Wikipedia

Australia–Ukraine relations

Diplomatic relations between Australia and Ukraine were established in 1992. Ukraine has had an embassy in Canberra since March 2003 and the Australian Embassy in Kyiv was established in December 2014, however, Australia closed its embassy in Kyiv in February 2022 due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[1]

Australia-Ukraine relations
Map indicating locations of Australia and Ukraine

Australia
Ukraine
Diplomatic mission
Embassy of Australia, KyivEmbassy of Ukraine, Canberra
Envoy
Ambassador Bruce EdwardsAmbassador Vasyl Myroshnychenko

History

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Early diplomatic representation of Ukraine as part of the Russian Empire in Australia dates back to 1894, when the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Empire sent its first permanent consular representatives to Australia, based in Melbourne, and Ukrainians were counted in official statistics as part of the Russian community. The fifth consul-general of Russia to Australia from 1908 to 1910 was Matvei Matveyevich Hedenstrom, a grandson and namesake of the explorer Matvei Gedenschtrom, who was born in 1858 in Odesa and a graduate of Kyiv University in 1882.[2]

Ukraine and Australia have enjoyed official diplomatic relations since 1942 when Australia opened channels with the Soviet Union (which included the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic), although independent relations did not occur until the collapse of the Soviet Union and the establishment of a fully independent Ukraine in late 1991. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in late 1991, Australia acted to recognise the new states of the Commonwealth of Independent States on 26 December 1991.[3] Formal diplomatic relations between Ukraine and Australia were established on 10 January 1992 by exchanging notes between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine and the Australian Embassy in Moscow, with the Australian Ambassador in Moscow, Cavan Hogue, receiving non-resident accreditation for Ukraine, presenting his credentials to the President of Ukraine, Leonid Kravchuk on 9 March 1992.[4][5]

In March 1992, Ukraine established an Honorary Consulate in Melbourne (led by Honorary Consul Zina Botte from 1992 to 1996, and then from 1997 to present by her husband Valery (Larry) Botte), followed by a consulate-general in Sydney in May 2000, headed until 2003 by Vasil Grigorovich Korzachenko. A resident embassy in Canberra was established on 14 April 2003. From 1996 to 2003 the Ukrainian Embassy in Jakarta, Indonesia, was accredited to Australia.[6] On 26 October 2017, Ukraine established an Honorary Consulate in Sydney headed by local Ukrainian-Australian businessman, Jaroslav Duma.[7] Duma was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) in the 2006 Birthday honours for "service to the Ukrainian community of New South Wales and to the credit union movement".[8]

Following the unilateral annexation by Russia of the Ukrainian province of Crimea in March 2014, Australia announced sanctions on Russia and supported United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262, which affirmed the territorial integrity of Ukraine and underscored the invalidity of the 2014 Crimean referendum.[9]

In December 2014, Australia established an interim embassy in Kyiv following the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine.[10] From 5 November 1992 to the opening of a resident embassy in 2014, Australia maintained a Consulate in Kyiv headed by an Honorary Consul, Serhiy Mykolayovych Berezovenko, a prominent economist and businessman based in the city.[4][11][12][13][14] The first resident ambassador, Doug Trappett, who was previously Deputy Head of Mission in Rome, had been sent to Kyiv in December 2014 to deal with matters relating to the controversial downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 on 17 July 2014 by Russian-backed separatists in the Donbas region, which led to the deaths of 27 Australian citizens.[15][16] Trappett presented his credentials on 14 January 2015.[17]

Although initially considered an interim measure for 12 months, pending the resolution of the conflicts in the region, with the stalemating of various issues and the hardening of Ukrainian-Russian relations, the embassy's term of existence was extended in February 2016 to September 2016.[18] In September 2016, the decision was taken by foreign minister Julie Bishop to extend the embassy's term for a further two years with a resident diplomatic presence noting that it would allow Australia: "to work alongside their Ukrainian partners in close cooperation and further develop bilateral ties between the two countries."[19]

 
The Sydney Opera House illuminated in the Ukrainian colours in support of Ukraine during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

On 13 February 2022, amid increasing tensions immediately prior to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Australian Embassy was relocated from the capital Kyiv to the western Ukrainian city of Lviv.[20] However, on 22 February 2022, a day before the Russian invasion, Foreign Minister Marise Payne directed that all Australian officials were to leave the country and operate from eastern Poland and Romania.[21]

With the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine, Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison announced further support for Ukraine, with the imposition of new sanctions of Russian individuals and financial institutions, and reiterated the Australian support for the territorial integrity of Ukraine: "Australia joins our partners in condemning Russia's invasion of Ukraine. There is no justification for this aggression, whose cost will be borne by innocent Ukrainians. Vladimir Putin has fabricated a feeble pretext on which to invade. Russia's disinformation and propaganda has convinced no one. We call on Russia to cease its illegal and unprovoked actions, and to stop violating Ukraine's independence. Russia must reverse its breach of international law and of the UN Charter, and withdraw its military from Ukraine. We reiterate our staunch support for Ukraine's independence and territorial integrity – the bedrock principles of a rules-based world order."[22][23] Additional individuals targeted for sanctions included Vladimir Putin and all members of the Security Council of Russia, alongside an announcement that Australia would contribute lethal and non-lethal military equipment and medical supplies to Ukraine to aid in its defence.[24] In April-June 2022, it was reported that Australia had given Ukraine AUD$225 million in military aid and AUD$65 million in humanitarian aid.[25][26]

In July 2022, the new Australian Prime Minister, Anthony Albanese, became the first Australian leader to undertake an official visit to Ukraine, announcing an additional support package that included AUD$99.5 million in military assistance.[27]

On August 2, 2024, Australia Post issued a stamp in support of Ukraine[28][29]

High level visits and representation

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See also: List of ambassadors of Australia to Ukraine and Embassy of Ukraine, Canberra § Ambassadors

Economic relations

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Trade between Australia and Ukraine is modest. Merchandise exports from Australia were valued at $29.8 million in 2017–18 primarily consisted of coal. Ukraine's exports to Australia comprised $47.3 million, mainly vegetable oils and fats.[34]

On 1 April 2016, Australia and Ukraine signed a Nuclear Cooperation Agreement, which would enable Australia to export uranium to Ukraine for power generation. This agreement entered into force in June 2017.[40]

Tobacco dispute

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In 2012, Ukraine began a dispute with Australia within the World Trade Organization (WTO) over the adoption of laws requiring uniform plain packaging of tobacco products. On 28 May 2015, the Ukrainian Ministry of Economic Development sent a notice to the WTO to terminate its participation in the dispute, as Ukrainian manufacturers did not export tobacco products to Australia. On 4 June 2015, the Ministry of Economic Development terminated its dispute with Australia over the unified packaging of tobacco products.[41]

Migration

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Main article: Ukrainian Australians

Ukrainians, then part of the Russian Empire, are known to have been in Australia as early as 1860, although remained a very small community with little, if any, official organisation. A notable early Ukrainian in Australia was explorer, naturalist and ethnographer Nikolai Miklouho-Maclay who visited Australia in the late 19th century and was instrumental in the establishment of a Zoological Field Station at Watson's Bay, Sydney. Ukrainian migration to Australia substantially increased in the post-World War II period, with refugees arriving from 1948 as part of the International Refugee Organization resettlement agreement and on Assisted Passages. Ukraine-born people were first recorded in the 1954 Australian census, with the highest number (4,678) living in Victoria.[42]

In the 2016 Census there were 13,366 Ukraine-born people in Australia, and 46,186 people identifying as being of Ukrainian ancestry. Victoria had the largest number of Ukraine-born citizens at 5,322, followed by New South Wales (4,830), Queensland (1,248) and South Australia (929).[43][44]

Resident diplomatic missions

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  •  
    Former Embassy of Australia in Kyiv
  •  
    Building hosting the Embassy of Ukraine in Canberra

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Trade, corporateName= Department of Foreign Affairs and. "Australian Consulate in Kyiv,". ukraine.embassy.gov.au. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  2. ^ Massov, Alexander; Pollard, Marina; Windle, Kevin, eds. (2018). A New Rival State? Australia in Tsarist Diplomatic Communications (PDF). Acton, ACT: ANU Press. p. 203. ISBN 9781760462291. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  3. ^ "Keating recognises Commonwealth founders". The Canberra Times. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 27 December 1991. p. 1. Retrieved 4 March 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  4. ^ a b "Diplomatic and consular relations - First Australian ambassador to Ukraine - Opening of Australian consulate in Ukraine" (PDF). AustLII. Australian Year Book of International Law. 1992. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  5. ^ "First Australian ambassador to Ukraine presents his credentials" (Media Release). Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 10 March 1992. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  6. ^ "UKRAINE EMBASSY?". The Australian Jewish News. New South Wales, Australia. 26 March 1999. p. 8. Retrieved 4 March 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  7. ^ "CYM Australia Congratulates Jaroslav Duma on Appointment as Honorary Consul of Ukraine in Sydney". Ukrainian Youth Association in Australia. 9 November 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  8. ^ "Mr Jaroslav Roman DUMA - Medal of the Order of Australia". AUSTRALIAN HONOURS SEARCH FACILITY. Australian Government. 12 June 2006. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  9. ^ "Australia imposes sanctions on Russians after annexation of Crimea from Ukraine". ABC News. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  10. ^ "Political relations between Ukraine and Australia". Embassy of Ukraine in Australia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 19 December 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
  11. ^ "Evans announces Australia to open an honorary consulate in Ukraine". The Canberra Times. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 24 November 1991. p. 3. Retrieved 4 March 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  12. ^ "Australia opens Kiev consulate". The Australian Jewish News. New South Wales, Australia. 20 November 1992. p. 16 (Life/Style). Retrieved 4 March 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  13. ^ Blewett, Neal (5 November 1992). "Opening of Australian consulate in Ukraine" (Media Release). ParlInfo: Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australian Government. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  14. ^ Evdokimova, S. I. (2003). "Березовенко Сергій Миколайович (Serhiy Mykolayovych Berezovenko)". Encyclopaedia of Modern Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: Institute of Encyclopedic Research of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  15. ^ Abbott, Tony (12 December 2014). "First Resident Ambassador to Ukraine" (Press release). Australian Government. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015.
  16. ^ Wroe, David (21 November 2014). "Australia to host Ukrainian leader, open embassy in Kiev". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
  17. ^ "Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs of Ukraine Olena Zerkal received Ambassador of Australia to Ukraine Douglas Robert Trappett". Embassy of Ukraine to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. 14 January 2015. Archived from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
  18. ^ Bishop, Julie (10 February 2016). "Extension of Interim Australian Embassy in Kyiv" (Press release). Australian Government.
  19. ^ Bishop, Julie (29 September 2016). "Australian Government extends diplomatic presence in Ukraine" (Press release). Australian Government.
  20. ^ Marise, Payne (13 February 2022). "Statement on Ukraine" (Press release). Australian Government.
  21. ^ Marise, Payne (22 February 2022). "Australia condemns Russia's unlawful moves on eastern Ukraine" (Press release). Australian Government.
  22. ^ Morrison, Scott (24 February 2022). "Statement on Russia's invasion of Ukraine". Prime Minister of Australia. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  23. ^ Morrison, Scott; Payne, Marise (23 February 2022). "Australia's response to Russia's aggression against Ukraine". Australian Government. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  24. ^ Payne, Marise; Dutton, Peter; Frydenberg, Josh (28 February 2022). "Economic measures against Russia and lethal military equipment for Ukraine". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  25. ^ "Australia joins US in pledging more weapons for Ukraine as Russia threatens gas supplies to Poland". sbs.com.au. 26 April 2022.
  26. ^ "Australia to Deliver Six M777 Howitzers to Ukraine". The Defense Post. 28 April 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
  27. ^ Albanese, Anthony (4 July 2022). "Visit to Kyiv and further Australian support to Ukraine" (Media Release). Prime Minister of Australia. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  28. ^ "Australia issues a stamp in support of Ukraine on the occasion of Ukraine's Independence Day". Embassy of Ukraine in Australia. 22 August 2024. Retrieved 22 November 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  29. ^ "Solidarity with Ukraine Self-Adhesive Sheetlet of 5 x $3". AusPost. 22 August 2024. Archived from the original on 24 August 2024. Retrieved 22 November 2024. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 24 September 2024 suggested (help)
  30. ^ Lee, Michael (26 November 1992). "Delegation Reports - Australian Parliamentary Delegation to Russia and the Ukraine" (Hansard). ParlInfo. Parliament of Australia – House of Representatives. p. 3626. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  31. ^ "Report of the Parliamentary Delegation to the Russian Federation - Russia and the Independent Republic of Ukraine, 14 - 22 April 1992". ParlInfo. Parliament of Australia - Senate. 26 November 1992. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  32. ^ a b c "Political relations between Ukraine and Australia". Embassy of Ukraine in Australia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  33. ^ Kerr, Duncan (6 December 2004). "Delegation Reports - Australian Parliamentary Delegation to Ukraine and Bulgaria". ParlInfo. Parliament of Australia - House of Representatives. p. 1. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  34. ^ a b c "Country Brief: Australia and Ukraine" (PDF). Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Australian Government. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  35. ^ "Poroshenko arrives on state visit to Australia". Kyiv Post. Interfax-Ukraine. 10 December 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  36. ^ "Ukraine president Petro Poroshenko arrives in Australia for two-day visit". ABC News. 11 December 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  37. ^ "Ukraine's President Poroshenko begins Australia visit". BBC News. 11 December 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  38. ^ Hitch, Georgia (31 March 2022). "Volodymyr Zelenskyy asks for Australian Bushmaster armoured vehicles in address to federal parliament". ABC News. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  39. ^ "President met with the Prime Minister of Australia in Kyiv". 3 July 2022.
  40. ^ "Australia – Ukraine Nuclear Cooperation Agreement". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  41. ^ "Україна остаточно відмовилася від торгівельної суперечки з Австралією (En: Ukraine has finally abandoned the trade dispute with Australia))" (in Ukrainian). European Pravda. 4 June 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  42. ^ "Origins: Immigration History from Ukraine to Victoria". Museums Victoria. Government of Victoria. 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  43. ^ Byesyedina, Anastasiya (2 March 2022). "'We are in dark times': what is it like for Ukrainians in Australia watching their country at war?". The Conversation. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  44. ^ "Ancestry - Ukrainian". .id community. Multicultural NSW. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  45. ^ "Embassy of Ukraine in Australia".
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