The committees of the Australian Senate are committees of Senators, established by the Australian Senate, for purposes determined by that body. Senate committees are part of the operation of the Australian parliament, and have for some decades been involved in maintenance of government accountability to the Australian parliament, particularly through hearings to scrutinise the budget, and through public inquiries on policy questions.
History of the committees
editThe existence of parliamentary committees is mentioned in section 49 of the Constitution of Australia, which makes reference to 'The powers, privileges, and immunities of the Senate and of the House of Representatives, and of the members and the committees of each House...' However, the Senate had few committees, engaged in limited activities, until 1970.[1] A number of domestic committees had operated since the establishment of the parliament, but prior to 1970 the only significant committee to be established was the Regulations and Ordinances Committee in 1932, one of the legislative scrutiny committees (see below).
In 1970, the present committee system was created, with a series of standing (permanent) committees established that mirrored the portfolio activities of government.[1] These reforms significantly enhanced the expertise and power of the Senate:
The Senate is now undergoing the most fundamental and dramatic changes witnessed in the Commonwealth Parliament since the States decided to federate 70 years ago. The introduction of a wide-ranging committee system will make the red-carpeted Upper House potentially the most powerful parliamentary chamber in Australia.[2]
These reforms were also significant in that they gave to Senate committees the role of examining the budget (what is referred to as the estimates process or estimates hearings), which had hitherto been confined to the Senate and its committee of the whole. The role of the committees was enhanced by three subsequent developments. First, in 1982 the Scrutiny of Bills Committee was established, which, in examining all bills, played a role that complemented that of the examination of all delegated legislation by the Regulations and Ordinances Committee. Second, in 1989 the Senate adopted procedures for the systematic referral of bills to committees, increasing the level of legislative scrutiny taking place within parliament.[3] Third, in 1993, the committees adopted a more extensive procedure for consideration of the budget, creating a second opportunity each year for Senators to follow up issues identified during the initial budget estimates hearings. These second hearings are referred to as supplementary budget estimates. Though the committee system was restructured in 1994, 2006 and again in 2009, the range of functions has remained essentially the same.
Purposes of committees
editThe functions of committees depend on the type of committee and on the work it is undertaking. Most of the committees are established under the Senate's Standing Orders.
Standing committees
editThe Legislative and General Purpose Standing Committees (often referred to simply as 'standing committees') are established by Standing Order 25.[4] The standing committees are actually made up of pairs of committees – a legislation committee and a references committee. The legislation committees are responsible for scrutinising bills referred to them by the chamber; examining the government's budget and activities (in what is called the budget estimates process);[5] and for examining departmental annual reports and activities. The references committees are responsible for conducting inquiries into topics referred to them by the chamber.[6]
Select committees
editSelect committees are temporary committees, established by the Senate to deal with particular issues. This may occur when a particular group of Senators wishes to examine an issue in depth, or where there is no existing committee suited to addressing a particular topic. Australian Senate select committees have included ones set up to examine the Administration of Indigenous Affairs[dead link], and Mental Health[dead link]. Select committees usually cease to exist upon reporting back to the chamber. One exception to this was the Senate Select Committee on Superannuation[dead link] which in various forms existed for a decade.[7]
Domestic committees
editDomestic committees are responsible for administering aspects of the Senate's own affairs. The selection of bills committee meets each sitting fortnight to consider which of the bills coming before the Senate will be referred to committees for detailed consideration. The procedure committee considers "any matter relating to the procedures of the Senate referred to it by the Senate or by the President".[8] This committee thus regularly examines and reports back to the chamber on suggested changes to the operation of the Senate and its committees, such as what times of day the chamber will sit and what rules should govern its order of business.
Established by Standing Order 18 of the Senate, the privileges committee is responsible for reporting on matters of parliamentary privilege referred to it by the Senate.[9] The protections afforded by parliamentary privilege are essential to parliament and its committees to be able to operate effectively.[10] The bulk of the work of the privileges committee's work is associated with facilitating a 'right of reply' for people adversely named in the Senate, as well as involving investigations of unauthorised disclosures of Senate committee proceedings,[11] complaints from witnesses in connection with evidence given to committees, and allegedly misleading evidence given to committees.[12]
Legislative scrutiny committees
editThe purpose of the scrutiny of bills committee is to assess "legislative proposals against a set of accountability standards that focus on the effect of proposed legislation on individual rights, liberties and obligations, and on parliamentary propriety".[13] The Standing Committee for the Scrutiny of Delegated Legislation performs a similar task, but for all subordinate legislation.
Other committees
editSenators may be members of joint committees: committees jointly established by both chambers of the Australian parliament. An example of this is the Joint Standing Committee on Northern Australia, appointed by resolution by the House of Representatives on 4 July 2019 and the Senate on 22 July 2019.[14] The inquiry into the destruction of 46,000-year-old caves at the Juukan Gorge in the Pilbara region of Western Australia was referred to this Committee in June 2020.[15]
Political parties will often have caucus committees comprising members of the parliamentary party; these committees will often have a policy focus, but are not committees of the parliament and are not bound by any of parliament's rules of procedures.
List of committees
edit
These are the committees of the 47th Parliament that exist within each category:[16]
| Committee | Chair | Deputy Chair | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standing committees | |||||
| Community Affairs | |||||
| Legislation | Marielle Smith (SA) | Janet Rice (VIC) | |||
| References | Janet Rice (VIC) | Marielle Smith (SA) | |||
| Economics | |||||
| Legislation | Jess Walsh (VIC) | Andrew Bragg (NSW) | |||
| References | Andrew Bragg (NSW) | Jess Walsh (VIC) | |||
| Education and Employment | |||||
| Legislation | Tony Sheldon (NSW) | Matt O'Sullivan (WA) | |||
| References | Matt O'Sullivan (WA) | Tony Sheldon (NSW) | |||
| Environment and Communications | |||||
| Legislation | Karen Grogan (SA) | Sarah Hanson-Young (SA) | |||
| References | Sarah Hanson-Young (SA) | Karen Grogan (SA) | |||
| Finance and Public Administration | |||||
| Legislation | Louise Pratt (WA) | Richard Colbeck (TAS) | |||
| References | Richard Colbeck (TAS) | Louise Pratt (WA) | |||
| Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade | |||||
| Legislation | Raff Ciccone (VIC) | Claire Chandler (TAS) | |||
| References | Claire Chandler (TAS) | Raff Ciccone (VIC) | |||
| Legal and Constitutional Affairs | |||||
| Legislation | Nita Green (QLD) | Paul Scarr (QLD) | |||
| References | Paul Scarr (QLD) | Nita Green (QLD) | |||
| Rural and Regional Affairs and Transport | |||||
| Legislation | Glenn Sterle (WA) | Matthew Canavan (QLD) | |||
| References | Matthew Canavan (QLD) | Glenn Sterle (WA) | |||
| Select committees | |||||
| Australia’s Disaster Resilience | Jacqui Lambie (TAS) | Tony Sheldon (NSW) | |||
| Final Report due 8 August 2024 | |||||
| Cost of Living | Jane Hume (VIC) | Penny Allman-Payne (QLD) | |||
| Final Report due 31 May 2024 | |||||
| Perth Mint and Commonwealth regulatory compliance | Dean Smith (WA) | Dorinda Cox (WA) | |||
| Final Report due 28 March 2024 | |||||
| Supermarket Prices | Nick McKim (TAS) | Glenn Sterle (WA) | |||
| Final Report due 7 May 2024 | |||||
| Domestic committees | |||||
| Appropriations, Staffing and Security | Sue Lines (WA) | Andrew McLachlan (SA) | |||
| Privileges | Slade Brockman (WA) | Deborah O'Neill (NSW) | |||
| Procedure | Andrew McLachlan (SA) | ||||
| Publications | Fatima Payman (WA) | Wendy Askew (TAS) | |||
| Selection of Bills | Anne Urquhart (TAS) | ||||
| Senators' Interests | Linda Reynolds (WA) | ||||
| Legislative scrutiny committees | |||||
| Scrutiny of Bills | Dean Smith (WA) | Raff Ciccone (VIC) | |||
| Scrutiny of Delegated Legislation | Vacant | Linda Reynolds (WA) | |||
| Joint Statutory Committees | |||||
| Broadcasting of Parliamentary Proceedings | Milton Dick MP | Senator Sue Lines | |||
| Corporations and Financial Services | Senator Deborah O'Neill | Alex Hawke MP | |||
| Intelligence and Security | Peter Khalil MP | Andrew Wallace MP | |||
| Law Enforcement | Senator Helen Polley | Llew O'Brien MP | |||
| Human Rights | Josh Burns MP | Henry Pike MP | |||
| Public Accounts and Audit | Julian Hill MP | Senator Linda Reynolds | |||
| Public Works | Graham Perrett MP | Keith Pitt MP | |||
| Joint Standing Committees | |||||
| Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs | Senator Jana Stewart | Melissa Price MP | |||
| Electoral Matters | Kate Thwaites MP | Senator James McGrath | |||
| Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade | Shayne Neumann MP | Senator David Fawcett | |||
| Implementation of the National Redress Scheme | Senator Catryna Bilyk | Senator Dean Smith | |||
| Migration | Maria Vamvakinou MP | Anne Webster MP | |||
| National Anti-Corruption Commission | Senator Karen Grogan | Helen Haines MP | |||
| National Capital and External Territories | Alicia Payne MP | Nola Marino MP | |||
| National Disability Insurance Scheme | Libby Coker MP | Senator Hollie Hughes | |||
| Northern Australia | Marion Scrymgour MP | Warren Entsch MP | |||
| Parliamentary Library | Senator Slade Brockman | Anne Stanley MP | |||
| Publications | Fiona Phillips MP | Senator Fatima Payman | |||
| Trade and Investment Growth | Steve Georganas MP | Scott Buchholz MP | |||
| Treaties | Josh Wilson MP | Phillip Thompson MP | |||
Membership and rules of committees
editThe Senate's committees are formed at the commencement of each new parliament, in accordance with rules set out in the Standing Orders. The committees exist until the first day of the following parliament, in contrast to the lower house committees, which cease to exist as soon as parliament is prorogued for an election.
The most important and high profile of the committees are the pairs of standing committees. These each have six members. The chairman of each legislation committee is chosen from amongst the government members, the deputy chair from amongst non-government members. The reverse is the case for the references committees. Because the chair has a casting vote in the event of a committee vote being tied, the government effectively controls the legislation committees, while the non-government parties control the references committees.[17]
The membership and rules of committees, including those that operated during the Coalition's period of control, are shown below:[18]
| Feature of committees | Current (and before September 2006) | Between September 2006 and May 2009 |
|---|---|---|
| Structure of committees | Eight pairs of committees with overlapping but distinct membership:
|
Eight Legislation and General Purpose Standing committees performing all functions of both Legislation and References committees |
| Scope of each committee | Varies: between 1 and 3 government portfolios | |
| Number of members | Six | Eight |
| Composition | Legislation committees:
References committees:
|
All Legislation and General Purpose Standing committees:
|
| Chairing | Legislation committees:
References committees:
|
All chaired by government members |
| Voting | Chair has a casting vote if votes tied | |
| Effective control | Legislation committees:
References committees:
|
Government parties |
| Quorum | 1 government, 1 opposition OR Majority of members | |
Committees have two types of members: full members and participating members. In the case of standing committees, full members are the six outlined above. In addition, however, any Senator may arrange for the Senate to agree to their being made a participating member of the committee. This gives them the same rights as full members, with the important exception of being unable to vote on motions in private meetings of the committees.
The committees are governed by the Standing Orders of the Senate, as well as being able to pass their own resolutions to govern certain aspects of their operations (such as the processing of correspondence and submissions to inquiries).
Committees are designed to assist the Senate as a whole. Thus the main formal structure of their work is that the Senate refers something to a committee for examination, and the committee reports back to the Senate on that matter. These reports are tabled during parliamentary sittings, but can also be presented when the Senate is not in session.[19] Committees can gather evidence and will often hold public hearings to assist this process.[20] To gather their evidence committees can (with exceptions) travel from place to place to hear evidence.[21] Committees are able to order the production of documents and the appearance of witnesses (powers that are in practice used very sparingly).[22][23] Most evidence taken by committees (both written submissions and transcripts of public hearings) is published, however committees have the power to take evidence confidentially (in camera), and regularly do so.[24] Committees hold both public hearings and conduct business at private meetings. The minutes of private meetings are confidential (in contrast, for example, to those of New South Wales parliamentary committees).[25]
The rules governing committees are slightly different when conducting budget estimates hearings.[26] In particular, during estimates hearings,
- any Senator may ask questions of the officials appearing before the committee (normally only members can ask questions)
- no evidence can be taken on a confidential basis (normally this is an option available to a committee)
- under Standing Orders, Senators may direct questions to any government agency, but only within the portfolio areas for which the committee has oversight. The committee cannot restrict the agencies to which Senators may direct questions (although the committee can control whether this happens at the public hearing, or whether it must be done in writing afterwards).
The work of Senate committees
editA typical year in the life of a Senate legislation committee will see it conduct eight days of hearings around budget estimates, in three sessions: February (additional estimates), May/June (the main budget estimates) and October/November (supplementary budget estimates). In addition, it will typically conduct several inquiries into pieces of legislation being considered by the parliament. A references committee will conduct inquiries into policy issues referred to it by the Senate. Each of these inquiries will usually result in a report tabled in the Senate (there may be exceptions if an election intervenes during the committee's deliberations). A consolidated list of the reports[dead link] prepared by all Senate committees since 1970 is published by the Department of the Senate.
Inquiries into topics and bills
editCommittee inquiries typically begin with the reference of an issue or a proposed law to the committee for inquiry and report back to the Senate.[27] The committee will make a call for submissions, seeking public input on the matter referred to the committee. It will often publish those submissions to help inform stakeholders of the views that are being put to the committee.[28] A committee will often hold one or more public hearings, at which committee members ask questions of key stakeholders interested in the issue under inquiry. These hearings may be held anywhere in Australia, are often broadcast, and result in a published transcript (Hansard) that records the evidence taken. The opportunity to make submissions, and the greater accessibility of the committees compared to parliament itself, can provide disadvantaged individuals and organisations valued opportunities to engage in democratic processes.[29] Committees also frequently ask relevant government agencies to respond to issues raised by submissions or evidence given to the inquiry. Once evidence has been gathered there usually follows a period of research and analysis by the committee. It will then deliver a report to the Senate, which will generally include recommendations. The Commonwealth government is then expected to table a response to the report, stating responses to any recommendations the committee may have made.[30]
Scrutiny of the budget
editFollowing the introduction of appropriation bills into the Parliament, the expenditure proposed in those bills is referred to Senate legislation committees for inquiry.[1] Such referrals result in what are generally known as budget estimates hearings. Senate standing committees will usually conduct eight days of hearings around budget estimates, in three sessions: February (additional estimates), May/June (the main budget estimates) and October/November (supplementary budget estimates).
During these hearings ministers, assisted by senior public servants, answer questions put to them by any Senator that relate to the operations and expenditure of departments and agencies that receive federal government funding.[31] In such hearings, ministers from the House of Representatives are represented by a minister who is also a Senator.
Budget and management reforms in the 1980s and 1990s saw a change in budgeting, including a greater emphasis on outcomes, and decreasing emphasis on inputs. This has been reflected in the activities of Senate committees, with Senators' questions being increasingly focussed on the 'results of government activities and away from a concern with inputs'.[32]
Impact
editThe impact of the Senate's committees varies and has been the subject of debate. The work of the committees is frequently more consensual and less partisan than activity in the parliamentary chambers, and unanimous committee reports that agree recommendations across party lines are not uncommon.[33] As a result, these recommendations may contribute to subsequent government policy announcements and occasionally to changes in government actions. The work of the regulations and ordinances committee has led to revisions of subordinate legislation in significant respects.[34] Committee scrutiny of bills has contributed to them being amended[35] or withdrawn.[36] The impact of committees on legislation overall has however been described as 'rather limited',[37] particularly as the committees that review bills are controlled by a government majority.
Senate committees can be affected by the party composition of the Senate. The Clerk of the Senate, Harry Evans, argued that a government majority of seats in the Senate resulted in limitations on what the committees inquired into, and how readily governments responded to their queries and requests for information.[38] Statistics published by centrist political party the Australian Democrats have been used to support the contention that committee operations have been inhibited by government control of the Senate, particularly in respect of selection of topics for committee inquiry.[39] However Senator Minchin, the leader of the government in the Senate in the mid-2000s, pointed out that their political rivals had previously cut off debate on more bills in the Senate than had his government.[40]
Prominent inquiries
editOne of the most high-profile Senate committee inquiries was the Senate Select Committee on a Certain Maritime Incident, which in 2002 investigated what became known as the Children Overboard Affair. The events and subsequent Senate committee inquiries were widely reported,[41] and the transcripts of the inquiry formed the basis of a play, A Certain Maritime Incident.[42] Other high-profile inquiries included the Community Affairs committee's inquiry into Children in Institutional Care[dead link], which brought to wide public notice the experiences of children who had been placed in care in sometimes inhumane circumstances and was directly responsible for state governments and churches making public apologies to the victims of abuse or neglect;[43][44] the Select Committee on Mental Health[dead link], which contributed to widespread discussion of mental health issues and to a major funding boost for services in 2006;[45] and the 2006 inquiry into the Migration Amendment (Designated Unauthorised Arrivals) Bill,[46] which contributed to a government decision not to proceed with controversial migration legislation.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c J.R. Odgers, Australian Senate Practice (11th edn), Department of the Senate, Canberra, Chapter 16.
- ^ Sydney Morning Herald, 3 November 1970
- ^ Vander Wyk, J. and Lilley, A., (2005), 'Reference of Bills to Australian Senate Committees', Papers on Parliament, no. 43, Department of the Senate, Canberra
- ^ Senate Standing Order 25, retrieved September 2007 Archived 29 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Department of the Senate, 'Consideration of Estimates by the Senate's Legislation Committees', Senate Brief number 5, February 2005 Archived 30 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ From 2006 to 2009 these pairs of committees were integrated into one committee. Details are provided elsewhere in the article.
- ^ Department of the Senate, A Light of Reason: The Work of the Senate Select Committee on Superannuation, Papers on Parliament No. 45, Department of the Senate, August 2006 Archived 5 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Senate Standing Order 17, retrieved September 2007. Archived 29 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Department of the Senate, Senate Standing Committee of Privileges, retrieved September 2007 Archived 5 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Department of the Senate, 'Parliamentary Privilege', Senate Brief No 11, September 2006, retrieved September 2007. Archived 3 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Committee of Privileges Parliamentary privilege — unauthorised disclosure of committee proceedings, 122nd Report, 2005, retrieved September 2007. Archived 13 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Committee of Privileges, Parliamentary Privilege Precedents, Procedures and Practice in the Australian Senate 1966–2002, 107th Report, 2002, retrieved September 2007. Archived 5 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Australian Parliament website, Scrutiny of bills committee http://www.aph.gov.au/Senate/committee/scrutiny/cominfo.htm
- ^ "Joint Standing Committee on Northern Australia". Parliament of Australia. 18 June 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
- ^ "Inquiry into the destruction of 46,000 year old caves at the Juukan Gorge in the Pilbara region of Western Australia". Parliament of Australia. 18 June 2020. Archived from the original on 25 August 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
- ^ "Senate and other Senate-based Committees". Department of the Senate. 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
- ^ This system has operated since 1994, with a brief hiatus from September 2006 to May 2009. During that period, reforms were implemented that were intended to streamline committee operations, and which reflected the fact that the government secured a majority of seats in the chamber at the 2004 election. See:
- Senator the Hon. Nick Minchin, 'Senate adopts Committee reform' u/7.30/content/2006/s1668754.htm 'Senate changes threaten democracy: Beazley'], 7:30 Report (ABC TV), 21 June 2006, retrieved September 2007. Archived 29 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ See Odgers' Australian Senate Practice, 11th edition, Department of the Senate, Canberra, 2004 and the standing orders from before the 2006 reforms and after the reforms Archived 5 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Senate Standing Order 38, retrieved September 2007 Archived 29 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Senate Standing Orders 35 and 36, retrieved September 2007 Archived 29 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ The following committees are empowered to travel for meetings: privileges committee (Standing Order 18); appropriations and staffing (Standing Order 19), scrutiny of bills (Standing Order 24), legislative and general purpose (Standing Order 25)
- ^ Senate Standing Order 34, retrieved April 2015
- ^ Department of the Senate, 'Rights and Responsibilities of Witnesses before Senate Committees', Senate Brief No 13, February 2013, retrieved April 2015
- ^ Senate Standing Order 37, retrieved September 2007 Archived 29 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ New South Wales Legislative Assembly, Standing Orders, 21 November 2006, SO 303
- ^ Department of the Senate, ' Consideration of Estimates by the Senate Committees', Senate Brief No 5, September 2006, retrieved September 2007 Archived 3 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Department of the Senate, 'Senate Committees', Senate Brief No 4, September 2006, retrieved September 2007 Archived 26 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Ian Holland, 'Parliamentary committees as an arena for policy work', in Colebatch, H. (ed.), Beyond the Policy Cycle: The Policy Process in Australia, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 2006, pp 80–81
- ^ Kathleen Dermody, Ian Holland, and Elton Humphery, 'Parliamentary Committees and Neglected Voices in Society', The Table, vol. 74, 2006
- ^ Resolution of the Senate 14 March 1973, retrieved September 2007 Archived 9 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Vander Wyk, J., (2006), The Senate – Guide to Committee Procedure and Practice, Senate Committee Office, Canberra, chapter 14.
- ^ Richard Mulgan, 'The accountability priorities of Australian parliamentarians', Australian Journal of Public Administration, Vol. 67, no. 4, 2008, pp 457–469.
- ^ Stanley Bach, Platypus and Parliament: The Australian Senate in Theory and Practice, Department of the Senate, Canberra, 2003, pp 190–191
- ^ Rodney Smith, 'Parliament', in Judith Brett, James Gillespie and Murray Goot (eds), Developments in Australian Politics, Macmillan, Melbourne, 1994, pp 126–129
- ^ ABC News, Senate committee urges changes to proposed media laws, 6 October 2006, retrieved September 2007
- ^ ABC News, 'Calls mount for Govt to drop migration bill', 14 June 2006, retrieved September 2007 Archived 9 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Graham Maddox, Australian Democracy in Theory and Practice (3rd edition), Longman, Melbourne, 1996, p. 233
- ^ Evans, H. "The government majority in the Senate: A nail in the coffin of responsible government?", address to Victorian Chapter of the Australasian Study of Parliament Group, 3 October 2006 Archived 5 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Australian Democrats, Senate Watch, retrieved September 2007. Archived 22 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Senator Nick Minchin, 'Senate majority used responsibly', media release, 26 June 2007, retrieved September 2007.
- ^ See for example David Marr and Marian Wilkinson, Dark Victory, Allen & Unwin, 2003.
- ^ Tanya Nolan, 'A Certain Maritime Incident: Pure Theatre', ABC Radio, The World Today, 26 March 2004
- ^ Anglican Church Diocese of Sydney, Response to Care Leavers Archived 2 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, 25 October 2005, retrieved September 2007
- ^ The Minister for Children, Sherryl Garbutt, 'Victoria to apologise to former children in state care', Media Release 27 July 2006, retrieved September 2007 Archived 7 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ The Hon. Tony Abbott, 'Commonwealth commitment to mental health services', Media release, 5 April 2006, retrieved September 2007.
- ^ Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs Committee, 'Provisions of the Migration Amendment (Designated Unauthorised Arrivals) Bill 2006 Report', June 2006, retrieved September 2007. Archived 22 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine
Further reading
edit- Bach, S., (2003), Platypus and Parliament: The Australian Senate in Theory and Practice, Department of the Senate, Canberra.
- Department of the Senate: Senate briefs number 4, Senate committees, retrieved July 2007.
- Department of the Senate: Senate Legislative and General Purpose Standing Committees: The First 20 Years 1970 – 1990, retrieved July 2007.
- Vander Wyk, J., (2006), The Senate – Guide to Committee Procedure and Practice, Senate Committee Office, Canberra.