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Thomas Walker Hobart Inskip, 1st Viscount Caldecote, CBE, PC (5 March 1876 – 11 October 1947) was a British politician who served in many legal posts, culminating in serving as Lord Chancellor from 1939 until 1940. Despite legal posts dominating his career for all but four years, he is most prominently remembered for serving as Minister for Coordination of Defence from 1936 until 1939.
The Viscount Caldecote | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Lord Chief Justice of England | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 14 October 1940 – 23 January 1946 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Monarch | George VI | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | The Viscount Hewart | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | The Lord Goddard | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 3 September 1939 – 12 May 1940 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Monarch | George VI | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prime Minister | Neville Chamberlain | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | The Lord Maugham | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | The Viscount Simon | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Leader of the House of Lords | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 14 May 1940 – 3 October 1940 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prime Minister | Winston Churchill | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | The Earl Stanhope | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | The Viscount Halifax | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Member of the House of Lords Lord Temporal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 7 September 1939 – 11 October 1947 Hereditary Peerage | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Peerage created | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | The 2nd Viscount Caldecote | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Member of Parliament for Fareham | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 20 February 1931 – 6 September 1939 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | John Davidson | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Dymoke White | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Member of Parliament for Bristol Central | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 14 December 1918 – 30 May 1929 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | constituency established | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Joseph Alpass | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Personal details | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Born | Thomas Walker Hobart Inskip 5 March 1876 Clifton, Bristol, England | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Died | 11 October 1947 (aged 71) Godalming, Surrey, England | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Political party | Conservative | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Spouse | Lady Augusta Boyle | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Alma mater | King's College, Cambridge | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Background and education
editInskip was the son of James Inskip, a solicitor, by his second wife Constance Sophia Louisa, daughter of John Hampden. The Right Reverend James Inskip was his elder half-brother and Sir John Hampden Inskip, Lord Mayor of Bristol, his younger brother.[citation needed] He attended Clifton College from 1886 to 1894[1] and King's College, Cambridge, from 1894 to 1897.[2] He joined Clifton RFC in 1895–96.[citation needed] In 1899 he was called to the Bar by the Inner Temple.[citation needed]
Political and legal career
editInskip became a King's Counsel in 1914.[3] He served in the Intelligence Division from 1915 and from 1918 to 1919 worked at the Admiralty as head of the Naval Law branch.[4] From 1920 to 1922, he served as Chancellor of the Diocese of Truro.[4] In 1918 he entered Parliament as Member of Parliament (MP) for Bristol Central.[5] He was first appointed Solicitor General in 1922 and would hold this post for the next six years, with one short interruption for the Labour government of 1924.[citation needed] In 1922 he was knighted.[6]
A staunch Protestant, he first came to high attention when in 1927 he joined with the Home Secretary Sir William Joynson-Hicks in attacking the proposed new version of the Book of Common Prayer. The law required Parliament to approve such revisions, normally regarded as a formality, but when the Prayer Book came before the House of Commons Inskip argued strongly against its adoption, for he felt it strayed far from the Protestant principles of the Church of England. The debate on the Prayer Book is regarded as one of the most eloquent ever seen in the Commons, and resulted in the rejection of the Prayer Book. A revised version was submitted in 1928 but rejected again. However, the Church Assembly then declared an emergency, and used this as a pretext to use the new Prayer Book for many decades afterwards.[citation needed]
In 1928 Inskip was promoted to Attorney General, which post he held until the following year's general election – in which he lost his Bristol seat.[citation needed] When Ramsay MacDonald formed his National Government in 1931, Inskip, who had been elected in a by-election for Fareham in February that year,[7] returned to the role of Solicitor General but the following year a vacancy occurred and he once more resumed his work as Attorney General.[citation needed] He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1932.[8] In 1935 he prosecuted the 26th Baron de Clifford for manslaughter, which was the last ever criminal trial of a peer in the House of Lords.[9]
Despite an exclusively legal track record, on 13 March 1936 Inskip became the first Minister for Coordination of Defence.[10] His appointment to this particular office was highly controversial. Winston Churchill (who said he "had the advantage of being little known and knowing nothing about military subjects") had long campaigned for such an office and when its creation was announced, most expected Churchill to be appointed. When Inskip was named, one famous reaction was that "This is the most cynical appointment since Caligula made his horse a consul".[11] John Gunther, who described Inskip in 1940 as "the sixty-three-year-old man of mystery", reported the "cruel story" that Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin wanted to appoint someone "'even less brilliant than himself'".[12] Collin Brooks castigated Inskip in his diary as "a second-rate Attorney General."[13] His appointment is now regarded as a sign of caution by Baldwin who did not wish to appoint someone like Churchill, because it would have been interpreted by foreign powers as a sign of the United Kingdom preparing for war. Baldwin anyway wished to avoid taking onboard such a controversial and radical minister as Churchill.
Inskip's tenure as Minister for Coordination of Defence remains controversial, with some arguing that he did much to push Britain's rearmament before the outbreak of the Second World War, but others arguing he was largely ineffectual, although his ministry "had no real powers and little staff".[14] In early 1939 he was replaced by the former First Sea Lord, Admiral of the Fleet Lord Chatfield, and moved to become Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs.[citation needed] At the outbreak of war in 1939 he was raised to the peerage as Viscount Caldecote, of Bristol in the County of Gloucester,[15] and made Lord Chancellor, but in May 1940 he once more became Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs[citation needed] to make room for the marginalising of Sir John Simon in the new war ministry of Winston Churchill.[16] After leaving ministerial office Inskip served as Lord Chief Justice of England from 1940 until 1946.[citation needed] As of 20 November 2024, he remains the last Lord Chief Justice to have held a ministerial office before his appointment.
Inskip was referred to in the book Guilty Men by Michael Foot, Frank Owen and Peter Howard (writing under the pseudonym 'Cato'), published in 1940 as an attack on public figures for their failure to re-arm and their appeasement of Nazi Germany.[17]
Family
editLord Caldecote married Lady Augusta Helen Elizabeth, daughter of David Boyle, 7th Earl of Glasgow and widow of Charles Lindsay Orr-Ewing, in 1914. He died in October 1947, aged 71, and was succeeded by his son, Robert (Robin) Andrew in the viscountcy. Lady Caldecote died in May 1967, aged 90.[citation needed]
Arms
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References
edit- ^ "Clifton College Register" Muirhead, J.A.O. ref no 3603: Bristol; J.W Arrowsmith for Old Cliftonian Society; April, 1948
- ^ "Inskip, Thomas Walker Hobart (INSP894TW)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
- ^ "No. 28935". The London Gazette. 13 October 1914. p. 8125.
- ^ a b Robbins, Keith. "Inskip, Thomas Walker Hobart, first Viscount Caldecote (1876–1947)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34107. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ leighrayment.com House of Commons: Bristol to Buteshire and Caithness[usurped]
- ^ "No. 32781". The London Gazette. 29 December 1922. p. 9162.
- ^ leighrayment.com House of Commons: Fairfield to Fylde South[usurped]
- ^ "No. 33798". The London Gazette. 12 February 1932. p. 941.
- ^ Paley, Ruth. "The Dying Embers of an Outdated Privilege: The 1935 Trial of Lord de Clifford in the House of Lords". Parliamentary History 32.1 (2013): 169–186, doi:10.1111/1750-0206.12010
- ^ Spencer, Alex M (2020). British Imperial Air Power: The Royal Air Forces and the Defense of Australia and New Zealand Between the World Wars. Indiana: Purdue University Press. p. 207. ISBN 978-1-55753-940-3.
- ^ This quote has been made on many occasions and the original source is unclear. The highly influential polemic Guilty Men (in the chapter titled "Caligula's Horse") attributes it to a "great statesman" (page 74), whom some have surmised was Churchill. However, Graham Stewart in Burying Caesar: Churchill, Chamberlain and the Battle for the Tory Party (London; Phoenix, 1999) (ISBN 0-7538-1060-3), page 487 attributes the origination of the quote to Churchill's non-politician friend Professor Frederick Lindemann.
- ^ Gunther, John (1940). Inside Europe. Harper & Brothers. p. 348.
- ^ Bouverie, Tim (2019). Appeasement: Chamberlain, Hitler, Churchill, and the Road to War (1 ed.). New York: Tim Duggan Books. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-451-49984-4. OCLC 1042099346.
- ^ Spencer, Alex M (2020). British Imperial Air Power: The Royal Air Forces and the Defense of Australia and New Zealand Between the World Wars. Indiana: Purdue University Press. p. 207. ISBN 978-1-55753-940-3..
- ^ "No. 34674". The London Gazette (Supplement). 8 September 1939. p. 6126.
- ^ Roy Jenkins, Baldwin (London: Collins, 1987), p. 178.
- ^ Cato (1940). Guilty Men. London: V. Gollancz. OCLC 301463537.
- ^ Burke's Peerage. 1949.