The Albanian–Yugoslav border war of 1921 arose from disputes over the borders of the newly established Principality of Albania after the First Balkan War. Although the 1913 Treaty of London outlined general territorial terms for Albania, precise borders remained unresolved amid the chaos of World War I, the Paris Peace Conference, and the League of Nations' formation. With the League failing to reach a verdict for a year, Yugoslavia, spurred by the Mirdita rebellion, asserted territorial claims and deployed troops to the border. As tensions escalated, League intervention became imperative. The conflict concluded after the United Kingdom recognized Albania, prompting Yugoslavia to withdraw its forces. Subsequently, diplomatic ties were established between Albania and Yugoslavia, leading to Yugoslavia's acknowledgment of Albanian sovereignty.
| Albanian–Yugoslav border war | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Interwar period | |||||||
 A New York Times headline from 9 November 1921 about the Yugoslav incursion in Albania | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Principality of AlbaniaDiplomatic Support:  Italy |
 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes Kingdom of Greece Republic of Mirdita Army of Wrangel[1] | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Pandeli Evangjeli Ahmet Zog |
Peter I Constantine I Marka Gjoni  Pyotr Wrangel[1] | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
|
Unknown troop strength |
Unknown troop strength Unknown troop strength 1200 Russian Mercenaries[2] | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Unknown number of casualties | Unknown number of casualties | ||||||
Background
editAt the conclusion of the First Balkan War in 1913, the Treaty of London was signed which dealt with the territorial adjustments of the Balkan region and among others, established the rough borders as well as recognizing the independence of Albania. The refining of Albania's borders were to be determined by the Great Powers, however progress was halted due to the outbreak of the First World War. The frontiers of the newly established Principality of Albania had not been set during the Paris Peace Conference, leaving the issue to be resolved by the newly formed League of Nations in 1920.[3] When the final decision regarding Albania's borders had not yet been determined by the following year, the situation quickly became unstable due to unrest both within and outside Albania's proposed borders.[citation needed]
Rebellion in Mirdita
editMarka Gjoni, a chieftain of the predominantly Roman Catholic Mirdita region and tribe in Northern Albania, believed that the new Albanian government was going to ban Catholicism. As a result, he allowed Yugoslav authorities on his behalf to proclaim the Mirdita Republic on July 17, 1921 in Prizren, Yugoslavia.[4][5][6][7] Gjoni received Yugoslav support, weapons and money from the Yugoslav government who saw the newly founded republic as a helpful asset in their efforts to weaken the Albanian state by aiding separatism and fueling religious unrest, in order to negotiate a more advantageous border demarcation between Albania's territory and their own.[6][7] Gjoni urged the Yugoslav government to take steps to secure the recognition of the Mirdita republic, but Yugoslavia was mainly interested in seeking potential territorial claims to the republic itself.[7] Therefore Greece became the only country to recognize the Mirdita republic as an independent state.
At the League of Nations, the Yugoslav government accused the Albanian government of holding only the interest of the Muslim population in mind while suppressing the country's Catholic population. Albania's government responded by stating that it represented all Albanians regardless of religious beliefs.[7] The Yugoslav government argued that due to the existence of the Mirdita republic, the Albanian response was invalid and threw Albania's status of being a country into question, thus affecting its potential membership in the League.[8] The Yugoslav delegation stated that while two governments existed in Albania, a unity between the people could not exist.[7]
Escalation of hostilities
editThe Albanian government viewed the existence of the Mirdita republic as a violation of the sovereignty of the Albanian state. As a result, it began preparing troops to quash the rebellion. Meanwhile, in August 1921, representatives of both Yugoslavia and the Mirdita Republic signed an agreement which stated that the republic would be defended by Yugoslav military forces and the interests of the republic abroad would be represented by the Yugoslav government. This prompted Albania to accuse Yugoslavia of instigating a rebellion and aiding the separatists.[citation needed]
In September 1921, Greek troops conducted military operations in Southern Albania while Yugoslav forces occupied Northern Albania after some clashes with Northern tribesmen. Albania gained the support of Italy who advised them to engage the rebels and invaders from both a military and diplomatic standpoint. As it was a League of Nations member since 1920, the Albanian government asked the League to recognize Albania's predetermined borders from the Treaty of London in 1913 and finalize any discrepancies. The urgency of the situation became clearer to the League by the end of September, when Albanian and Yugoslav troops stood eye to eye at the demarcation line, with skirmishes in the region of Lurija and Tedrina lasting several weeks and moving the front lines. On 2 October 1921, the Assembly of the League of Nations voted unanimously to let the Great Powers settle the border conflict and recommended Albania to accept beforehand the ramifications of their decision.[citation needed]
Border war
editAfter Yugoslav forces gained the upper hand at the demarcation line by the end of October 1921, a decision was made by the Yugoslav government to invade Albanian territory beyond the areas they had already occupied. In response, the League of Nations dispatched a commission (Conference of Ambassadors) composed of representatives from the United Kingdom, France, Italy and Japan, who on 7 November 1921 concluded that the Yugoslav government was responsible for the conflict and ordered them to cease hostilities against Albania and withdraw all their troops from foreign territory.[citation needed] The Yugoslav government denied all accusations directed at them and did not answer the commissions call to retreat from Albanian soil. In response, the commission announced its decision about Albania's borders to the public on 9 November 1921.[citation needed]
The League of Nations confirmed with special resolution the decision of the Conference of Ambassadors from 9 November between 17 November and 19 November 1921. Albania was asked to submit a report to the League about the retreat of Yugoslav, Greek and Albanian troops from the demarcation line and "take necessary security measures" against local movements that endangered the internal peace of Albania.[9] Great Britain's prime minister Lloyd George had recognized the Albanian government that same month and also made multiple heated diplomatic protests against the Yugoslav government, demanding its withdrawal from disputed areas.[7][10] Due to Britain's intervention and the possibilities of sanctions against their country, Yugoslavia ended support for Gjoni and withdrew its troops from all Albanian territories as stated in the 1913 Treaty of London, albeit under protest.[11][7][6] [12]
Aftermath
editWith the withdrawal of the Yugoslav troops, the Mirdita Republic became quickly overrun by Albanian government troops and irregular forces under the command of Ahmet Zog. The rebellion ended by 20 November 1921 following negotiations with local Mirditor elders who agreed to surrender to Zog if no reprisals would occur. Gjoni fled to Yugoslavia, while Mirdita was placed under siege with Gjoni's followers being proclaimed as traitors. Other rebels were sentenced in a government political court, though no real persecution fell on the main leaders.[10] As a result of the rebellion, Mirditan autonomy was abolished by the Albanian government.[4]
In the meantime, a new Delimitation Commission was formed which would finalize and confirm the official Albanian border, while the United Kingdom insisted on slight adaptations in the region of Debar, Prizren and Kastrati in the interest of Yugoslavia. In an effort to gain the favor of the Border Demarcation Commission, Albania and Yugoslavia established formal diplomatic relations in March 1922, thereby also accepting the League's decision on the matter of Albania's frontiers.[13] By this act, Yugoslavia also recognised the independence and sovereignty of the Albanian state which meant that Yugoslav policy of military engagement in Albania had resulted in defeat.[citation needed] Gjoni later returned to Albania and remained active as a political leader in Mirdita until his death in 1925.[citation needed]
References
edit- ^ a b Besier & Stokłosa 2014, p. 239.
- ^ Mulder, Nicholas (2022-01-11). The Economic Weapon: The Rise of Sanctions as a Tool of Modern War. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-26252-0.
- ^ Kalaja, Deona Çali (2016). "The admission of Albania in the League of Nations". Journal of Liberty and International Affairs. 1 (3): 55–68.
- ^ a b Pula 2013, p. 48
- ^ Besier & Stokłosa 2014, p. 239
- ^ a b c Tomes 2011, p. 46
- ^ a b c d e f g Austin 2012, p. 25
- ^ Austin 2012, pp. 24–25
- ^ "PEACE CONFERENCE AND BORDER ISSUE – YUGOSLAVIA – ALBANIA WWI". serbiaworldnews.wordpress.com. 19 February 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
- ^ a b Tomes 2011, p. 47.
- ^ Austin 2012, pp. 25–26.
- ^ Northedge 1986, pp. 103–105.
- ^ "summaries of Judgments, Advisory opinions and orders of the Permanent Court of international Justice" (PDF). legal.un.org. 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
Sources
edit- Austin, Robert Clegg (2012). Founding a Balkan State: Albania's Experiment with Democracy, 1920–1925. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781442644359.
- Besier, Gerhard; Stokłosa, Katarzyna (2014). European Dictatorships: A Comparative History of the Twentieth Century. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 9781443855211.
- Pula, Besnik (2013). "Binding Institutions: Peasants and Nation-state rule in the Albanian highlands, 1911-1939". In Go, Julian (ed.). Decentering Social Theory. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing. pp. 37–72. ISBN 9781781907276.
- Tomes, Jason (2011). King Zog: Self-Made Monarch of Albania. Stroud: The History Press. ISBN 9780752470870.
- Northedge, F.S (1986). The League of Nations: Its Life and Times, 1920–1946. Holmes & Meier. ISBN 978-0-7185-1316-0.