London Gazette. 23 October 1894. p. 5929.
  9. ^ "No. 27032". The London Gazette. 13 December 1898. p. 8045.
  10. ^ "No. 27106". The London Gazette. 8 August 1899. p. 4895.
  11. ^ "No. 27180". The London Gazette. 6 April 1900. p. 2283.
  12. ^ "No. 27306". The London Gazette. 19 April 1901. p. 2701.
  13. ^ "No. 27616". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 November 1903. p. 7013.
  14. ^ "No. 27647". The London Gazette. 16 February 1904. p. 1013.
  15. ^ Cokayne 2000, p. 259
  16. ^ "No. 28466". The London Gazette. 17 February 1911. pp. 1238–1238.
  17. ^ Clifford, Bede (2004). "Cambridge, Alexander Augustus Frederick William Alfred George, earl of Athlone (1874–1957)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32255. Retrieved 31 March 2008. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  18. ^ "No. 29433". The London Gazette (Supplement). 7 January 1916. p. 435.
  19. ^ "No. 30111". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 June 1917. pp. 5458–5459.
  20. ^ "No. 30374". The London Gazette. 9 November 1917. pp. 11592–11594.
  21. ^ "No. 30374". The London Gazette. 9 November 1917. p. 11594.
  22. ^ "No. 31395". The London Gazette. 6 June 1919. p. 7421.
  23. ^ "No. 31630". The London Gazette (Supplement). 4 November 1919. p. 13522.
  24. ^ "No. 32626". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 March 1922. p. 1796.
  25. ^ Abel-Smith, Brian (1975). A History of the Nursing Profession. Heinemann. ISBN 9780043532003.
  26. ^ Aronson, Theo (1981). Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone. London: Cassell. p. 123. ISBN 0304307572. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
  27. ^ "No. 32884". The London Gazette. 30 November 1923. p. 8329.
  28. ^ a b "U.S.A. Crisis". Time. Vol. III, no. 16. New York: Time Inc. 21 April 1924. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on 29 March 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2009.
  29. ^ "Wemmer Pan/Pioneer Park". Johannesburg City Parks. Archived from the original on 29 December 2008. Retrieved 19 September 2008.
  30. ^ "No. 33376". The London Gazette. 17 April 1928. p. 2737.
  31. ^ "No. 33741". The London Gazette. 4 August 1931. p. 5110.
  32. ^ a b c d e f Office of the Governor General of Canada. "Governor General > Former Governors General > Major General The Earl of Athlone". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2009.
  33. ^ "Inter-Departmental Committee on Nursing Services (Athlone)". Nursing Times (London, England). 58. 30 March 1962 – via RCN Historical Nursing Journals Collection, Female Forerunners Worldwide, Cengage Gale.
  34. ^ "Earl of Athlone President of F.A." The Straits Times. 24 January 1939. p. 19 – via National Library Board Singapore.
  35. ^ "Uncle of the King as president of F.A." Morning Tribune. 11 February 1939. p. 4 – via National Library Board Singapore.
  36. ^ Canada Gazette, volume 74, number 2, 13 July 1940, page 55
  37. ^ His appointment was formally made on 2 June 1940 by commission under the king's royal sign-manual and signet.[32][36]
  38. ^ Hubbard, R.H. (1977). Rideau Hall. Montreal and London: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-0310-6.
  39. ^ Hubbard 1977, p. 196
  40. ^ "Life Calls on the Earl of Athlone". Life. Vol. 17, no. 6. 7 August 1944. pp. 94–97. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
  41. ^ Hubbard 1977, p. 201
  42. ^ Hubbard 1977, p. 202
  43. ^ "No. 37706". The London Gazette. 27 August 1946. p. 4347.
  44. ^ "No. 39578". The London Gazette. 20 June 1952. p. 3395.
  45. ^ "Royal Burials in the Chapel since 1805". College of St George – Windsor Castle. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  46. ^ "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen". Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Mecklenburg-Strelitz: 1907 (in German). Neustrelitz: Druck und Debit der Buchdruckerei von G. F. Spalding und Sohn. 1907. p. 14.
  47. ^ "No. 27702". The London Gazette. 5 August 1904. p. 5047.
  48. ^ "No. 28505". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 June 1911. p. 4592.
  49. ^ "No. 32877". The London Gazette. 6 November 1923. p. 7547.
  50. ^ "No. 34300". The London Gazette. 30 June 1936. p. 4155.
  51. ^ "No. 33731". The London Gazette. 30 June 1931. p. 4241.
  52. ^ Dodds, E. C. (1957). "Alexander, Earl of Athlone 1874-1957". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 3: 1–21. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1957.0001. JSTOR 769348. S2CID 73148018.
  53. ^ "No. 34119". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 December 1934. p. 7.
  54. ^ Sveriges statskalender (PDF) (in Swedish), 1912, p. 571, retrieved 27 March 2021 – via gupea.ub.gu.se
  55. ^ "No. 29312". The London Gazette. 1 October 1915. p. 9642.
  56. ^ "No. 29486". The London Gazette (Supplement). 22 February 1916. p. 2075.
  57. ^ "No. 29854". The London Gazette (Supplement). 8 December 1916. p. 12039.
  58. ^ "No. 30476". The London Gazette (Supplement). 14 January 1918. p. 827.
  59. ^ "No. 30638". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 April 1918. p. 4716.
  60. ^ "No. 28380". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 May 1910. p. 3859.
  61. ^ a b c Government of Canada (22 April 2013). "Governor General and Commander-in-Chief of Canada". Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
  62. ^ a b "Who We Are". Athlone Institute Bursary Project Fund. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
  63. ^ "Athlone Boys School". Athlone Boys School. Archived from the original on 13 November 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
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Government offices
Preceded by Governor General of Canada
1940–1946 		Succeeded by
Academic offices
Preceded by Chancellor of the University of London
1932–1955 		Succeeded by
Honorary titles
Preceded by Grand Master of the Order of Saint Michael and Saint George
24 June 1936 – 16 January 1957 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Constable and Governor of Windsor Castle
1931–1957 		Vacant
Title next held by
The Viscount Slim
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