Upland game bird is an American term which refers to non-waterfowl game birds in groundcover-rich terrestrial ecosystems above wetlands and riparian zones (i.e. "uplands"), which are commonly hunted with gun dogs (pointing breeds, flushing spaniels and retrievers).[1][2]
United States
editAs of 2013 the population of upland game birds such as pheasants had been falling in agricultural states such as Iowa where increased commodity prices for crops such as corn had resulted in reductions in game habitat in acreage set aside in the Conservation Reserve Program. A significant reduction in the number of hunters over the previous 20 years was also reported.[3]
State laws
editAt least ten states have passed laws wherein there is a definition of "upland game" giving a list of species. These lists are not at all the same, and some of them contain non-avian species. These species are always listed by common name instead of by scientific name thus in some cases it is difficult to tell what actual species the law designates without other information. The following species appear on one or more state lists of "upland game."[4]
List of game birds
edit- American Crow
- Band-Tailed Pigeon
- Blue Grouse
- Chukar Partridge
- Dove
- Dusky Grouse
- Eurasian Collared-Dove
- Gray Partridge
- Greater Sage-Grouse
- Grouse
- Hungarian Partridge
- Mourning Dove
- Partridge
- Pheasant
- Pigeon
- Ptarmigan
- Quail
- Ruffed Grouse
- Sage Grouse
- Sandhill Crane
- Sharp-tailed grouse
- Turkey
- White-tailed ptarmigan
- Wild Turkey
- Woodcock
List of non-avian upland game
editReferences
edit- ^ "ODFW Upland Game Bird Species". www.dfw.state.or.us.
- ^ "Birds".
- ^ John Eligon (December 31, 2012). "As Pheasants Disappear, Hunters in Iowa Follow". The New York Times. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
- ^ "Upland Game Definition". Law Insider. Law Insider Inc. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
Bibliography
edit- Baker, Maurice F. (1950). "Prairie Chickens in Kansas". Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. 53 (3): 316–318. doi:10.2307/3626142. JSTOR 3626142.
- Braune, Birgit M.; Malone, Brian J. (2006). "Organochlorines and trace elements in upland game birds harvested in Canada". Science of the Total Environment. 363 (1–3): 60–69. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.06.011. PMID 16055172.
- Clark, A. J.; Scheuhammer, A. M. (2003). "Lead poisoning in upland-foraging birds of prey in Canada". Ecotoxicology (London, England). 12 (1–4): 23–30. doi:10.1023/a:1022576510445. PMID 12739854. S2CID 46051693.
- Eng, Robert L. (1986). "Upland game birds". Inventory and monitoring of wildlife habitat. Denver, Colorado: US Bureau of Land Management. pp. 407–428.
- Evans, Sharon A.; Redpath, Steve M.; Leckie, Fiona; Mougeot, François (2007). "Alternative methods for estimating density in an upland game bird: The red grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus". Wildlife Biology. 13 (2): 130. doi:10.2981/0909-6396(2007)13[130:AMFEDI]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0909-6396. S2CID 83744827.
- Kendall, R. J.; Scanlon, P. F. (1979). "Lead concentrations in mourning doves collected from middle Atlantic game management areas". Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies. 33: 165–172.
- Kendall, Ronald J.; Lacker, Thomas E.; Bunck, Christine; Daniel, Bernard; Driver, Crystal; Grue, Christian E.; Leighton, Frederick; Stansley, William; Watanabe, Philip G.; Whitworth, Molly (1996). "An ecological risk assessment of lead shot exposure in non-waterfowl avian species: Upland game birds and raptors". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 15: 4–20. doi:10.1002/etc.5620150103.
- Kreager, N.; Wainman, B. C.; Jayasinghe, R. K.; Tsuji, L. J. (2008). "Lead pellet ingestion and liver-lead concentrations in upland game birds from southern Ontario, Canada" (PDF). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 54 (2): 331–336. doi:10.1007/s00244-007-9020-6. PMID 17763885. S2CID 38597919. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-01-31.
- Leigh, W. H. (1940). Preliminary studies on parasites of upland game birds and fur-bearing mammals in Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin; v. 021, no. 05.
- McCann, Lester J. (1939). "Studies of the Grit Requirements of Certain Upland Game Birds". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 3 (1): 31–41. doi:10.2307/3796392. JSTOR 3796392.
- Martin, A. C.; Gensch, R. H.; Brown, C. P. (1946). "Alternative Methods in Upland Gamebird Food Analysis". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 10 (1): 8–12. doi:10.2307/3795806. JSTOR 3795806.
- Shillinger, J. E., & Morley, L. C. (1937). Diseases of upland game birds (No. 1776-1800). US Dept. of Agriculture.
- Stiver, SJ (1984). "The Himalayan Snowcock – Nevada's newest upland game" (PDF). Cal-Neva Wildlife Transactions. 26: 55–58.
- Swank, Wendell G. (1977). "Food of three upland game birds in Selengei Area, Kajiado District, Kenya". African Journal of Ecology. 15 (2): 99–105. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1977.tb00384.x.
- Tacha, T. C., & Braun, C. E. (1994). Migratory shore and upland game bird management in North America. The International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies.
- Trautman, M. B.; Bills, W. E.; Wickliff, E. L. (1939). "Winter losses from starvation and exposure of waterfowl and upland game birds in Ohio and other northern states" (PDF). The Wilson Bulletin. 51 (2): 86–104.
- Tsuji, Leonard J.S.; Nieboer, Evert; Karagatzides, Jim D.; Hanning, Rhona M.; Katapatuk, Billy (1999). "Lead Shot Contamination in Edible Portions of Game Birds and Its Dietary Implications" (PDF). Ecosystem Health. 5 (3): 183–192. doi:10.1046/j.1526-0992.1999.09929.x.
- Wight, H. M. (1931). "Quantitative Methods in Upland Game Bird Investigation". The Auk. 48 (4): 553–558. doi:10.2307/4076260. JSTOR 4076260.