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Willebrord Snellius[1][2] (born Willebrord Snel van Royen)[3] (13 June 1580[4] – 30 October 1626) was a Dutch astronomer and mathematician, commonly known as Snell. His name is usually associated with the law of refraction of light known as Snell's law.[5]
Willebrord Snellius | |
|---|---|
 Willebrord Snel van Royen (1580–1626) | |
| Born | 13 June 1580 |
| Died | 30 October 1626 (aged 46) |
| Nationality | Dutch |
| Alma mater | University of Leiden |
| Known for | Snell's law Snellius' triangulation Snellius–Pothenot problem |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Astronomy and mathematics |
| Institutions | University of Leiden |
| Academic advisors | Ludolph van Ceulen Rudolph Snellius |
| Notable students | Jacobus Golius |
The lunar crater Snellius is named after Willebrord Snellius. The Royal Netherlands Navy has named three survey ships after Snellius, including a currently-serving vessel.
Biography
editWillebrord Snellius was born in Leiden, Netherlands. In 1613 he succeeded his father, Rudolph Snel van Royen (1546–1613) as professor of mathematics at the University of Leiden.[6]
Snellius' triangulation
editIt has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Snellius' triangulation. (Discuss) (May 2021) |
Image: Museum Boerhaave, Leiden
In 1615, Snellius, after the work of Eratosthenes in Ptolemaic Egypt in the 3rd century BC, probably was the first to try to do a large-scale experiment to measure the circumference of the earth using triangulation.[7][8] He was helped in his measurements by two of his students, the Austrian barons Erasmus and Casparus Sterrenberg. In several cities he also received support of friends among the city leaders (regenten). In his work The terrae Ambitus vera quantitate (1617) under the author's name ("The Dutch Eratosthenes") Snellius describes the methods he used. He came up with an estimate of 28,500 Rhineland rods – in modern units 107.37 km[9] for one degree of latitude. 360 times 107.37 then gives a circumference of the Earth of 38,653 km. The actual circumference is 40,075 kilometers, so Snellius underestimated the circumference of the earth by 3.5%.
Snellius came to his result by calculating the distances between a number of high points in the plain west and southwest of the Netherlands using triangulation. In order to carry out these measurements accurately Snellius had a large quadrant built, with which he could accurately measure angles in tenths of degrees. This quadrant can still be seen in the Museum Boerhaave in Leiden. In a network of fourteen cities a total of 53 triangulation measurements were made. In his calculations Snellius made use of a solution for what is now called the Snellius–Pothenot problem.
By necessity Snellius's high points were nearly all church spires. There were hardly any other tall buildings at that time in the west of the Netherlands. More or less ordered from north to south and/or in successive order of measuring, Snellius used a network of fourteen measure points: Alkmaar : St. Laurenskerk; Haarlem : Sint-Bavokerk; Leiden : a then new part (built in 1599) of the City walls;[10] The Hague : Sint-Jacobskerk; Amsterdam : Oude Kerk; Utrecht : Cathedral of Utrecht; Zaltbommel : Sint-Maartenskerk; Gouda : Sint Janskerk; Oudewater : Sint-Michaelskerk; Rotterdam : Sint-Laurenskerk; Dordrecht : Grote Kerk; Willemstad : Koepelkerk; Bergen-op-Zoom : Gertrudiskerk; Breda : Grote Kerk
The actual distance between the two church spires in Alkmaar and Breda, two places nearly on the same meridian,[11] is 116.1 kilometers.[12] The difference in latitude between Alkmaar (52° 37' 57" N) and Breda (51° 35' 20" N) is 1.0436 degree. Assuming Snellius corrected for this he must have calculated a distance of 107.37 * 1.0436 = 112.05 kilometers between the Sint-Laurenskerk in Alkmaar and the Grote Kerk in Breda.
Mathematics and physics
editSnellius was also a distinguished mathematician, producing a new method for calculating π—the first such improvement since ancient times. He discovered the law of refraction in 1621.[13]
Other works
edit
In addition to the Eratosthenes Batavus, he published Cyclometricus, de circuli dimensione (1621), and Tiphys Batavus (1624). He also edited Coeli et siderum in eo errantium observationes Hassiacae (1618), containing the astronomical observations of Landgrave William IV of Hesse. A work on trigonometry (Doctrina triangulorum) authored by Snellius was published a year after his death.[6]
Death
editSnellius died in Leiden in October 1626, at the age of 46 from an illness diagnosed as colic.[14] His grave can be seen in the Pieterskerk, Leiden.
Honours
editSnellius Glacier in Antarctica is named after Willebrord Snellius.
Works
edit- Eratosthenes Batavus (in Latin). Lugduni Batavorum: Joost van Colster, Joris Abrahamsz van der Marsce. 1617.
- Coeli et siderum in eo errantium observationes Hassicae (in Latin). Lugduni Batauorum: Joost van Colster. 1618.
- Cyclometricus (in Latin). Lugduni Batavorum: Matthijs Elzevier, Bonaventura Elzevier. 1621.
- Doctrinae triangulorum canonicae libri quatuor (in Latin). Lugduni Batavorum: Joannes Maire. 1627.
Notes
edit- ^ Willebrord Snellius at the Leiden Digital Family Tree.
- ^ Eerste Nederlandse Systematisch Ingerichte Encyclopaedie
- ^ Encarta Winkler Prins, Grote Oosthoek, Eerste Nederlandse Systematisch Ingerichte Encyclopaedie
- ^ Sometimes mistakenly noted as 1590 or 1591; Cf. P.C. Molhuysen; P.J. Blok, eds. (1927). "Snellius, Willebrord". Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek. Leiden..
- ^ For a reconstruction of this discovery see Hentschel 2001. It is now known that this law was already known to Ibn Sahl in 984. The same law was also investigated by Ptolemy and in the Middle Ages by Witelo, but due to lack of adequate mathematical instruments (i.e. trigonometric functions) their results were saved as tables, not functions.
- ^ a b Chisholm 1911.
- ^ Haasbroek, N.D. (1968): Gemma Frisius, Tycho Brahe and Snellius and their triangulation. Publ. Netherl. Geod. Comm., Delft. [1]
- ^ Torge, W.; Müller, J. (2012). Geodesy. De Gruyter Textbook. De Gruyter. p. 5. ISBN 978-3-11-025000-8. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
- ^ a Rhenish rod is in this calculation considered as 3.767358 meter
- ^ the tower of the Sint-Pieterskerk had collapsed in 1512
- ^ There is a difference of two 0.02 degrees
- ^ Calculated on the basis of the coordinates given in the Dutch language wikipedia of the Sint-Laurenskerk in Alkmaar and the Grote Kerk in Breda.
- ^ "Snellius biographies" (PDF), dwc.knaw.nl, retrieved 15 August 2019.
- ^ De Wreede, L. C. (2007). Willebrord Snellius (1580–1626): a humanist reshaping the mathematical sciences. Utrecht University
See also
editReferences
edit- Willebrord Snellius (1580-1626): a humanist reshaping the mathematical sciences, thesis of Liesbeth de Wreede, Dissertation Utrecht 2007
- N. Haasbroek: Gemma Frisius, Tycho Brahe and Snellius and their triangulations. Delft 1968.
- Struik, Dirk Jan (1970–1980). "Snel, Willebrord". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. XII. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 978-0-684-10114-9.
- "Snellius (Willebrord)". Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek. Vol. VII.
- O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Willebrord van Royen Snell", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Snell, Willebrord". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 293.
- Klaus Hentschel: Das Brechungsgesetz in der Fassung von Snellius. Rekonstruktion seines Entdeckungspfades und eine Übersetzung seines lateinischen Manuskriptes sowie ergänzender Dokumente. Archive for History of Exact Sciences 55,4 (2001), doi:10.1007/s004070000026.
External links
edit
- Willebrord Snellius at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
- Works by Willebrord Snellius at Open Library (in Latin)
- Works by or about Willebrord Snellius at the Internet Archive (in Latin)
