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Tonghua incident

The Tonghua incident was a mass killing of rebelling Japanese soldiers and civilians that occurred on 3 February 1946 in southern Jilin, China.

Background

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Tonghua, being the local transport hub, had a large influx of refugees in 1945. The first instance of violence (the Shosankoku incident [ja]) was reported 13 August 1945, when a train, filled with Japanese civilian refugees, was stopped at an elevated track near the tunnel entrance, and the Japanese women were gang-raped by the locals after the train security guards were killed. The train was unintentionally stopped by Chinese guerrilla forces attempting to intercept the preceding evacuation train of the family of the last Emperor of China (Puyi), most notably Empress Wanrong. The incident involved children being killed by being thrown from windows, over 100 Japanese women committing suicide by jumping from a nearby cliff, and a mob shooting anyone who tried to escape. The rest of passengers were rescued when a battalion of the Imperial Japanese Army, alerted by the sole girl to escape, arrived the next morning. Many of the survivors of the Shosankoku incident would become the inhabitants of the Tonghua refugee camp, later falling victim to the Tonghua incident.

Following the surrender of Japan, the local refugee camp was filled by 17,000 Japanese locals and over 100,000 Japanese civilians fleeing from various regions of China. The city was initially surrendered to the Red Army but nominally controlled by the Northeastern Democratic United Army. Although, according to the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, Soviet support of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in Soviet-dominated areas was forbidden, the Northeastern Democratic United Army was a de facto affiliate of the CCP's Eighth Route Army.

Tensions heightened in late August 1945 when groups of Soviet soldiers repeatedly raided Tonghua Girls' High School, raping, abducting, and killing both students and teachers. At least one shootout with a teacher possessing a concealed pistol was also reported, leading to additional raids. Participation of the male teachers in the rapes was also reported.

The gang rapes reportedly happened even in broad daylight on the streets, and at least one Soviet officer was shot dead while trying to stop his fellow soldiers. Japanese refugees responded mainly by shaving the women's heads bald, applying dirt and grease to their skin, and wearing storage bags instead of normal clothes.

In September 1946, a general withdrawal of the Soviet occupation forces was in progress. As the CCP sought to control the region to undermine Kuomintang positions, mass killings were underway, with approximately 70,000 people killed across Manchuria by March 1946. One of the organisations helping the CCP to dismantle existing civilian infrastructure (both the residual Japanese and the Kuomintang) was the Ri Koko [ja] detachment, staffed mostly by ethnic Koreans, many of whom were former members of the Imperial Japanese Army. That detachment was known for particularly poor discipline when compared to the regular CCP units.

On 22 September 1945, the CCP-affiliated forces evicted Kuomintang forces from Tonghua. By 2 November, the CCP positions in the city had consolidated enough that a red flag was raised over the city headquarters.

In early November 1945, all property owned by those of Japanese ancestry was confiscated and all Japanese males aged 15 to 60 were forced to join labour teams. From 17 November, CCP forces were arbitrarily raiding Japanese homes in search of weapons and drafting those they came across into labour teams, regardless of gender or age. Forced eviction of Japanese people from their dwellings also began.

From 10 December, some of the former Japanese soldiers were recruited into the CCP's newly created aircraft squadron to help the Chinese master the captured Japanese airplanes. It was the part of ruse de guerre intended to transmit a false image of the Kuomintang still being in control of the city with the help of the former personnel of Kwantung Army. Large-scale collaboration of Japanese units with the CCP in the aftermath of the surrender of Japan was not uncommon, most notably among the 47th Division of the Imperial Japanese Army.

On 23 December, an event publicising collaboration between the CCP and the Japanese was held.

On 5 January 1946, Tanehiko Fujita [ja], a Japanese spokesperson in the Tonghua refugee camp, was requested by the CCP to give out Japanese armament caches. He was later arrested on 15 January.

By 10 January, the Tonghua branch of the "Japanese People's Liberation Army" was disbanded with 140 Japanese arrested, amid persistent rumours concerning a wide scale rebellion by the Kwantung Army.

On 21 January, further arrests and detentions of Japanese occurred in the aftermath of the murders of a high-ranking Japanese civilian leaders.

The Japanese rebellion

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On 2 February 1946, a phone call from Mitsushige Maeda [ja] was received by the CCP office in Tonghua, regarding the planned rebellion in a refugee camp. A wave of arrests, interrogation with torture, and executions followed immediately. In particular, all of the Japanese arrested on 10 January were immediately shot. The Ri Koko detachment acted upon this with particular cruelty.[citation needed]

At midnight on 3 February, the Japanese rebellion started according to the agreement with the Kuomintang. Although it was initially planned to be assisted by Kuomintang forces in Shenyang, the radio message postponing the rebellion was not received due to equipment failure. As a result, several hundred Japanese attackers, armed mostly with shovels and clubs, and a small number of swords or rifles, were decimated by machine gun fire from ambush positions, both inside and outside the CCP headquarters. The rebellion on the airfield was thwarted before it started. Out of three rebel attacks, only the attack aimed to take control of Empress Wanrong's apartments in the Public Security building succeeded.

The Public Security building was soon surrounded by CCP reinforcements and shelled. The Japanese rebels, lacking heavy weapons, surrendered.

Aftermath

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By the morning of 3 February 1946, all Japanese males aged 16 or older and suspected females, frequently wearing only pajamas, were chained and forced to march 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) in −20 °C (−4 °F) weather. Any who fell from exhaustion or wounds were shot dead.

About 3,000 Japanese men and women were put into old warehouses, packed 5 persons per square metre (one person per 2.2 sq ft). Many became hysterical due to the lack of oxygen, but anyone climbing through a window was shot. Soon, the flooring had turned into a pool of blood, and people died on their feet – the corpses could not fall because of extreme crowding. About 2,000 civilians who did not fit into the warehouses were shot nearby.

After 5 days of confinement, the survivors were let to walk out, only to be beaten to death by the Ri Koko detachment guards. The CCP also carried out rapid interrogations and subsequent torture. The people deemed related to the rebellion were shot. Also, many of the Japanese women were raped and/or committed suicide.

Sun Keng-hsiao [ja], a Kuomintang-appointed governor of the region, was publicly flogged to death by the CCP together with the Japanese rebellion leaders. Tanehiko Fujita [ja], the nominal Japanese leader in Tonghua, died on 15 March 1946 in prison due to pneumonia.

Subsequent events

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The Kuomintang captured Tonghua in late 1946 and held a memorial service to the victims of the rebellion. The city was retaken by the CCP in 1947.[citation needed]

See also

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Bibliography

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  • Matsubara, Kazue (1972). Fujita taisa no saigo 藤田大佐の最後 (in Japanese). Tokyo: Bungeishunjū. JPNO 75015852.
  • Matsubara, Kazue (1982). Dentō ga sankai tenmetsushita: Tsūka Jiken to Fujita taisa 電灯が三回点滅した―通化事件と藤田大佐 (in Japanese). Tokyo: Eiji Shuppan. ISBN 4-900225-09-6.
  • Matsubara, Kazue (2003). Shūsen hishi Tsūka Jiken: "Kantōgun no hanran" to sanbō Fujita Sanehiko no saigo 終戦秘史通化事件―"関東軍の反乱"と参謀・藤田実彦の最期 (in Japanese). Tokyo: Chikuma Shūhansha. ISBN 4-8050-0420-7.
  • Satō, Kazuaki (1989). Tsūka Jiken: Mujōken kōfukuka, busō hōkishita Nihonjin 通化事件―無条件降伏下、武装蜂起した日本人 (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shinhyōron. ISBN 4-7948-0038-X.
  • Satō, Kazuaki (1993). Tsūka Jiken: Kyōsangun ni yoru Nihonjin gyakusatsu jiken wa atta no ka? Ima Nitchu sōhō no shōgen de akiraka ni suru 通化事件―共産軍による日本人虐殺事件はあったのか? いま日中双方の証言で明らかにする (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shinhyōron. ISBN 4-7948-0174-2.
  • Satō, Kazuaki (1998). Shōnen wa mita: Tsūka Jiken no shinjitsu 少年は見た―通化事件の真実 (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shinhyōron. ISBN 4-7948-0386-9.
  • Kitano, Kenji (1992). Manshūkoku Kōtei no Tsūka ochi 満州国皇帝の通化落ち (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shin Jinbutsu Ōraisha. ISBN 4-404-01910-6.
  • Ōmura, Takuichi (1974). Ōmura Takuichi 大村卓一 (in Japanese). Ōmura Takuichi Tsuitoroku Hensankai. OCLC 840031826.
  • Yamada, Ichirō (1953). 通化幾山河. In Tamura, Yoshio (ed.). Hiroku Daitōa senshi: Manshū hen (ge) 秘録大東亜戦史 満洲篇 (下) (in Japanese). Vol. 2. Tokyo: Fuji Shoen. pp. 9–74. ndldm:2991789.
  • Furukawa, Mantarō (1984). Itetsuku daichi no uta: Jinmin Kaihōgun Nihonjin heishitachi 凍てつく大地の歌: 人民解放軍日本人兵士たち (in Japanese). Tokyo: Sanseidō. ISBN 4-385-34914-2.
  • Aishinkakura, Hiro (1992). Ruten no ōhi no Shōwa shi 流転の王妃の昭和史. Shinchō bunko (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shinchosha. ISBN 4-10-126311-6.
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