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Utian (also Miwok–Costanoan, Miwok–Ohlone or formerly Mutsun) is a family of Indigenous languages spoken in Northern California, United States. The Miwok and Ohlone peoples both spoke languages of the Utian language family. It has been argued that the Utian languages and Yokuts languages are sub-families of the Yok-Utian language family.[1][2][3] Utian and Yokutsan have traditionally been considered part of the Penutian language phylum.[4][5][6]
| Utian | |
|---|---|
| Miwok–Costanoan, Miwok–Ohlone, Mutsun | |
| Geographic distribution | California |
| Linguistic classification | Yok-Utian ?
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | miwo1274 |
 Pre-contact distribution of Utian languages | |
All Utian languages are severely endangered, extinct or revitalizing.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Callaghan 1997.
- ^ Callaghan 2001.
- ^ Golla 2007, p. 76-77.
- ^ Goddard 1996, p. 313-319.
- ^ Mithun 1999.
- ^ Shipley 1978, p. 82-85.
- Callaghan, Catherine (1997). "Evidence for Yok-Utian". International Journal of American Linguistics. 63 (1): 18–64. JSTOR 1265864.
- Callaghan, Catherine (2001). "More Evidence for Yok-Utian: A Reanalysis of the Dixon and Kroeber Sets". International Journal of American Linguistics. 67 (3): 313–345. JSTOR 1265989.
- Callaghan, Catherine (2014). Proto-Utian Grammar and Dictionary: with notes on Yokuts. Trends in Linguistics Documentation. Vol. 31. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9783110276770.
- Goddard, Ives (1996). Goddard, Ives (ed.). "The Classification of the Native Languages of North America". Languages. Handbook of North American Indians. 17. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution: 290–324. ISBN 0-16-048774-9.
- Golla, Victor (2007). Jones, Terry L.; Klar, Kathryn A. (eds.). "Linguistic Prehistory". California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity. New York: Altamira Press: 71–82. ISBN 978-0-7591-0872-1.
- Mithun, Marianne (1999). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7.
- Shipley, William F. (1978). "Native Languages of California". Handbook of North American Indians. 8.
- (California). William C. Sturtevant, and Robert F. Heizer, eds. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-004578-9 / 0160045754, pages 80–90.
External links
edit
Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Utian reconstructions
- Native Tribes, Groups, Language Families and Dialects of California in 1770 Archived 2011-04-30 at the Wayback Machine (map after Kroeber)
- Online books about the Southern Sierra Miwok
- Central Sierra Miwok Dictionary
- Central Sierra Language Preservation Program, Tuolumne Band of Me-Wuk Indians
- Southern Sierra Miwok Dictionary
- Kroeber, A.L. (1911). "Miwok, Central Sierra Dialect, Southern Sierra Dialect, Southern Coast Dialect". The languages of the coast of California north of San Francisco. Berkeley: The University Press. pp. 278–319.