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Tuyên Quang province

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Tuyên Quang is a province of Vietnam, located in the northeastern part of the country to the northwest of Hanoi, at the centre of Lô River valley, a tributary of the Red River. Its capital is Tuyên Quang.[6] The province had a population of 805,780 in 2022,[7] with a density of 137 persons per km2 over a total land area of 5,868 square kilometres (2,266 sq mi).[2]

Tuyên Quang
Province
Tuyên Quang City  • Tuyên Quang Field  • Banyan in Tân Trào  • Lan Na Lua  • Tân Trào Temple  • Mạc dynasty Temple  • Mơ Waterfall  • Tuyên Quang Dam
Location of Tuyên Quang within Vietnam
Location of Tuyên Quang within Vietnam
Map
Coordinates: 22°7′N 105°15′E / 22.117°N 105.250°E / 22.117; 105.250
Country Vietnam
RegionNortheast
CapitalTuyên Quang
Subdivision1 city, 6 rural districts
Government
 • TypeProvince
 • BodyTuyên Quang Provincial People's Council
 • Chairman of People's CouncilLê Thị Kim Dung
 • Chairman of People's CommitteeNguyễn Văn Sơn
Area
[1]
 • Province
5,867.95 km2 (2,265.63 sq mi)
Population
 (2023)[2]
 • Province
815,770
 • Density140/km2 (360/sq mi)
 • Urban
141,949
Ethnic groups
[2]
 • Vietnamese[3]43.23%
 • Tày26.20%
 • Dao13.42%
 • Sán Chay9.00%
 • Mông2.72%
 • Others5.43%
GDP[4]
 • ProvinceVND 28.084 trillion
US$ 1.220 billion
Time zoneUTC+7 (ICT)
Area codes207
ISO 3166 codeVN-07
HDI (2020)Increase 0.696[5]
(39th)
Websitewww.tuyenquang.gov.vn

Tuyên Quang borders Hà Giang to the north, Cao Bằng to the northeast, Bắc Kạn and Thái Nguyên to the east, Vĩnh Phúc to the south, Phú Thọ to the southwest, and Yên Bái to the west.[8]

History

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Further information: Tuyên Quang, Battle of Yu Oc, and Battle of Hoa Moc
 
Map of Tuyen Quang province in 1909
 
Drawing of Tuyên Quang citadel in the Nguyễn dynasty

Tuyên Quang, the capital city of the province has a rich history of the battles fought in the region. The earliest history is to the First Indochina War when it served as a garrison. During this war the Viet Minh made the Legionnaires surrender at the memorial to the Battle of Tuyên Quang. Another historical event is the Siege of Tuyên Quang, commemorated in the first verse of Le Boudin, its principal marching song. The French garrison posted at Tuyên Quang defended the town for four months against 12,000 troops of the Yunnan Army and the Black Flag Army. Two companies of the French Foreign Legion1 company of Tonkinese Tirailleurs, 31 naval gunners with four mountain guns, and eight sappers, commanded by Sergeant Bobillot, plus the gunboat Mitrailleuse. were involved during the Sino-French War (August 1884 to April 1885).

Tuyên Quang was once entirely settled by Thai people, but from the 13th century onwards were integrated into the Trần dynasty, who named it Quốc Oai before naming it Châu Tuyên Quang. Under the rule of Emperor Trần Hiến Tông (reigned 1329–1341), Tuyên Quang was given the status of a trấn, before being categorised as thành phủ when the Ming dynasty of China briefly annexed Vietnam at the start of the 15th century. After Lê Lợi expelled the Chinese and started the Lê dynasty, he made Tuyên Hóa a part of Tây Đạo. During the reign of Emperor Lê Thánh Tông, Tuyên Quang comprised one phủ and five districts (huyện) and became the province of Minh Quang under the rule of Emperor Lê Uy Mục. During the reign of Lê Trang Tông, Minh Quang became An Tại, and control of the region was given to the Vũ family, ethnic Thai people.

 
Chiem Hoa District

By the end of the 17th century, the Lê dynasty sent ethnic Vietnamese officials to the area to supervise the Thais. After Gia Long started the Nguyễn dynasty, he changed the region to the trấn of Tuyên Quang, and it became a province under the rule of his successor Emperor Minh Mạng. When the French carried out their colonial conquest, the phủ of Yên Bình was at the forefront of the resistance movement. People from the Thái, Mường, Mèo, Thổ, Nùng and another ethnic groups engaged the French in many battles in the area in 1884–1885. The Black Flags were also prominent. It was not until 1894 that the French had pacified the region. Prior to 1975, the province comprised the districts of Yên Sơn, Yên Bình, Hàm Yên, Sơn Dương, Chiêm Hóa and Đại Thi.

Geography and climate

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Tam Dao mountain range.

The province has widely varying topography covering high mountains deep valleys; the dominant elevation of the province is in the range 200–600 metres (660–1,970 ft). The province is in the foothills of the Northern Highlands, which forms a broad crescent around the Tonkin Delta; its southern part has narrow river basins and mountain ranges (elevation below 300 metres (980 ft)) and the northern part, particularly in Chiêm Hoá and Nà Hang districts the slopes are steep with hills taller than 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) (the highest mountain is Cham Chu at 1,589 metres (5,213 ft)). The Tam Dao range is located in this province.[6][9]

In the southern part of the province, about 100 kilometres (62 mi) away from Hanoi as the crow flies, is the provincial capital, also bearing the name of the capital city of the province, Tuyên Quang has an elevation below 100 metres (330 ft) located on the right bank of the Lô River, a tributary of the Red River which rises at Hà Giang, near the Chinese border. Its major tributary is the Gâm River on its left bank. The province has a land area 5,900 square kilometres (2,300 sq mi). The province's territory has only 7.2% of natural forest comprising both rain forest and monsoon forest.[6]

Water resources

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The distribution of river and stream network in the province is 0.98 km/km2. There are three main rivers: Lô, Gâm and Pho Day. The Lô River originates in Van Nam, China, flows through Hà Giang to this province; it flows for a length of145 kilometres (90 mi) in the province and drains an area of 2,090 square kilometres (810 sq mi). Its maximum flow is 11,700 m3/s, while the minimum flow recorded is 128 m3/s. It is a navigable river and is a major water route of the province to carry goods to other provinces. The second major river is the Gâm, which originates in China and flows through Cao Bằng and Hà Giang, before entering Tuyên Quang. The Gâm joins the Lô at Tu Hiep. The river flows for 170 kilometres (110 mi) length in the province draining an area of 2,870 square kilometres (1,110 sq mi). The next major river of importance is the Pho Day River which rises in the Tam Dao Mountains in Bắc Kạn province. It traverses 84 kilometres (52 mi) in the province through Yên Sơn, Sơn Dương District to Phú Thọ, and has a drainage area of 800 square kilometres (310 sq mi). The navigation possibilities of this river are very limited. In addition to the three major rivers, there is an abundance of small rivers, lakes and ponds (2000 ponds). The total volume of surface water available from all these sources is estimated at 10 BCM. River water is potable, clear and tasteless, has a pH value ranging from 6.5 and 7.5. The underground water resources of the province, according to preliminary assessments done in the past, was about 3,500,000 m3/ngd. The water is potable with low mineral content. In addition, the province has three mineral water sources: two hot and one cool.[9]

Mineral resources

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The province has rich metal-mineral and non-metal resources of
  • Iron ore (10 iron mines with reserve of 10-13 million tonnes in Phuc Ninh, Ha Van, Thau Cay, Cay Vaum Cay Nhan, Dong Ky Lam, Lang Muong and Lang Lech
  • Lead-zinc ore mines (24 mines) and ore sites at Thuong am-Son Duong, Dong Quan-Binh Ca, Nang Kha-Na Hang, Ham Yen-Bac Nhung, Ba Xu-Kien Thiet and Hung Loi-Trung Minh (Thanh Coc) with estimated reserves of lead–zinc (level C2)- 619,298 tonnes, Pl: 981,482 tonnes, level P2: 1,032,897 tonnes;[10]
  • Tin ore in Bac Lung, Ky Lam, Thanh Son, Khang Nhat (Ngoi Lem) and Ngon Dong with estimated reserves of 50,000 tonnes
  • Vonfram ore with reserves of mineral sand ore of level Cl+ C2= 674 tonnes WO3
  • Manganese at six locations in Chiêm Hoá, with reserves of (in zone of Lang Bai level Cl + C2)- 170,149 tonnes
  • Antimony with reserves of 1,191,000 tonnes
Khuon Phuc, Lang Vai and Hòa Phú mines have also been explored with nine ore sites: Lang Can, Phieng Giao, Lang ai, Na Mo, Khuon Vai, Coc Tay, Nui Quit and Lung Luong, Nui Than. Barite has been found at 24 ore sites, which could be exploited by open cast mines, in Sơn Dương, Yên Sơn and Chiêm Hoá districts. Kaolin/felspar is found in Sơn Dương and Yên Sơn districts with estimated reserves of 5 million tonnes. Limestone in great abundance in the entire province, assessed to be of several billion cubic metres. Clay is well distributed in many areas with reserves of several million tons. Minerals such as pyrite, gold and pebble sand found in small quantities in the province. [citation needed]

Transport network

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The province has no railway or airline links. However, the province has National Highway No. 2 and 37 road network. Major water transport routes are on the Lô, Gâm, and Pho Day Rivers which connect Tuyên Quang with neighboring provinces. Tuyên Quang township is 165 kilometres (103 mi) from Hanoi by road.[8][9]

Climate

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The tropical climatic seasons are the monsoon and dry season. Rainfall occurs generally during the monsoon months of May to October, which is also the summer season. However, it is unevenly distributed due to varying topography. The average annual rainfall in the province is 1,500 millimetres (59 in) in 150 rainy days. Monsoon rainfall accounts for about 94% while the balance occurs during the dry months, which is the winter period. Depending on the season, the wind direction also varies significantly. Thunderstorms from April to August are also a climatic feature with maximum recorded rainfall of 100 millimetres (3.9 in) during one thunderstorm in some areas. Cyclonic effects with wind speed reaching 40 metres (130 ft)/s have been recorded in some areas. Cyclones occur every year during the transitional months between two seasons namely April and May. Other weather features noted are Mist and the hoarfrost; mist occurs at the beginning of the winter months; recorded for 25 to 55 days in the south and 60 to 80 days in the North. Hoarfrost occurs once every 2 years on average in January or November and for just one day.[9]

The temperate to subtropical, tropical climate facilitates growth of natural flora and a diversified plant mechanism. The northern region of the province experiences a long winter with low temperatures. However, the region gets more rain during summer. The southern region has a diversified climate with a short winter and hot summer followed by a monsoonal season. Frequently, the strong intensity rainstorms result in floods, which occasionally cause damage to people and property. The average temperature in the province is 22.4 °C (72.3 °F).[8][9]

Administrative divisions

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Tuyên Quang is subdivided into seven district-level sub-divisions:

They are further subdivided into five commune-level towns (or townlets), 129 communes, and seven wards.[11]

Table of local government divisions

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Name Division type Population (2003) Area (km2) Towns (huyện lỵ or thị trấn) (bold)
and communes (xã)
Tuyên Quang City (thành phố) 139,000[12] 119.17 [12] Wards (phường): Hưng Thành, Nông Tiến, Ỷ La, Minh Xuân, Phan Thiết, Tân Quang, Tân Hà.
Communes (xã): Tràng Đà, An Tường, Lưỡng Vượng, An Khang, Thái Long, Đội Cấn.
Chiêm Hoá District District (huyện) 124,337[13] 1280.379[13] Vĩnh Lộc Town, Minh Quang, Trung Hà, Hà Lang, Phúc Sơn, Tân Mỹ, Hùng Mỹ, Tân An, Hòa An, Trung Hòa, Nhân Lý, Bình Nhân, Vinh Quang, Kim Bình, Tri Phú, Linh Phú, Ngọc Hội, Phú Bình, Bình Phú, Kiên Đài, Yên Lập, Xuân Quang, Phúc Thịnh, Tân Thịnh, Yên Nguyên, Hòa Phú.
Hàm Yên District District (huyện) 104,648[12] 346.7[12] Tân Yên Town, Hùng Đức, Bằng Cốc, Thành Long, Thái Hòa, Đức Ninh, Thái Sơn, Bình Xa, Nhân Mục, Yên Phú, Tân Thành, Minh Hương, Phù Lưu, Minh Dân, Yên Lâm, Minh Khương, Bạch Xa, Yên Thuận.
Lâm Bình District District (huyện) 29,459[13] 781.522[13] Lăng Can, Thượng Lâm, Khuôn Hà, Phúc Yên, Xuân Lập, Bình An, Thổ Bình, Hồng Quang.
Na Hang District District (huyện) 41,868[13] 865.497[13] Na Hang Town, Năng Khả, Thanh Tương, Sơn Phú, Đà Vị, Yên Hoa, Côn Lôn, Sinh Long, Khâu Tinh, Thượng Giáp, Thượng Nông, Hồng Thái.
Sơn Dương District District (huyện) 174,118 [12] 789[12] Sơn Dương Town, Bình Yên, Cấp Tiến, Chi Thiết, Đại Phú, Đông Lợi, Đồng Quý, Đông Thọ, Hào Phú, Hồng Lạc, Hợp Hòa, Hợp Thành, Kháng Nhật, Lâm Xuyên, Lương Thiện, Minh Thanh, Ninh Lai, Phú Lương, Phúc Ứng, Quyết Thắng, Sầm Dương, Sơn Nam, Tam Đa, Tân Trào, Thanh Phát, Thiện Kế, Thương Ấm, Trung Yên, Tú Thịnh, Tuân Lộ, Văn Phú, Vân Sơn, Vĩnh Lợi.
Yên Sơn District District (huyện) 175,917[12] 1210[12] Tân Bình Town, Đội Bình, Nhữ Khê, Nhữ Hán, Mỹ Bằng, Phú Lâm, Kim Phú, Hoàng Khai, Chân Sơn, Trung Môn, Lang Quán, Thắng Quân, Tứ Quận, Phúc Ninh, Chiêu Yên, Lực Hành, Quý Quân, Xuân Vân, Tân Long, Tân Tiến, Trung Trực, Kiến Thiết, Đạo Viện, Phú Thịnh, Thái Bình, Tiến Bộ, Công Đa, Kim Quan, Trung Sơn, Hùng Lợi, Trung Minh.

Demographics

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According to the General Statistics Office of the Government of Vietnam, the province had a population of 784,811 in 2019, with a density of 130 persons per km2 over a total land area of 5,867.3 square kilometres (2,265.4 sq mi).[2] The male population during this period was 395,146 with females accounting for 389,665. The rural population was 676,524 against an urban population of 108,287.

Languages spoken include the following:

Economy and development

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Agricultural fields in Tuyên Quang

The province's economy is dependent on its primary industries.[8] In 2005, the economic breakdown is as follows: construction 30.7%, services 33.6%, agriculture, forestry and fishery 35.7%. Rice is the staple food. Also grown are maize, cassava, potato, tea, lemongrass and citrus fruits, as well as beans. Livestock includes buffalo, pigs and poultry. The most important mineral reserves are zinc ore, manganese ore, tin and antimony. The province is also a producer of paper, cement and limestone.

The land economy is dependent on the agricultural growth in the province, which is dependent to a land area of 1,051 square kilometres (406 sq mi)) under agriculture, about 20% of the province. However, this has also caused deforestation. However, the practice of shifting cultivation called the "swidden agriculture"(practiced by ethnic minorities) is limited to 3000 ha, as in 1992, and is said to be reducing[6] under a UNDP funded project; has covered the aquaculture development in ponds. However, the Lô River which flows through the province has much potential for development of aquaculture.[14]

The province has 900 villages in upland areas, which are inhabited mostly by impoverished ethnic minorities. Under an IFAD funded project for Rural Development (IFAD loan:US$20.9 million), agricultural training has been provided to the farmers on pilot plots to teach them to adopt new practices and techniques in the field of agriculture, animal husbandry, credit, food storage and processing that are appropriate for the local environment. In addition, infrastructure, health services and village level institutions like the savings and credit groups, user groups and village development boards have also been supported by this funding.[15] The forestry sector of the economy is influenced by the Bai Bang pulp and paper mill, said to be one of the largest in Vietnam, located in the adjoining Vinh Phu Province. It was established in the 1980s with financial help from Sweden. Commercial logging is carried out in the plantation forests by the state-sponsored enterprises to supply pulp to the factory.[6]

Economic indicators

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As against the national figure of 7,592 agriculture, forestry and fishery cooperatives, there are only 147 agriculture cooperatives in the province (142 are farming and 6 are fishery cooperatives).[16][17] There are 54 farms in the province compared to the national number of 120,699.[18]

The output value of agricultural produce at constant 1994 prices in the province was 959.5 billion đồngs, compared to the national value of 156,681.9 billion dongs.[19] The province produced 569,400 tonnes of cereals as against the national production of 324,200 tonnes.[20]

The per capita production of cereals in the district was 434.1 kilograms (957 lb) as against the national figure of 501.8 kg in 2007.[21] In 2007, the industrial output of the province was a meagre 1102.7 billion đồngs against the national output of 1.47 million billion dongs.[22]

Tuyên Quang hydroelectric plant

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Na Hang Dam

The Tuyên Quang Hydropower Plant, also known as Dai Thi, is a major hydroelectric power project located within the province on the Gam River near Pac Ta Mountain. Construction began on December 22, 2002, and the first unit was commissioned in March 2008 followed by the two other units by end of 2008. The power plant has a capacity of 342 MW (the second largest in the north), and has an energy generating potential of 1200 GWh/year.[23] The project's estimated approved cost was US$490 million. The project, as built, has a 92 metres (302 ft) rock fill dam and 718 metres (2,356 ft) long (crest length), called the Na Hang Dam. It has a gross storage capacity of 2.3 billion cubic metres (BCM) (including 1 BCM of flood storage) on the Gâm River.[24]

Biodiversity

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Forest

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Cultivated land including permanent cropland are mainly in the south of the province. The large closed forest is typical of the northern districts and is widespread in about 12% of the area. Bamboo forests are present recorded in all districts of the province, except Na Hang. The area of forests have reduced due to conversion into agricultural land or because they have become barren. However, this reduction could not be exactly correlated to the changes in the biodiversity of the province.[9][25]

Flora and fauna

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The province has a rich range of flora and fauna. Data compiled for the province has recorded flora from 90 families, 258 classes, and 597 species, and many of them are listed as endangered.[6] The Vietnamese Red Book lists 18 scarce and precious plants in the province including aloe wood, pantace vietnamiensis, textured wood, limestone vatica, hoang dan and abony-tree.[9]

There are 293 faunal species, of which there are 51 animal species belonging to 19 families; there are 175 bird species of 45 families; there are 5 reptile species and 17 amphibian species from 5 families. The animal species are found in abundance, although 39 animal species are listed in the scarce and precious category. Fauna in danger of extinction comprise 18 species of animals, 12 species of birds, 12 species of reptiles and one species of amphibian. The six mammal species particularly identified in the area are the tiger, the Asian black bear, the clouded leopard, the Indian muntjac (a small cervine), black gibbon, the apricot panther, the sambar (another small cervine) and the Sumatran serow (a small caprine). The primates identified are the Tonkin snub-nosed monkey and Phayre's leaf monkey; the last named is reported to be extinct. The habitat of the mammals, including primates, is stated to be shrinking due to deforestation and expansion of agricultural activities.[6][9][25]

Historical places

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Historical places in the province include the Cave Pagoda at Yên Sơn; the Dat Nong Tien and the Thuong Temple in Tuyên Quang. The natural beauty of the province is provided by the mountain ranges with peaks exceeding 2,000 metres (6,600 ft), and the My Lam Mineral Spring.[8] There are 26 registered historical monuments, eight cultural centres and 42 communal cultural houses in the province. The predominant Christian churches in the province are the seven Roman Catholic churches; 60% of the province is believed to be Catholic.[9]

Na Hang is located more than 100 km from the center of Tuyen Quang city, known as "the green pearl in the Tuyen Quang sky" and "Ha Long Bay in the mountains", this place possesses beautiful natural landscapes, with The area is up to more than 15,000 hectares. Na Hang has enough mountains, forests, lakes, islands... including more than 8,000 hectares covered by water. Na Hang ecological lake connects waterways from Na Hang town with 8 communes of Na Hang district and communes of Lam Binh district, connecting to Ba Be National Scenic Area of Bac Kan province. Na Hang is famous for its rich natural scenery with many majestic and magical landscapes. Na Hang is rich with a unique culture of 12 resident ethnic groups, each with its own culture creating a vivid cultural picture.[26]

Festivals

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The popular festivals celebrated in the province are the Gieng Tanh village festival and the Qua Tang festival of the Dao people.[8]

References

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  1. ^ Biểu số 4.1: Hiện trạng sử dụng đất vùng Trung du và miền núi phía Bắc năm 2022 [Table 4.1: Current land use status in the Northern Midlands and Mountains in 2022] (PDF) (Decision 3048/QĐ-BTNMT) (in Vietnamese). Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Vietnam). 18 October 2023. – the data in the report are in hectares, rounded to integers
  2. ^ a b c d General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2019). "Completed Results of the 2019 Viet Nam Population and Housing Census" (PDF). Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). ISBN 978-604-75-1532-5.
  3. ^ Also called Kinh people
  4. ^ "Tình hình kinh tế, xã hội Tuyên Quang năm 2018". Báo Tuyên Quang, Đảng bộ tỉnh. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  5. ^ "Human Development Index by province(*) by Cities, provincies and Year". General Statistics Office of Vietnam. Retrieved September 28, 2024.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g "Chapter 4 – results from Tuyên Quang province". International development Research Centre. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
  7. ^ "Dân số Tuyên Quang - Thông tin Dân số từ Tổng cục Thống kê". Thông tin Dân số (in Vietnamese). 2024-02-01. Retrieved 2024-11-08.
  8. ^ a b c d e f "provinces of North East Region Tuyen Quang Province". Wampom. Retrieved 2010-06-23.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Environmental Impact Assessment: A Hoa Pulp Mill Plant Tuyen Quang Province" (PDF). Environment Treatment Technology Center, Chemical High Command, Ministry of Defense. pp. 27–33. Retrieved 2010-08-14.
  10. ^ John C. Wu. "The Mineral Industry of Vietnam" (PDF). Minerals USGS. US Geological Survey Year Book. p. 25.3. Retrieved 2010-08-14.
  11. ^ "Administrative Unit, Land and Climate: Number of administrative units as of 31 December 2008 by province". Population and Employment: General Statistics Office of the Government of Vietnam. Retrieved 2010-06-25.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h "Districts of Vietnam". Statoids. Retrieved June 20, 2010.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Thành lập huyện mới Lâm Bình (Tuyên Quang)
  14. ^ "Aquaculture and poverty reduction: Experiences of U N D P Vietnam" (PDF). IFAD/UNDP Participatory Resources Management Project (PRMP) in Tuyên Quang Province. Mekonginfo.org. Retrieved 2010-08-14.
  15. ^ "Enabling poor rural people to overcome" (PDF). International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). p. 6. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
  16. ^ "Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery: Number of cooperatives by province". Population and Employment: General Statistics Office of the Government of Vietnam. Retrieved 2010-06-23.
  17. ^ "Number of cooperatives in 2008 by kind of activity and by province: Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery". Population and Employment: General Statistics Office of the Government of Vietnam. Retrieved 2010-06-23.
  18. ^ "Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery: Number of farms by province". Population and Employment: General Statistics Office of the Government of Vietnam. Retrieved 2010-06-23.
  19. ^ "Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery: Output value of agriculture at constant 1994 prices". Population and Employment: General Statistics Office of the Government of Vietnam. Retrieved 2010-06-23.
  20. ^ "Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery:Production of cereals by province". Population and Employment: General Statistics Office of the Government of Vietnam. Retrieved 2010-06-23.
  21. ^ "Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery: Production of cereals per capita by province". Population and Employment: General Statistics Office of the Government of Vietnam. Retrieved 2010-06-23.
  22. ^ "Industry: Industrial output value at current prices by province". Population and Employment: General Statistics Office of the Government of Vietnam. Archived from the original on 2009-08-31. Retrieved 2010-06-23.
  23. ^ "Hydroelectric Power Plants in Vietnam". Power Around the World, Industry cards. Archived from the original on 2009-07-19. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  24. ^ "Vietnam connects new hydroelectric plant". Asia Clean Tech. 2008-02-27. Retrieved 2010-06-25.
  25. ^ a b "The results from Tuyen Quang province". International Development Research Centre. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
  26. ^ vietnamtourism.gov.vn https://vietnamtourism.gov.vn/post/53881. Retrieved 2024-01-13. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
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