Wikipedia

2016 Aleppo summer campaign

The 2016 Aleppo summer campaign[82] started with a military operation launched on the northern outskirts of Aleppo in late June 2016, by the Syrian Arab Army. The aim of the offensive was to cut the last rebel supply line into Aleppo city.[83][84][better source needed]

2016 Aleppo summer campaign
Part of the Battle of Aleppo and the Syrian Civil War

Map of Northern Syria during the offensive, with the area shown within the Aleppo City map marked by the box.
  Syrian Army control
  Syrian Opposition control
  SDF control
  Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant control
Date25 June 2016[17] – 11 September 2016
(2 months, 2 weeks and 3 days)
Location
Aleppo, Syria
Result

Syrian Army and allies victory

  • Army captures Castello road, besieging rebel-held areas of Aleppo[18][19][20]
  • Army captures the al-Layramoun,[21] Bani Zeid[22] and Ashrafiyah districts,[23] and advances in the al-Khalidiyah district
  • Rebel counter-offensive opens a new unsecured corridor by capturing the Artillery College and Ramouseh district,[24][25][26] which is later recaptured by the Army, with rebel-held eastern Aleppo once again besieged[27][28]
Belligerents

Syrian Arab Republic

Iran[1]

Liwa al-Quds[4]
Ba'ath Brigades[5]
Hezbollah[4]
Liwa Fatemiyoun[1]
Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba[6]
Syrian Resistance[7]
Supported by:
 Russia[4] (Airstrikes)

Syrian Democratic Forces (27–30 July;[9] 12–17 August[10])

Fatah Halab
Army of Conquest[11][better source needed]

Ansar al-Islam[14]

Supported by:
Turkey Turkey[16]
Commanders and leaders

Fahd Jassem al-Freij[29]
(Minister of Defense)
Maj. Gen. Suheil Al Hassan[30]
(Tiger Forces chief commander)
Maj. Gen. Adib Mohammed[31]
(Head of Aleppo security committee, replaced)
Maj. Gen. Zaid Saleh[31]
(Replacement head of Aleppo security committee)
Maj. Gen. Adib Salameh[32]
(Head of Aleppo Air Force Intelligence Directorate branch)
Brig. Gen. Deeb Bazi †[33][34]
(Airforce Technical Base commander)
Brig. Gen. Asif Kheir Bek (DOW)[35]
(Artillery School commander)
Gen. Yasir Muhsin Miya †[36]
(Syrian Army commander)
Gen. Muhammad Ali Sharbo †[36]
(Syrian Army commander)
Maj. Gen. Mahmoud Hassan (DOW)[37]
(147th Regiment Chief of Staff)
Maj. Duraid Abu 'Ammar[38]
(Tiger Forces commander)
Suleiman al-Shwakh[39]
(Desert Commandos commander)
Mudar Makhlouf[7]
(Military Security Shield Forces commander)
Maj. Gen. Qasem Soleimani[38][40]
(Quds Force chief commander)
Gen. Dariush Darsti †[41]
(IRGC commander)
Maj. Abolghassem Zahiri (WIA)[1]
(102nd Imam Hossein Battalion commander)
Ahmad Gholami †[3]
(Iranian paramilitary commander)
Haj Sameer Ali Awada †[42]
(Hezbollah top commander, alleged)
Hassan Mousa Abdul Nabi †[43]
(Hezbollah commander)
Ali Muhammad Mustafa Khalil †[44]
(Imam Hujja Regiment commander)

Zoran Birhat[45]
(YPJ senior commander)
Sharvan Efrin[45]
(YPG commander)
Unknown YPG commander †[46]		 Maj. Yasser Abd al-Rahim[47]
(official leader of Fatah Halab)
Ammar Shaaban †[48][better source needed]
(Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki top commander)
Col. Mohammad Bakkar †[49][better source needed]
(Sham Legion top commander)
Kamal Ahmad †[50]
(8th Brigade commander)
Abdel-Rahman Mansour †[51]
(Islamic Safwah Movement commander)
Yusuf Zo'ah †[52][better source needed]
(Army of Mujahideen general commander)
(Army of Mujahideen commander)
Abu Hajer Al-Homsi †
(nom de guerre: Abu Omar Saraqib,[53] Army of Conquest commander of Idlib province and Jabhat Fatah chief military commander)[54]
Abdullah al-Muhaysini[55]
(Jabhat Fateh cleric and leader)
Abu Al-Muthanna †[50][better source needed]
("Inghimassiyeen" commander)
Khaled Abu Anas[56][better source needed]
(Ahrar al-Sham senior commander)
Mustafa Al-Bayyour †[57][better source needed]
(Ahrar al-Sham top commander)
Khattab Abou Ahmad †[58]
(Abu Amara Brigades chief commander)
Abu Hamza Al-Shami †[59][better source needed]
(5th Brigade commander)
Saif Allah †[60]
(Ahrar al-Sham tank commander)
Ali Hamam †[15]
(Ajnad al-Sham top commander)
Wa’el Diyab (WIA)[15][better source needed]
(Ajnad al-Sham commander)
Abu Leith al-Tunisi †[61][better source needed]
(Ansar al-Islam commander)
Mustafa Abu Jumaa †[62][63]
(Levant Front and Leon Sedov Brigade commander)
Units involved

Syrian Armed Forces

Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps

Hezbollah units

  • Radwan Forces[67]
  • Syrian Hezbollah groups
    • Imam Mahdi Brigade[68]
    • National Ideological Resistance[44]
    • Imam Hujja Regiment[44]

Fatah Halab

Ahrar al-Sham

al-Nusra Front / Jabhat Fateh al-Sham

Strength

Unknown number of soldiers, 100+ tanks, 400+ BMPs[31]

  • 400 Military Security Shield Forces fighters[7]
c. 2,000 al-Nujaba fighters[6]
Russia 120+ Naval Infantry advisors, several BMPs[8][76]

8,000–10,000+ fighters[77]

  • 2,500+ Jabhat Fateh fighters[31]
  • 500 TIP fighters and 60 suicide attackers[13]
Casualties and losses
688 killed (per The Inside Source; since 31 July)[78][79]
625 killed (per SOHR; 31 July – 10 Sep.)[80]		 1,051 killed (per The Inside Source; since 31 July)[78][79][81]
948 killed (per SOHR; 31 July – 10 Sep.)[80]
718 civilians killed (31 July – 10 Sep.)[80]

By late July, the military had managed to sever the last rebel supply line coming from the north and completely surround Aleppo. However, within days, the rebels launched a large-scale counter-attack south of Aleppo in an attempt to both open a new supply line into rebel-held parts of the city and cut-off the government-held side. The whole campaign, including both the Army's offensive and subsequent rebel counter-offensive, was seen by both sides as possibly deciding the fate of the entire war.[59][85][86][87][88][89]

The battle was also notable for the large loss of top rebel field commanders, with about three dozen being killed.[15][50][51][75][58][59][90][91][92]

By early September, Syrian government troops had cemented their siege of the rebel part of the city.[28]

The campaign

edit

Army advances, rebel-held Aleppo surrounded

edit
Main article: Aleppo offensive (June–July 2016)

The offensive began on 25 June, with heavy Russian air-strikes[4] and ground bombardment.[83] On 26 June, the military made advances into the Mallah Farms,[93] and by 28 June, they had captured half of the farmlands,[94] including the Al-Asamat and Arab Salum areas.[95] The advances brought the Castello Road within firing range of the military's artillery.[96]

After midnight on 7 July, amid heavy airstrikes, pro-government forces captured the southern part of Mallah and came within one kilometer of the Castello Road.[97] They captured a mosque complex and a hill which overlooks the Castello Road,[98][99] thus enabling them to bring the road under artillery fire-control.[100] This effectively cut off the only supply route to the rebel-held part of Aleppo.[97]

Several days later, the Army advanced in the al-Layramoun[101][102] al-Khalidiyah[103] and Bani Zeid districts.[104][105] During this time, government troops captured the Sadkop Gas Factory.[106]

By the evening of 13 July, the military secured the whole al-Khalidiyah district and most of the al-Layramoun industrial area, after capturing the last several rebel-held buildings in al-Khalidiyah, as well as al-Layramoun's gas factory, market and glass factory.[64]

On 17 July, the Army and Hezbollah reached the Castello Road, capturing parts of it and completely cutting it after taking control of Castello Hill. With this advance, the rebel-held part of Aleppo city was fully besieged[18][107] and the al-Layramoun roundabout came under artillery fire-control.[citation needed] Meanwhile, the military made more advances in the Bani Zeid and al-Layramoun areas, capturing most of the factories.[108]

Between 23 and 25 July, the Army expanded its control in the al-Layramoun industrial area by capturing the Textile Factory[109] a dozen industrial buildings and two malls.[110] Late on 25 July, the Tiger Forces captured two sites in and near the Castillo Complex, threatening to cut off the rebels remaining at Bani Zeid and al-Layramoun.[111]

On 26 July, government forces captured all of the al-Layramoun District after heavy fighting for the last rebel stronghold there, the Bus Station. After also seizing the Al-Castillo Amusement Park and imposing fire control over Bani Zeid, the remaining rebel forces in Aleppo City were left almost completely besieged.[21][112][113]

On 27 July, rebel forces attacked the Kurdish-held areas of Aleppo, although their attack was repelled.[114] The Kurds then proceeded to advance into the nearby rebel-held Bani Zeid Youth Housing neighborhood[115][116] and captured the whole complex.[9] Later that day, the Army officially declared it had cut off all rebel supply routes into Aleppo.[117] On 28 July, the military captured the Bani Zeid district,[116][118][22] as well as the rebel-held parts of the Ashrafiyah district.[23] The rebels withdrew from Bani Zeid before the main Army assault so to avoid heavy losses.[20] The Army then continued to push its assault towards the Dahret Abdrubbah area.[119]

On 30 July, the Kurdish YPG captured the Shuqayyif Youth Housing area, next to the Castello Road.[120][121]

Rebel counter-offensive, both sides besieged

edit
Main article: Aleppo offensive (July–August 2016)

On 31 July, the Army of Conquest launched a counter-offensive both south and north of Aleppo in an attempt to lift the siege on the rebel-held areas of the city. Fierce fighting was reported at the Al-Castillo Highway,[11] while the rebels managed to capture the Al-Hikma school and two hills on the southern outskirts of Aleppo, which constituted an advanced Army defense line.[122] The wide-scale rebel counter-attack reportedly included 8,000–10,000 fighters, 95 tanks, hundreds of rocket launchers and a large number of suicide-bombers.[123][124] By evening, the rebels also took control of Al-'Amariyah village and reached the nearby 1070 Al-Hamadaniyah Housing Project where fighting continued.[125] During the night, the 1070 Al-Hamadaniyah Housing Project was also taken by the rebels.[126][127]

The next day, the rebels once again advanced and took control of Mushrifah village (also known as Sharfa), that is situated on a hill that overlooks the Al-Assad Military Academy.[128][129]

Over the next several days, back-and-forth fighting took place for control of the 1070 Housing Project neighborhood,[130][131][132][133] Huwayz village,[124][134][135][136][137] Al-'Amariyah and several hills.[59][87][138][139][140][141][142][143][144][145]

On 5 August, a rebel attack on the Military Academy started[146] Shortly after their advances at the Military Academy, rebels both inside and outside Aleppo advanced into the Ramouseh neighborhood, linked up and captured it. With this advance, the rebels managed to cut the government's supply line into the government-held part of west Aleppo[147] and announced the Army's siege of rebel-held east Aleppo had been broken.[148] Since the rebel offensive started, at least 130 civilians had been killed, most by rebel shelling of government-held districts. 500 fighters on both sides also died, mostly rebels.[149] At the end of the day, the rebels were in control of the entire Military Academy base and the Ramouseh district.[150]

Fighting continues, Army retakes territory

edit
Main article: Aleppo offensive (August–September 2016)

On 7 August, fighting was still continuing in the Ramouseh district, where it was confirmed the Army was still in control of parts of the area.[151] The government, backed by Russia, launched an intensive air-strike campaign, in which one of the military schools captured by the rebels was reportedly leveled. Meanwhile, the rebels were putting up a "massive" defense to protect the new corridor.[152] The next day, the Ramouseh district was confirmed to be completely under rebel control,[153] while the Army recaptured al-Sanobrat hill.[154]

On 11 August, the rebels attacked the government supply route to Aleppo between Khanasir and Ithriya, capturing Mahmyat Al-Ghazal.[155] However, the Army recaptured the village the following day.[156]

Between 11 and 17 August, the Army launched several counter-attacks, primarily against the 1070 Housing Project.[157][158] During the fighting on 11 August, 29 government fighters and up to 20 rebel fighters were killed.[159] By 17 August, government forces recaptured about 70 percent of the district.[34][160]

On 17 August, after capturing most of the 1070 Al-Hamdaniyah Housing Project, government forces also stormed the Air Force Technical Base. The former government commander of the base Brig. Gen. Deeb Bazi was killed as he led the assault.[34][160] Back-and-forth fighting at the Academy continued into early September, when on 4 September, pro-government forces finally overwhelmed the rebel defenders and captured the whole complex.[79][161][162] Thus, government troops reestablished the siege of rebel-held areas of Aleppo.[28]

Also during this time, on 21 August, government forces captured Umm Qara hill that overlooks the Khan Touman-Ramouseh Road near Al-Qarassi,[163][164] as well as nearby SyriaTel hill.[164][165] Multiple rebel counter-attacks in an attempt to recapture Umm Qara hill were eventually repelled.[166]

On 5 September, rebel frontlines in southern Aleppo collapsed, with pro-government forces overrunning three villages, three hills, two factories, two storage facilities, an Air Defense Base and a quarry.[167][168][169]

Between 6 and 8 September, the Syrian Army captured the whole Ramouseh district,[170][171][172][173][174] reopening the Ramouseh Road to supply government-held western Aleppo by 9 September.[175]

On 10–11 September, the Syrian Army and its allies continued to advance in the 1070 Al-Hamdaniyah Housing Project and the Al-'Amariyah District. They also continued to target the Hikmah School.[176][177][178]

On 11 September, airstrikes interrupted Eid al-Adha celebrations in rebel-held areas of Aleppo and Idlib. US and Russian officials negotiated a ceasefire hours prior, which was to go into effect later the following day at sundown.[179]

Aftermath – Ceasefire and government assault on East Aleppo

edit
Main articles: Aleppo offensive (September–October 2016), Aleppo offensive (October–November 2016), and Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)

After the implementation of the ceasefire in mid-September, the Syrian Army withdrew its forces from the Castello road to allow UN humanitarian aid into the eastern parts of the city. However, rebel groups outside the city did not allow humanitarian aid convoys into Aleppo.[180] Later, as Russian Marines and Syrian Red Crescent personnel controlling Castello road came under fire by rebel groups, the SAA redeployed its soldiers once again.[181]

On 16 September, the Russian Air Force carried out numerous airstrikes around Aleppo for the first time since the ceasefire had been reached four days earlier.[182] On 19 September, an aid convoy from the United Nations and the Syrian Arab Red Crescent consisting of more than 18 trucks was reportedly hit by air-to-surface missiles as they headed for eastern Aleppo from the town of Urum al-Kubra, killing 12 people and severely injuring several more.[183] At the same time, Russia and Syria restarted heavy bombing raids on rebels in the city.[184]

Early on 21 September, the Syrian Army seized most of Hikma Hill, thus being on the verge of recapturing Al-Hikma school and the 1070 Housing Project.[185][186] However, later in the day, the rebels retook the positions they lost on the hill. Still, the Army managed to capture areas of the Ramouseh district that had been rebel-held since late 2012.[187] Meanwhile, SOHR claimed that 3,000 Russian soldiers had arrived at Aleppo to support new government offensives in the area.[188]

On 22 September, the Syrian Army launched a new offensive into the rebel-held eastern neighborhoods.[189] Government forces also made further progress in southern Aleppo, capturing a few sites.[190][191]

A new rebel attempt to break the siege starting in late October 2016, failed after two weeks of fighting, and consequently all major rebel positions in East Aleppo were overrun by pro-government and Kurdish forces by 13 December 2016.

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ a b c d e Amir Toumaj (3 August 2016). "Iranian military involvement in the battle for Aleppo". The Long War Journal. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  2. ^ a b c "Four Iranian officers killed in Aleppo". 3 August 2016. Archived from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  3. ^ a b Tomson, Chris (31 August 2016). "Iranian commander shot dead during skirmishes with Jihadist rebels in Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 16 October 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Charkatli, Izat (25 June 2016). "Heavy Russian airstrikes on Aleppo amid preparations for huge ground offensive". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 10 November 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
  5. ^ Fadel, Leith (27 June 2016). "Syrian Army advances in northern Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 6 January 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
  6. ^ a b Fadel, Leith (8 August 2016). "Iraqi fighters pour into southern Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  7. ^ a b c d e Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (3 September 2016). "Quwat Dir' Al-Amn Al-Askari: A Latakia Military Intelligence Militia". Syria Comment. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
  8. ^ a b Fadel, Leith (29 August 2016). "Russian troops head to Aleppo City". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  9. ^ a b "SDF Seize Over The Youth Housing in Aleppo … Russians Commits A Massacre in Sakhour Neighborhood". Qasion News Agency. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  10. ^ "Clashes continue between Syrian opposition rebels and the Kurds in Aleppo". ARA News. 17 August 2016. Archived from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
  11. ^ a b Fadel, Leith (31 July 2016). "Battle for Aleppo City begins as jihadists storm several areas". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  12. ^ "Factions continue their most violent attack ever in the decisive battle at Aleppo and tens of airstrikes target the clashing areas". SOHR. 31 July 2016. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  13. ^ a b "TÜRKİSTAN İSLAM CEMAATİ HALEP OPERASYONU – GANİMETLER VE ÖLDÜRÜLEN ESED MİLİTANLARI". Doğu Türkistan Bülteni Haber Ajansı. 2 August 2016. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Thomas Joscelyn (7 August 2016). "Jihadists and other rebels claim to have broken through siege of Aleppo". The Long War Journal. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
  15. ^ a b c d Charkatli, Izat (3 August 2016). "Another rebel group loses important commander in Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 16 October 2018. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  16. ^ Solomon, Erika (8 August 2016). "Outside help behind rebel advances in Aleppo". Financial Times. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  17. ^ Fadel, Leith (25 June 2016). "Tiger Forces begin long-awaited northern Aleppo offensive". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
  18. ^ a b "Syrian army seizes only road into rebel-held Aleppo". Reuters. 17 July 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
  19. ^ "اشتباكات في حلب والقصف يجبر الثوار على الانسحاب من طريق الكاستيلو – وكالة مسار برس". 26 July 2016. Archived from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  20. ^ a b "As 2 more districts fall to regime, noose tightens around east Aleppo's 300,000 residents". Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  21. ^ a b Fadel, Leith (26 July 2016). "Syrian Army seizes key district in Aleppo City". Al-Masdar. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  22. ^ a b Fadel, Leith (28 July 2016). "Syrian Army captures important district in Aleppo City". Al-Masdar. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  23. ^ a b Fadel, Leith (28 July 2016). "Syrian Army takes control of another district in Aleppo City". Al-Masdar. Archived from the original on 10 November 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  24. ^ Charkatli, Izat (6 August 2016). "Jihadists advance on Ramousah district, cut supply route". Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
  25. ^ "Factions meet the fighters of the besieged eastern neighborhoods of Aleppo and shelling and violent raids on the outskirts of the city". Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
  26. ^ Barrington, Lisa; al-Khalidi, Suleiman (7 August 2016). "Jets pound rebels after they break Aleppo siege". Reuters. Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  27. ^ Fadel, Leith (8 September 2016). "[Map] Syrian Army attempts to capture new sites in southern Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  28. ^ a b c "IS ousted from Turkey border as Syria army besieges Aleppo". Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  29. ^ Charkatli, Izat (9 August 2016). "Video: Syrian Defense Minister inspects Syrian forces in Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
  30. ^ Tomson, Chris (30 June 2016). "Islamist rebels walk directly into Tiger Forces trap in northern Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
  31. ^ a b c d Chris Tomson (8 August 2015). "SouthFront: Syrian Army deploys 100 tanks, 400 BMP's to Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  32. ^ Szakola, Albin (26 September 2016). "Notorious Aleppo intelligence chief moved from post". NOW. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
  33. ^ Tomson, Chris (6 August 2016). "Battle for key military base rages in Syria's Aleppo". al Jazeera. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
  34. ^ a b c Adra, Zen (17 August 2016). "Field Report: Syrian Army storms Technical Base in southern Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 9 June 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
  35. ^ "The continuous clashes at the outskirts of Aleppo city cause casualties, factions advance in the northern countryside at the expense of the "Islamic State"". SOHR. 28 August 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
  36. ^ a b "Five generals among 72 Syrian regime casualties buried this week: report". NOW. 9 August 2016. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  37. ^ "The Chief of Staff of a regime forces' regiment died due to injuries he had during the battles of Faculties and Ramouseh". 17 September 2016.
  38. ^ a b Fadel, Leith (7 September 2016). "Iranian, Syrian commanders meet to discuss upcoming Aleppo offensive". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  39. ^ a b Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (30 August 2016). "Fawj Maghawir al-Badiya: A Military Intelligence Branch Militia". Syrian Comment. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  40. ^ "Soleimani's presence in Aleppo underscores strategy of crushing rebels – The Long War Journal". Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  41. ^ "Three Iranian leaders have been killed in Syria's battles". El-Dorar Al-Shamia. 6 September 2016. Archived from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  42. ^ Tomson, Chris (10 July 2016). "Prominent Hezbollah commander dies under mysterious circumstances". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
  43. ^ "The killing of Hassan Mousa Abdul Nabi, a leader in Hezbollah of #Aleppo". El-Dorar Al-Shamia. 8 September 2016. Archived from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  44. ^ a b c Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (15 August 2016). "Syrian Hezbollah Militias of Nubl and Zahara'". Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  45. ^ a b "Syrian Kurdish forces reject regime request to leave positions in Aleppo". ARA News. 1 August 2016. Archived from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  46. ^ ""YPG" Command Killed in Sheikh Maksoud's battles of Aleppo". 30 July 2016. Archived from the original on 18 December 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
  47. ^ "After breaking Aleppo siege, Syrian rebels threaten to attack Kurds". ARA News. 10 August 2016. Archived from the original on 30 April 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
  48. ^ Al-Mohammad, Alaa (28 July 2016). "Rebel military leader killed in Aleppo clashes". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  49. ^ Charkatli, Izat (10 July 2016). "Prominent rebel commander killed in Mallah battles". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
  50. ^ a b c d e Charkatli, Izat (10 August 2016). "Compilation of high-ranking jihadist commanders killed in past 24 hours". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 8 January 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
  51. ^ a b Fadel, Leith (9 July 2016). "Jihadist rebels suffer heavy casualties in failed northern Aleppo offensive". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  52. ^ Charkatli, Izat (11 August 2016). "Military Commander of Jaish Al-Mujahideen killed in south Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  53. ^ "Syria conflict: Senior militant leader 'killed' near Aleppo". BBC News. 9 September 2016.
  54. ^ Charkatli, Izat (9 September 2016). "Nusra Front former commander killed in Syria, fighters say". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  55. ^ "After Muhaysini vowed… tens of strikes accompany the heavy clashes southwest of Aleppo city". SOHR. 3 August 2016. Archived from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  56. ^ Fadel, Leith (11 September 2016). "Ahrar Al-Sham admits losing 170 fighters in southern Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2016.
  57. ^ "High-ranking jihadist commander killed in southern Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. 29 August 2016. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  58. ^ a b c Charkatli, Izat (25 July 2016). "Prominent rebel commander neutralized in Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  59. ^ a b c d e Charkatli, Izat (2 August 2016). "Syrian Army, jihadists trade blows in southwest Aleppo – Map Update". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 8 January 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  60. ^ Charkatli, Izat (14 August 2016). "Battle of Aleppo: Field Report". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
  61. ^ Adra, Zen (20 August 2016). "Top salafist commander killed in southern Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
  62. ^ a b Roche, Cody (5 December 2017). "The Trotskyist León Sedov Brigade in the Syrian Revolution". Medium. Archived from the original on 27 February 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  63. ^ a b "Revolutionaries for Hire - Mattia Salvia". The Baffler. 24 July 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
  64. ^ a b Tomson, Chris (13 July 2016). "Breakthrough in Aleppo as the Syrian Army captures Khalidiyeh district – Map update". Al-Masdar. Archived from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  65. ^ Fadel, Leith (2 September 2016). "Syrian Army, Hezbollah attack strategic military site in southern Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
  66. ^ Fadel, Leith (25 August 2016). "[Video] Massive Syrian Army reinforcements pour in Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
  67. ^ "Hezbollah deploying elite force to Aleppo: Iran media". NOW. 8 August 2016. Archived from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  68. ^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (23 July 2016). "Liwa al-Imam al-Mahdi: A Syrian Hezbollah Formation". Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  69. ^ "Syria conflict: Rebels 'filmed beheading boy' in Aleppo". BBC. 19 July 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
  70. ^ "Assad Seizes Only Road into Rebel-Held Aleppo As Siege Tightens". Huffington Post. 17 July 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
  71. ^ Fadel, Leith (18 July 2016). "Jihadist rebels mourn the loss of 16 fighters as government forces advance in Aleppo City". Al-Masdar News. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
  72. ^ Charkatli, Izat (25 July 2016). "Rebel group on the verge of total collapse in Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  73. ^ "Syria war: Aleppo tunnel bomb 'kills 38 government troops' – BBC News". BBC News. 22 July 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  74. ^ "The regime forces advance and reinforce the siege of the eastern neighborhoods of Aleppo and more casualties raise the number to 18 in the massacre of al-MashHad neighborhood". SOHR. 26 July 2016. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  75. ^ a b Charkatli, Izat (8 September 2016). "Breaking: Airstrike targets Jaish Al-Fateh meeting in Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  76. ^ Fadel, Leith (30 August 2016). "Russian Army convoy arrives in Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 8 January 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  77. ^ Tomson, Chris (2 August 2016). "Islamist group mourns fallen rebel fighters during southern Aleppo offensive". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  78. ^ a b "The Inside Source". Archived from the original on 30 August 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  79. ^ a b c "BREAKING – Artillery Base in South Aleppo under SAA Control!". The Inside Source. 4 September 2016. Archived from the original on 30 August 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  80. ^ a b c "More than 11000 casualties and injuries in the battle of breaking the siege of Aleppo city". SOHR. 10 September 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
  81. ^ "The Inside Source". Archived from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  82. ^ al-Khalidi, Suleiman (6 September 2016). "Syrian army presses Aleppo campaign as rebels retrench". Reuters. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  83. ^ a b "Syrian army unleashes broad offensive in Aleppo". Xinhua. Archived from the original on 26 June 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
  84. ^ "Syria: Army bid to cut off Aleppo unleashes fierce fighting". Morning Star (British newspaper). Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
  85. ^ "Battle for Aleppo: A Rebel Breakthrough or Bust". Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  86. ^ "Syria war: Rebels vow to intensify offensive in Aleppo".
  87. ^ a b "Syrian govt forces roll back rebel gains in Aleppo: activists". Daily Star. 3 August 2016. Archived from the original on 12 May 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  88. ^ Patrikarakos, David (4 August 2016). "Analysis: Why The Battle For Aleppo Could Change The Direction of the War in Syria". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
  89. ^ Lund, Aron. "What the Rebel Loss of Aleppo Will Mean for Syria". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
  90. ^ Fadel, Leith (29 July 2016). "Syrian Armed Forces carry out special operation to avenge the beheaded boy in northern Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
  91. ^ Charkatli, Izat (28 August 2016). "More jihadist commanders killed in Aleppo clashes". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 16 October 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
  92. ^ "Syrian Army, Hezbollah capture several points in southern Aleppo". Al-Masdar. 18 August 2016. Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
  93. ^ Adra, Zen (26 June 2016). "Field Report: Syrian Army advances in northern Aleppo amid intensifying battles". Al-Masdar. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
  94. ^ "Syrian Government Forces Close in on Aleppo". Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
  95. ^ Adra, Zen (26 June 2016). "Aleppo Battle Update: Syrian Army fully recaptures eastern parts of Mallah + [Map]". Al-Masdar. Archived from the original on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
  96. ^ "US-backed Syrian rebels move toward IS-held town near Iraq". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
  97. ^ a b "Syrian army fire cuts only road into rebel-held Aleppo: rebels". Reuters. 7 July 2016.
  98. ^ "Fierce fighting for key Aleppo road despite Syria truce". The Straits Times. 7 July 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
  99. ^ "Syria conflict: Army fire 'cuts key Aleppo road' – BBC News". BBC News. 7 July 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
  100. ^ Adra, Zen (7 July 2016). "Aleppo rebels trapped as Syrian Army cuts off main supply route. Map Update". Al-Masdar. Archived from the original on 10 November 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
  101. ^ Charkatli, Izat (9 July 2016). "Syrian Army continues advance in Aleppo neighborhoods". Al-Masdar. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  102. ^ "38 شهيداً معظمهم من الأطفال والمواطنات في القذائف على مدينة حلب وتقدم للنظام في الليرمون وشهداء وجرحى في قصف جوي على المدينة". Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR). Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  103. ^ "Syrian Regime Progressing in Khaldya Front … Russians Shelling Aleppo's Neighborhood – Qasion News Agency". Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  104. ^ Fadel, Leith (10 July 2016). "Russian airstrikes propel the Syrian Army inside Aleppo City". Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  105. ^ "اشتباكات عنيفة في أطراف مدينة حلب وشمالها وقصف جوي يستهدف المدينة وريفيها الشمالي والغربي". Al-Masdar. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
  106. ^ AFP. "Syria army presses Aleppo offensive despite truce extension". Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  107. ^ "Syrian Troops Besiege Rebel-Held Parts of Aleppo". The New York Times. 17 July 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
  108. ^ "اشتباكات عنيفة ومتواصلة بالتزامن مع قصف مكثف في منطقة معامل الليرمون وفي جبهتي الكاستيلو وبني زيد". SOHR. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
  109. ^ Fadel, Leith (23 July 2016). "Syrian Army advances inside jihadist controlled Aleppo City". Al-Masdar. Archived from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  110. ^ Fadel, Leith (25 July 2016). "Syrian Army advances in northwest Aleppo as jihadist defenses crumble". Al-Masdar. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  111. ^ Charkatli, Izat (25 July 2016). "Tiger Forces continue to advance in north Aleppo, capture points on imperative highway". Al-Masdar. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  112. ^ "Syria regime advances on rebels in Aleppo: monitor". Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  113. ^ Fadel, Leith (26 July 2016). "Syrian Army imposes fire control over rebel stronghold in Aleppo City: map". Al-Masdar. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  114. ^ Fadel, Leith (27 July 2016). "Kurdish forces beat back jihadist rebels in Aleppo City". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
  115. ^ "قصف مكثف على حي الشيخ مقصود واشتباكات عنيفة في محور السكن الشبابي". SOHR. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  116. ^ a b "Syria's powerful Nusra Front says ending link to al Qaeda". Reuters. 28 July 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  117. ^ "Syrian army says cut off all supply routes into east Aleppo". Reuters. 27 July 2016. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  118. ^ "Syrian army captures key rebel stronghold in Aleppo city". Xinhua – English.news.cn. Archived from the original on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  119. ^ Fadel, Leith (28 July 2016). "Latest field map from Aleppo City". Al-Masdar. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  120. ^ "SDF Seize Over The Youth Housing And Siege Aleppo with the Syrian Regime". Qasion News Agency. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  121. ^ [1] [2]
  122. ^ Adra, Zen (31 July 2016). "Field Report: Jihadi rebels gain grounds in southern Aleppo [Map + Video]". Al-Masdar. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  123. ^ "Syrian army, allies counter-attack to regain lost ground in Aleppo". Al Arabiya. 3 August 2016.
  124. ^ a b Fadel, Leith (3 August 2016). "Syrian Army rolls back jihadist gains in southern Aleppo". Al-Masdar. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  125. ^ Fadel, Leith (31 July 2016). "Russian Air Force emerges in southern Aleppo to help drive back jihadists". Al-Masdar. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  126. ^ "Rebels attempt to break encirclement of Aleppo". IntelligenceFusion.co.uk. Archived from the original on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  127. ^ Fadel, Leith (1 August 2016). "Jihadist rebels capture key site in Aleppo City". Al-Masdar. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  128. ^ Adra, Zen (1 August 2016). "Field Report: Syrian Army loses key hilltop in southern Aleppo amid jihadist advance. Map Update". Al-Masdar. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  129. ^ "Al-Fatih Continue Progressing And Seizes Over Sharfa Village Southern Aleppo". Qasion News Agency. Archived from the original on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  130. ^ Charkatli, Izat (1 August 2016). "Syrian Army recaptures strategic area in Aleppo: Map Update". Al-Masdar. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  131. ^ "Continued clashes in Aleppo and explosive barrels target areas of Aleppo countryside". SOHR. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  132. ^ "قصف جوي يستهدف أحياء بمدينة حلب مع استمرار الاشتباكات في أطرافها الجنوبية الغربية". SOHR. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  133. ^ Fadel, Leith (4 August 2016). "Russian Air Force pounds Aleppo City while the Syrian Army counters Jaysh Al-Fateh". Al-Masdar. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
  134. ^ "Syrian opposition forces seize over Talet Al-Huwaiz village in the southern countryside of Aleppo". Qasion News Agency. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  135. ^ "ضربات جوية تستهدف 6 أحياء بمدينة حلب و10 مناطق وبلدات بريفها الغربي تخلف شهداء وجرحى ومعارك متواصلة بعنف في جنوب غرب المدينة". SOHR. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
  136. ^ "Aleppo rebels counter offensive (31 July – ongoing)". www.agathocledesyracuse.com. Archived from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  137. ^ "ضربات جوية مكثفة تستهدف مدينة حلب وأطرافها الجنوبية الغربية ومزيد من الخسائر البشرية في سقوط قذائف على أحياء فيها". SOHR. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
  138. ^ Peto Lucem [@PetoLucem] (2 August 2016). "Opposition map of southern #Aleppo : insurgents capture Al-#Huwayz but #SAA secures Al-#Amiriyyah and two hills" (Tweet). Retrieved 6 August 2016 – via Twitter.
  139. ^ "Alleged chemical attacks are the latest development in Aleppo". Newseek. 3 August 2016.
  140. ^ Tomson, Chris (3 August 2016). "Jihadist commanders halt Aleppo offensive to redraw plans". Al-Masdar. Archived from the original on 8 January 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  141. ^ "Syrian Opposition Forces Launch "The Martyr Ibrahim Yusuf" Battle … And Seize Over New Positions in Aleppo". Qasion News Agency. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
  142. ^ Fadel, Leith (5 August 2016). "Russian airstrikes propel the Syrian Army in southern Aleppo". Al-Masdar. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
  143. ^ Charkatli, Izat (5 August 2016). "Syrian Army reverses rebel gains in southwest Aleppo". Al-Masdar. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
  144. ^ "معارك عنيفة يشهدها مخيم حندرات وجنوب غرب مدينة حلب ومزيد من الشهداء في أحياء بالمدينة". SOHR. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
  145. ^ "هجوم عنيف للفصائل في مرحلة جديدة من "غزوة إبراهيم اليوسف" وقصف مكثف يرافق المعارك العنيفة بجنوب مدينة حلب". Retrieved 6 August 2016.
  146. ^ "Syrian rebels storm Aleppo artillery base, army says attack repelled". Reuters. 6 August 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
  147. ^ "Syria rebels try to break government siege in Aleppo". USA Today. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  148. ^ "Syria opposition says rebels break Aleppo regime siege". 6 August 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
  149. ^ "At least 500 fighters killed in a week in Aleppo battle: monitor". News24. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  150. ^ Factions incur regime, the Russians, the Iranians and the Lebanese Hezbollah the biggest spiritual and military loss since 2013 Archived 5 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  151. ^ "AP News – The Columbus Dispatch". Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  152. ^ "Syrian Rebels Breach Government-Imposed Siege on Aleppo". The New York Times. 7 August 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  153. ^ Tomson, Chris (8 August 2016). "Understanding the battle for supply lines to Aleppo city – Map update". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  154. ^ "عشرات الضربات الجوية ترافق الاشتباكات العنيفة في جنوب غرب مدينة حلب وشهداء وجرحى في قصف جوي على المدينة".
  155. ^ Charkatli, Izat (11 August 2016). "Jihadists launch an offensive to obstruct Khanasser supply route". al-Masdar. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
  156. ^ Charkatli, Izat (12 August 2016). "Syrian Army chases Jihadists out of Aleppo supply road fringes". Al-Masdar. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  157. ^ Fadel, Leith (12 August 2016). "Jihadists foil first Syrian Army offensive in southern Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  158. ^ Fadel, Leith (13 August 2016). "Syrian Army advances in southern Aleppo amid Russian airstrikes". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
  159. ^ "The Inside Source". Archived from the original on 30 August 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  160. ^ a b "SAA Retreats From The Technical College!". Archived from the original on 30 August 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  161. ^ Fadel, Leith (4 September 2016). "Syrian Army captures strategic military base in southern Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  162. ^ "Siege of eastern Aleppo resumes as Syrian government re-takes army site". Reuters. 4 September 2016. Archived from the original on 4 September 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  163. ^ "Continued clashes and advances for the regime in Aleppo". 21 August 2016.
  164. ^ a b "The Inside Source". Archived from the original on 30 August 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  165. ^ Fadel, Leith (21 August 2016). "Syrian Army captures SyriaTel Hill in southern Aleppo". Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  166. ^ "The Inside Source". Archived from the original on 30 August 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  167. ^ Fadel, Leith (5 September 2016). "Syrian Army makes huge gains in southern Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  168. ^ "BREAKING! Rebel Frontline Collapses in South Aleppo!". BREAKING! Rebel Frontline Collapses in South Aleppo!. 5 September 2016. Archived from the original on 30 August 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  169. ^ Charkatli, Izat (5 September 2016). "Syrian Army continues massive advance in S. Aleppo amidst jihadist collapse". Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  170. ^ Fadel, Leith (6 September 2016). "Syrian Army attacks important district in southern Aleppo". Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  171. ^ Charkatli, Izat (7 September 2016). "Breaking: Syrian Army launches massive offensive in south Aleppo district". Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  172. ^ Fadel, Leith (7 September 2016). "Syrian Army captures the Ramouseh Garages in southern Aleppo". Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  173. ^ Fadel, Leith (8 September 2016). "Syrian Army captures several sites in southern Aleppo". Archived from the original on 10 November 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  174. ^ "قوات النظام تستعيد السيطرة على حي الراموسة بعد أسابيع على خسارتها للمنطقة".
  175. ^ Fadel, Leith (9 September 2016). "Syrian Army opens key southern Aleppo road". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  176. ^ Fadel, Leith (10 September 2016). "Syrian Army advances in southern Aleppo amid jihadist collapse". Archived from the original on 5 November 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  177. ^ Fadel, Leith (10 September 2016). "Syrian Army captures more territory in southern Aleppo". Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  178. ^ Fadel, Leith (11 September 2016). "Syrian Army launches massive assault in southern Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 10 November 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2016.
  179. ^ "Hopes fade for peaceful Eid in Syria as over 100 killed". Retrieved 12 September 2016 – via Al Jazeera.
  180. ^ Sanchez, Raf (14 September 2016). "UN says armed Syrian groups blocking Aleppo aid for 'political gain'". The Telegraph. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  181. ^ Fadel, Leith (16 September 2016). "Syrian Army returns to strategic Aleppo highway after rebel attack". Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  182. ^ Fadel, Leith (16 September 2016). "Russian Air Force carries out first airstrike in Aleppo". Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  183. ^ "Syria: Attack on humanitarian convoy is an attack on humanity". International Committee of the Red Cross. 20 September 2016.
  184. ^ "Air strikes hit aid convoy as Syria says ceasefire over". Reuters. 19 September 2016.
  185. ^ Fadel, Leith (21 September 2016). "Jaysh Al-Fateh's defenses crumble as the Syrian Army swiftly advances in southern Aleppo". Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  186. ^ "Aerial bombardment on Khan Toman kills 13". 21 September 2016.
  187. ^ Fadel, Leith (21 September 2016). "Jaysh Al-Fateh hangs onto Hikmah Hill despite crumbling defenses in southern Aleppo". Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  188. ^ "3000 Russian soldiers arrived to Aleppo to support regime forces". SOHR. 21 September 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  189. ^ Leith Fadel (22 September 2016). "Syrian Army to begin important east Aleppo offensive". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  190. ^ Leith Fadel (22 September 2016). "Syrian Army, Hezbollah storm southern Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  191. ^ Izat Charkatli (22 September 2016). "Syrian Army continues advance in south Aleppo – Map update". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_Aleppo_summer_campaign&oldid=1254800314"