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Yogamaya

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"Yogmaya" redirects here. For the temple, see Yogmaya Temple.

Yogamaya (Sanskrit: योगमाया, lit. 'illusory potency', IAST: Yogamāyā) is a Hindu goddess who serves as the personification of Vishnu's powers of illusion.[3] In Vaishnava tradition, she is accorded the epithet Narayani—"the sister of Narayana (Vishnu)[4][5]"—and is regarded as the benevolent aspect of the goddess Durga.[6]

Yogamaya
Goddess of Illusion[1]
19th century painting by Raja Ravi Varma depicting Yogamaya (above) issuing a warning to Kamsa
Other namesMahamaya, Durga, Vindhyavasini, Narayani, Ekanamsha
AffiliationShaktism, Vaishnavism
AbodeVaikuntha, Vindhyas
TextsBhagavata Purana
FestivalsVaikuntha Ekadashi
Genealogy
Avatar birthGokulam
ParentsNanda and Yashoda (parents of her earthly manifestation)
SiblingsVishnu (ceremonial brother)[2]
DynastyYaduvamsha

According to Hindu texts, Yogamaya plays the role of the facilitator of the earthly birth of Krishna, an incarnation of Vishnu. She took the avatar of the daughter of Yadava cowherd Nanda and Yashoda, after which her place is swapped with Krishna to protect the latter from the tyrant ruler Kamsa. After warning Kamsa about his impending death, Yogamaya vanished and resided in the Vindhya hills, due to which she is accorded the epithet Vindhyavasini.[7]

Yogamaya is also an important goddess in Shaktism sect, and is worshipped as a form of Mahadevi.

Etymology

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Yogamaya refers to “the internal potency of Bhagavan, that arranges and enhances all his pastimes” in the Bhagavad Gita.[8]

The goddess Vindhyavasini gets her name from the Vindhya Range, literally meaning, "she who resides in Vindhya".[9]

Legend

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At the time of the birth of Krishna as the eighth child of Devaki and Vasudeva, Yogamaya had been born at the same time at the house of Nanda and Yashoda, as instructed by Vishnu. Vasudeva replaced Krishna with this daughter of Yashoda. When Kamsa tried to kill this infant, believing that she was his prophesied killer, she escaped from the grasp of Kamsa, and turned into her form of Durga. She informed the tyrant that his killer had already been born elsewhere, and subsequently vanished from the prison of Mathura.

 
The goddess Yogamaya emerges as Kamsa kills Yashoda's daughter

The child, Yoga-māyā-devī, the younger sister of Lord Viṣṇu, slipped upward from Kaṁsa’s hands and appeared in the sky as Devī, the goddess Durgā, with eight arms, completely equipped with weapons

— Srimad Bhagavatam, Canto 10,Chapter 4, Verse 9[10]

O Kaṁsa, you fool, what will be the use of killing me? The Supreme Personality of Godhead, who has been your enemy from the very beginning and who will certainly kill you, has already taken His birth somewhere else. Therefore, do not unnecessarily kill other children

— Srimad Bhagavatam, Canto 10,Chapter 4, Verse 12[11]

Thereafter, she is believed by local lore to have chosen to reside at the Vindhyachala mountains, where her temple is located at present.[12]

Shaktism

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Authors Constance Jones and James D. Ryan opine that Vindhyavasini is mentioned in the Devi Mahatmya, an important text that presents various incarnations or forms of the Supreme Goddess of Shaktism (Mahadevi). She is also mentioned in an early 19th-century local text called Vindhya Mahatmya. In both, she is understood to be the Ultimate Reality in its totality. She is also assimilated with Parvati, conceived of as "ultimate divinity".[13]

Vaishnavism

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Shrine of the goddess Narayani, Lonavala

Yogamaya is regarded to be the embodiment of either the internal or the external potency of Vishnu, or his avatar of Krishna, in Vaishnavism.[14] The goddess, also referred to as Vaishnavi Mahamaya, assumes a number of manifestations like Durga, Ambika, Kshemada, and Bhadrakali, according to the Vishnu Purana.[15]

In the Bhagavata Purana, the asura Hiranyaksha mocks Varaha and references Vishnu's Yogamaya:[16]

Are you employed by our enemies for destroying us? You kill Asuras by Māyā and thus conquer them by fraudulent means. Oh dunce, I shall wipe out the sorrows of my friends by killing you, whose strength lies in yoga-māyā, but have little personal bravery.

— Bhagavata Purana, Chapter 18

According to a 17th century literary poem called the Mukundavilasa, when Bhudevi and Brahma petition Vishnu to intervene in earthly affairs due to the oppression of Kamsa and Shishupala, he recruits a number of deities to assist him in his Krishna avatar: Lakshmi is to be born as Rukmini, Bhudevi is to manifest as Satyabhama, Shesha is to incarnate as Balarama, and Yogamaya is tasked to be born as the daughter of Yashoda.[17]

In the narratives of Krishna, the deity employs the phenomenon of Yogamaya in order to spend time with the cowherd women of Gokulam, the gopis. During his blissful dalliance with the gopis, it is Yogamaya who creates spiritual doppelgangers of each gopi at their houses so that they can also act as chaste wives to their husbands, while also dwelling on the deity.[18]

In the Bhagavad Gita, when Arjuna wonders why Krishna's pastimes and true form are not visible to mortals, he responds by stating that his manifestations are not visible to all men, and that he is veiled by his illusory potency.[19]

When the asura Jalandhara wages a war against Shiva to abduct Parvati, Vishnu employs Yogamaya as an illusory form to break the chastity of the asura's wife, Vrinda. This allows Shiva to prevail in his war.[20]

Due to Yogamaya's service to Vishnu, the deity offers her the occasion of Ekadashi (the eleventh day of every month) for veneration in her honour.[21]

Temples

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Shrine of Vindhyavasini, near Mirzapur

Yogamaya's temple is located at Vindhyachal, 8 km away from Mirzapur on the banks of river Ganges, in Uttar Pradesh.[22] Another shrine is located in Bandla, Himachal Pradesh, also called Bandla Mata Temple.[23][24][25] A huge crowd visits the temple, especially during Navaratri in the Hindu months of Chaitra and Ashvin. In the month of Jyeshtha, the Kajali competition, is held here.[24][25] The temple is one of the most revered Shakti Peethas of India. The Vindhyavasini Devi is also known popularly by name of Kajala devi. The goddess Kali is adorned in the form of Vindhyavasini Devi.[24][25]

There is a temple of Saraswati named Ashtbhuja Temple, 3 km away on a hillock, and a temple of goddess Kali in cave called Kali khoh temple. The pilgrims prefer to visit these three temples, which is a part of rite called Trilokan Parikrama.[24][25]

The Yogmaya or Jogmaya temple in Mehrauli, New Delhi is said to have been built by the Pandavas at the end of the Mahabharata war. Jain scriptures from the twelfth century state that the ancient city of Mehrauli was once called Yoginipura after the temple.

In Kerala, Goddess Durga in her incarnation as Yoga-Nidra or Yogamaya is worshiped in the sacred forest temple of Iringole Kavu, situated in the state's Ernakulam district. This temple is one of Kerala's famed kavu, or sacred grove. It is also considered to be one among the 108 Durga temples in the state consecrated by Lord Parasurama himself.

The goddess is known as "Bijasani devi" in central India, and the Bijasani Mata temple is present on the Maharashtra-Madhya Pradesh border.

There is also a temple dedicated to this goddess in Pokhara, Nepal named Bindhyabasini Temple.[26]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ The Goddess in India: The Five Faces of the Eternal Feminine. Simon and Schuster. September 2000. ISBN 9781594775376.
  2. ^ Williams, George M. (27 March 2008). Handbook of Hindu Mythology. OUP USA. ISBN 978-0-19-533261-2.
  3. ^ Beck, Guy L. (1 February 2012). Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity. State University of New York Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-7914-8341-1.
  4. ^ Sinha, Purnendu Narayana (1901). A Study of the Bhagavata Purana: Or, Esoteric Hinduism. Freeman & Company, Limited. p. 247.
  5. ^ Parthasarathy, V. R.; Parthasarathy, Indu (2009). Devi: Goddesses in Indian Art and Literature. Bharatiya Kala Prakashan. p. 133. ISBN 978-81-8090-203-1.
  6. ^ "Śb 10.4.12". vedabase.io/en/. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  7. ^ Knapp, Stephen (2012). Hindu Gods & Goddesses. Jaico Publishing House. p. 32. ISBN 978-81-8495-366-4.
  8. ^ www.wisdomlib.org (30 April 2017). "Yogamaya, Yogamāyā, Yoga-maya: 13 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
  9. ^ Hawley, John Stratton; Wulff, Donna Marie (1998). Devī: Goddesses of India. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 49. ISBN 978-81-208-1491-2.
  10. ^ "Śb 10.4.9". vedabase.io/en/. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  11. ^ "Śb 10.4.12". vedabase.io/en/. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  12. ^ Krishnan, S. A. (20 May 2017). Abhimanyu: The Warrior Prince. SA Krishnan.
  13. ^ Jones & Ryan 2006, p. 489.
  14. ^ Knapp, Stephen (2012). Hindu Gods & Goddesses. Jaico Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-8495-366-4.
  15. ^ Varadpande, Manohar Laxman (2009). Mythology of Vishnu and His Incarnations. Gyan Publishing House. p. 15. ISBN 978-81-212-1016-4.
  16. ^ www.wisdomlib.org (24 July 2022). "Hiraṇyākṣa's Fight with Varāha [Chapter 18]". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
  17. ^ Unni, N. P. (1995). Nilakantha Diksita. Sahitya Akademi. p. 25. ISBN 978-81-7201-803-0.
  18. ^ Schweig, Graham M. (26 June 2018). Dance of Divine Love: India's Classic Sacred Love Story: The Rasa Lila of Krishna. Princeton University Press. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-691-19017-4.
  19. ^ www.wisdomlib.org (8 May 2020). "Verse 7.25 [Bhagavad-gita]". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  20. ^ Pintchman, Tracy (25 August 2005). Guests at God's Wedding: Celebrating Kartik among the Women of Benares. SUNY Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-7914-6595-0.
  21. ^ Rinehart, Robin (2004). Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice. ABC-CLIO. p. 142. ISBN 978-1-57607-905-8.
  22. ^ "Vindhyachal Dham". District Mirzapur, Government of Uttar Pradesh. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
  23. ^ "Welcome To Official Website Of Maa Vindhyavasini Devi". Vindhyachal Mandir. 19 March 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  24. ^ a b c d "Vindhyachal Temple | Vindhyachal Mandir | Download | Website". vindhyachaltemple.com.
  25. ^ a b c d "Complete Information on Vindhyachal Temple, Distance, Hotels & Tourist Attraction". www.vindhyachalmandir.com. 19 March 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  26. ^ Galen Rowell; John Everingham; Jim Goodman (1997). Pokhara in the shadow of the Annapurnas. Book Faith India. p. 29. ISBN 978-974-89765-4-9.

5.↑ Uncovering the Rich History of Vindhyachal Temple

Bibliography

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