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2024 BX1

52°37′15″N 12°45′40″E / 52.62083°N 12.76111°E / 52.62083; 12.76111

2024 BX1
A fragment of 2024 BX1
Discovery[1][2]
Discovered byKrisztián Sárneczky
Discovery sitePiszkéstető Stn.
Discovery date20 January 2024
Designations
2024 BX1
Sar2736, Ribbeck
NEO · Apollo
Orbital characteristics[3]
Epoch 13 September 2023 (JD 2460200.5)
Uncertainty parameter 6
Observation arc2.49 h (150 min)
Aphelion1.833 AU
Perihelion0.835 AU
1.334 AU
Eccentricity0.3740
1.54 yr (563.0 d)
246.680°
0° 38m 22.038s / day
Inclination7.266°
300.141°
243.604°
Earth MOID0.000532 AU (79,600 km)
Physical characteristics
44 cm[4]
40–60 cm[5]
Mass140 kg (entry mass)[4]
1.8 kg (recovered)[5]
2.5888±0.0002 s[6]
E-type asteroid[4]
32.795±0.353[3]
32.84[1]
–14.4 (bolide maximum)[4]

2024 BX1, previously known under its temporary designation Sar2736, was a 44 centimetre-sized (17 inches)[4] asteroid or meteoroid that entered Earth's atmosphere on 21 January 2024 00:33 UTC and disintegrated as a meteor over Berlin.[2][7] The recovered fragments are known as the Ribbeck meteorite.

It was discovered less than three hours before impact by Hungarian astronomer Krisztián Sárneczky at Konkoly Observatory's Piszkéstető Station in the Mátra Mountains, Hungary.[2] It was observed with the 60 cm Schmidt Telescope. Sárneczky first thought it was a known asteroid because it had a brightness of 18th magnitude, but he could not find it in any catalog, so he reported it to the Minor Planet Center.[8] The fireball was observed by the cameras of the AllSky7[9] and Fripon[10] networks. 2024 BX1 is the eighth asteroid discovered before impacting Earth, and is Sárneczky's third discovery of an impacting asteroid. Before it impacted, 2024 BX1 was a near-Earth asteroid on an Earth-crossing Apollo-type orbit.

The bolide was studied in June 2024. It had a steep entry of 75.6° and an entry speed of 15.20 km/s. The bolide was observed with the SDAFO at Tautenburg, which took a spectrum of the bolide. The spectrum was low in iron, consistent with an enstatite-rich body (E-type asteroid). At a hight of 55 km the meteoroid fragmented into smaller pieces. These primary pieces then broke up again at a height of 39-29 km. The size and mass were first estimated at 1 meter and 1700 kg based on albedos of S-type asteroids. The radiometric measurements from the European Fireball Network did however suggest a mass of about 100 kg. Considering it was an E-type asteroid, which have higher albedos, the new estimates are 0.44 meters and 140 kg.[4]

Ribbeck meteorite

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Meteorite fragments of 2024 BX1 were found four days after it entered the Earth's atmosphere.[11][12][5] Searches were conducted by the German Aerospace Center (DLR), the Berlin universities, members of the Meteor Working Group and meteorite hunters. The first samples were found by Polish searchers close to the village Ribbeck (Nauen). The meteorite fragments are therefore called Ribbeck meteorites. About 200 pieces were collected, totaling about 1.8 kg. The largest pieces weighed 212 g (sample F13) and 171 g (sample F14).[5] First analysis by scientists of the Natural History Museum in Berlin showed that it was an aubrite, a rare group of meteorites. The results were submitted to the Meteoritical Society in February.[13] Later analysis of the spectrum at UV–mid-infrared wavelengths also found that the sample is consistent with aubrites. It was also shown that it had similar 0.5/0.9 μm band depths when compared to (434) Hungaria, hinting at a possible linkage. 2024 BX1 also shows an aphelion that is consistent with the heliocentric distances of the Hungaria family.[14] A study from July 2024 describe the meteorite fragments. According to this study Ribbeck is consistent with a brecciated aubrite. The researchers found that the plagioclase fragments in Ribbeck formed from coarse-grained magmatic rock that cooled slowly and that were fragmented by impacts on the parent body. The albitic plagioclase content is one of the highest among all aubrites, similar to the aubrite of Bishopville (see Meteorite fall). This causes Europium measurements to be higher in both meteorites. The rock showed signs of shock metamorphism and terrestrial weathering. The 4 days of weathering in the snow/melted snow gave the samples a brown color and the breakdown of sulfides gave the samples a smell of hydrogen sulfide (rotten egg smell). Some minerals (oldhamite, a Cr-rich phase and a Ti-rich phase) showed strong alteration, but it is unclear if this happened partially before the meteorite impact or if it is only due to weathering.[5] The researchers believe that the parent body of Ribbeck is 4.5 billion years old.[5][15] Aubrites formed very early within a few Million years after the formation of calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions (~4.56 billion years old) and for Ribbeck ages were determined with the help of K–Ar dating (~3.3–3.7 billion years) and Uranium/Thorium-Helium dating (~2.3–2.5 billion years). These younger ages are indications for impact events on the parent body. The cosmic ray exposure (CRE) age of Ribbeck is 55-62 Million years. CRE dating is a technique to determine how long a sample was exposed to space (see surface exposure dating).[5]

Composition of 2024 BX1
Mineral Bischoff et al.[5]
FeO-free enstatite 76 ±3 vol%
albitic plagioclase 15.0 ±2.5 vol%
forsterite 5.5 ±1.5 vol%
opaque phases
a) Metals, including kamacite with Nickel-rich grains (taenite or tetrataenite)
b) Schreibersite
c) Sulfides: troilite, djerfisherite, alabandite, oldhamite, Cr-rich phase, Ti-rich phase 		3.5 ±1.0 vol%
nearly FeO-free diopside traces
K-feldspar traces
S-bearing K-feldspar-like phase traces

Researchers described the meteorite fragments as "cosmic pears", in remembrance of the ballad Herr von Ribbeck auf Ribbeck im Havelland by Theodor Fontane.[5][15] According to the ballad Ribbeck gave pears to passing children and after his death a legendary pear tree did grow on his grave, providing children with free pears.

Exhibitions

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Seven pieces of the meteorite were exhibited at the Natural History Museum in Berlin for a few weeks in March 2024.[16][17] A 26 g piece discovered by Antal Igaz is exposed at the Konkoly Observatory in Hungary. A 5.3 g piece found by Szymon Kozłowski is on display at the Astronomical Observatory of the University of Warsaw.[17]

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  • 2024 BX1 bolide on 21 January 2024 over Berlin
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    Sample of Ribbeck found after 6 days and showing terrestrial alteration, giving the sample a brown color
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    Olivine in Ribbeck, showing fracture lines, indicative of shock metamorphism
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    Thin sections of 2024 BX1 samples, with enstatite crystals (En), olivine (Ol), plagioclase (Plag) and metal (Met)

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "2024 BX1". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  2. ^ a b c "MPEC 2024-B76 : 2024 BX1". Minor Planet Electronic Circular. Minor Planet Center. 21 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  3. ^ a b "Small-Body Database Lookup: (2024 BX1)" (2024-01-21 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Spurný, P.; Borovička, J.; Shrbený, L.; Hankey, M.; Neubert, R. (1 June 2024). "Atmospheric entry and fragmentation of the small asteroid 2024 BX1: Bolide trajectory, orbit, dynamics, light curve, and spectrum". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 686: A67. arXiv:2403.00634. Bibcode:2024A&A...686A..67S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449735. ISSN 0004-6361.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Bischoff, Addi; Patzek, Markus; Barrat, Jean-Alix; Berndt, Jasper; Busemann, Henner; Degering, Detlev; Di Rocco, Tommaso; Ek, Mattias; Harries, Dennis; Godinho, Jose R. A.; Heinlein, Dieter; Kriele, Armin; Krietsch, Daniela; Maden, Colin; Marchhart, Oscar (31 July 2024). "Cosmic pears from the Havelland (Germany): Ribbeck, the twelfth recorded aubrite fall in history". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. doi:10.1111/maps.14245. ISSN 1086-9379.
  6. ^ Devogèle, Maxime; Buzzi, Luca; Micheli, Marco; Cano, Juan Luis; Conversi, Luca; Jehin, Emmanuel; Ferrais, Marin; Ocaña, Francisco; Föhring, Dora (1 April 2024). "Aperture photometry on asteroid trails". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 689: A211. arXiv:2404.04142. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450263.
  7. ^ O'Callaghan, Jonathan (10 February 2024). "Fragments of Asteroid With Mystery Origin Are Found Outside Berlin - Astronomers tracked the entry of a small space rock into Earth's atmosphere, and then meteorite hunters made an unexpected discovery". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 February 2024. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
  8. ^ "162 minutes from discovery until impact". Konkoly Thege Miklós Astronomical Institute. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
  9. ^ "german@allsky7.groups.io | SAR2736". allsky7.groups.io. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  10. ^ "Single event view (773388)". fireball.fripon.org. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  11. ^ King, Bob (26 January 2024). "ASTEROID 2024 BX1: FROM A DOT OF LIGHT TO FIREBALL TO ROCKS ON THE GROUND". Sky & Telescope. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  12. ^ @SAL_DLR_Berlin (26 January 2024). "And here we go! The joint team from @DLR_en, @mfnberlin and @FU_Berlin managed to recover two fragments that are thought to be from asteroid #2024BX1. We will still be going to the field in the next few days with the hope of finding more material to study! #meteorites" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  13. ^ "Asteroid that impacted near Berlin identified as a rare Aubrite". SETI. 5 February 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  14. ^ Cantillo, David C.; Ridenhour, Kaycee I.; Battle, Adam; Joyce, Thomas; Nunez Breceda, Juliana; Pearson, Neil; Reddy, Vishnu (1 June 2024). "Laboratory Spectral Characterization of Ribbeck Aubrite: Meteorite Sample of Earth-impacting Near-Earth Asteroid 2024 BX1". The Planetary Science Journal. 5 (6): 138. Bibcode:2024PSJ.....5..138C. doi:10.3847/PSJ/ad4885. ISSN 2632-3338.
  15. ^ a b Design, Universität Münster, University of Münster, Web and. "Ribbeck meteorite from the Havelland is 4.5 billion years old". www.uni-muenster.de. Retrieved 4 August 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ "Spectacular meteorite to be exhibited at the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin". Museum für Naturkunde. 5 March 2024. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
  17. ^ a b "RIBBECK (2024 BX1) Aubrite meteorite fall (~ 1760 g) between Selbelang (Paulinenaue), Ribbeck, Berge and Lietzow (Nauen), Havelland, Brandenburg, Germany at 00:32:38-44 UT on 21 January 2024". karmaka.de. 29 May 2024. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
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