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Battle of Heilsberg

The Battle of Heilsberg took place on 10 June 1807 off the town of Heilsberg (now Lidzbark Warmiński), during the Napoleonic Wars.[8]

Battle of Heilsberg
Part of the War of the Fourth Coalition

Emperor Napoleon I on the battlefield of Heilsberg, on 11 June 1807 by Joseph Nicolas Jouy, 1837
Date10 June 1807
Location
Heilsberg, East Prussia (now Lidzbark Warmiński, Poland)
54°07′00″N 20°35′00″E / 54.1167°N 20.5833°E / 54.1167; 20.5833
Result Inconclusive
Belligerents
France French Empire Russia Russian Empire
Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Prussia
Commanders and leaders
France Napoleon I
France Joachim Murat
France Jean Lannes
France Claude Legrand
France Saint-Hilaire
France Jean-Antoine Verdier		 Russia Leonty Bennigsen
Russia Andrei Gorchakov
Russia Pyotr Bagration
Russia Constantine Pavlovich
Russia Nikolay Kamensky
Strength
50,000[1]–64,500[2] overall
~30,000[3] engaged		 90,000[1][2] overall
~53,000[3][4] engaged
Casualties and losses

Versions:

  • up to 8,000;[a]
  • 1,398 killed,[3] 10,059 wounded,[3] 864 captured;[3][5]
  • up to 13,000 killed or wounded.[b]

Versions:

  • 6,000 killed or wounded;[3][4][5]
  • 2,000–3,000 killed and 5-6,000 wounded;[6]
  • 9,000 killed or wounded;[7]
  • 3,000 killed or 7,000 wounded.[1]
War of the Fourth Coalition
Map
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200km
125miles
Friedland
27
Battle of Friedland on 14 June 1807
26
25
Battle of Guttstadt-Deppen from 5 to 6 June 1807
24
Great Sortie of Stralsund from 1 to 3 April 1807
23
Siege of Danzig (1807) from 19 March to 24 May 1807
22
Siege of Kolberg (1807) from 20 March to 2 July 1807
21
Battle of Ostrołęka (1807) on 16 February 1807
Eylau
20
Battle of Eylau from 7 to 8 February 1807
19
Battle of Allenstein on 3 February 1807
18
Battle of Mohrungen on 25 January 1807
17
Siege of Graudenz from 22 January to 11 December 1807
16
Battle of Pułtusk (1806) on 26 December 1806
15
Battle of Golymin on 26 December 1806
14
Battle of Czarnowo on 23 December 1806
13
Siege of Hamelin from 7 to 22 November 1806
12
Battle of Lübeck on 6 November 1806
11
Battle of Waren-Nossentin on 1 November 1806
10
Capitulation of Stettin from 29 to 30 October 1806
9
Capitulation of Pasewalk on 29 October 1806
8
Battle of Prenzlau on 28 October 1806
Berlin
7
Fall of Berlin (1806) on 27 October 1806
6
Siege of Magdeburg (1806) from 25 October to 8 November 1806
5
Battle of Halle on 17 October 1806
4
Capitulation of Erfurt on 16 October 1806
Jena–Auerstedt
3
Battle of Jena–Auerstedt on 14 October 1806
2
Battle of Saalfeld on 10 October 1806
1
Battle of Schleiz on 9 October 1806
⬤ current battle
⬤ Napoleon not in command
⬤ Napoleon in command

Overview

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On 24 May 1807, the Siege of Danzig ended when Prussian General Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth capitulated to French Marshal François Joseph Lefebvre. This gave Napoleon the opportunity to engage the Russian forces led by Levin August von Bennigsen and then Andrei Ivanovich Gorchakov. The French commanders were Joachim Murat[9] and Napoleon Bonaparte.[10] On 2 June, before Napoleon could act, Bennigsen ordered his columns to converge on Marshal Michel Ney's exposed VI Corps. Outnumbered by 63,000 to 17,000, Ney fought a rearguard action at the Battle of Guttstadt-Deppen on 5 and 6 June. Though he lost his baggage train, two guns, and 2,042 men, Ney managed to escape to the southwest over the Pasłęka (Passarge) River with the bulk of his soldiers.

Within two days, Napoleon had ordered his 190,000-man army to close in on the 100,000 Russians and 15,000 Prussians. Aware of their approach, Bennigsen ordered his troops to fall back on Lidzbark Warmiński in the Prussian Partition of Poland (Heilsberg in German). The Russian army took up strong defensive positions around the town, which stood on the Łyna (Alle) River. The French army, under Marshal Murat, attacked on 10 June. Then Napoleon Bonaparte and Jean Lannes' corps approached, and Napoleon took joint command. The Polish 5th Mounted Rifles Regiment under Colonel Kazimierz Turno [pl] also took part in the battle on the side of Napoleon.[11] Bennigsen repelled several attacks, resulting in huge French casualties, but had to withdraw towards Friedland the following day. Four days later, the decisive Battle of Friedland occurred, ending the War of the Fourth Coalition with the passing of the Treaty of Tilsit.

Influences on the battle

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Geography

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The Battle of Heilsberg was fought on the Alle river, known today as the Lyna. The Teutonic Castle being the focal point of the battle was held by Russian control.

Terrain

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Aside from geographical advantages, the Russians had also spent three to four months compiling tactics on how to defend against a French invasion, regardless of where they would attack the castlegrounds. Defensively, the castle was supported by its bridges and walls, both of which were built along the perimeter of the castle. The land surrounding the Teutonic Castle acted as an obstacle for the French army due to the increase of elevation from the base of the river to the castles foundation. The Prussian 21st Fusiliers, commanded by Ludwig August von Stutterheim, was garrisoned there.[12]

Climate

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Although the terrain was punishment enough for the French, weather also took a toll on their abilities and health. During the day, on top of the weight being carried in regards to supplies and armory, temperatures reached dangerously hot and humid levels. The dampness and bitter cold of the night also played a significant role by providing little opportunity for rest.

Progress of the battle

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Tactics

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Benningsen had been fooled into retreat by false reports of the French numbers.[9] The Russians, having moved back to Heilsberg, had some protection from substantial fieldworks.[13] In order to storm the fortifications, Napoleon had to choose between an immediate advance or a flanking movement, threatening the Russian supply base of Königsberg (now Kaliningrad).[13] He chose the latter, and the French thus positioned themselves so as to cut off any opportunity for the Russians to obtain reinforcements.

The battle

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The French cavalry under Joachim Murat was selected to lead the frontal attack, but Napoleon did not arrive on the field in person until Murat had already led a disastrous charge.[9] Marshal Mortier and Marshal Davout advanced on the Königsberg side.

At first Murat attacked Borozdin and forced him to retreat. Bennigsen, having sent 7 battalions of infantry, 1 regiment of cavalry and 2 guns to support Borozdin, ordered Bagration to cross to the left bank of the Alle River, join Borozdin's detachment and hold off the French until most of the army had been moved from the right bank to the left. Prince Bagration took up his position on the left bank, with his right flank on the Langwiese and his left on the Alle. In the afternoon, Soult's infantry came and immediately attacked; Murat's cavalry moved to the detour between Langwiese and Lawden. At this time, however, Major general Kozhin's mounted detachment (1,000 men), which formed the left-hand column of Lieutenant general Uvarov's troops (3 jaeger regiments and 25 squadrons), moved by Bennigsen in support of Bagration, came to his aid; it temporarily held back the onslaught of French cavalry, and the Guard Battery, located on the right bank of the Alle opposite the mouth of the Spuibach, stopped Soult's infantry; Bagration's vanguard was able to withdraw to the main position, where it became a reserve; Kozhin's detachment, having joined with Uvarov's right column, which had failed at Lawden in the battle with Legrand's division, withdrew to the right flank.[2]

At 6pm Napoleon arrived on the battlefield with part of Lannes' corps and the Fusilier guardsmen.[2] Soult and Lannes, leading separate cavalry units, and Ney, with the infantry, moved forwards on both sides of the River Łyna.[13] Divisional general Legrand was ordered to attack the central redoubt; the French managed to break into the redoubt. Lieutenant general Gorchakov, commanding the corps of Bennigsen's army, attacked the French and seized the redoubt back.[14][2] One of the regiments of Divisional general Saint-Hilaire, moved by him to help Legrand, was also repulsed. Failure in the centre forced Napoleon to shift his main attention to the enemy's right flank; but even here, despite the arrival of the rest of Lannes' corps, the attacks were unsuccessful. Tightly pressed by the Russian cavalry, the French army withdrew behind Spuibach stream, holding back only the grove of Lawden.[2] Smaller French units proved ineffective, especially when Prussian reinforcements arrived, sent by Anton Wilhelm von L'Estocq at Bennigsen's request.[citation needed] Strong artillery cannonade from both sides continued until darkness fell, when Lannes with Verdier's division made a new attempt to capture the central redoubt, but was forced to retreat, which cost the French 3,000 casualties.[9][2]

On the Russian side, Bennigsen was suffering from sudden fever and had difficulty remaining in command. Andrey I. Gorchakov, on Grand Duke Constantine's orders, due to the illness of сommander-in-сhief Bennigsen, took over general command for the rest of the day in the final hours of the battle,[14] bringing it to a tactical draw.

On 11 June, the substantial casualties on both sides and the success of the Russian defence gave Bennigsen and Napoleon little choice but to call an undocumented truce to end hostilities. The French had lost an estimated 12,000 men. The truce was focused primarily on the recovery of wounded soldiers. The battle ended with medics and soldiers from both sides helping the wounded and retrieving the dead. When Napoleon entered the deserted Russian positions the following day, he found that all except the wounded had been evacuated overnight.[9]

Outcome and post-war analysis

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This battle is recognized as having been strategically inconclusive due to neither side having gained any significant ground, it is most notably discussed as a battle that yielded little change in the balance of strength between the Russians and the French. By most accounts, this was a successful Russo-Prussian rearguard action. Napoleon never realized he faced the entire army at Heilsberg. Murat and Soult attacked prematurely and at the strongest point in the Russo-Prussian line. The Russians had built extensive fortifications on the right bank of the Alle river, but only a few minor redoubts on the left bank, yet the French advanced over the river to give battle, squandering their advantages and incurring casualties[15] The Battle of Heilsberg was fought four days before the decisive Battle of Friedland.

French Army losses

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On both sides, disputes over the killed and wounded remain. The French claimed 1,398 killed, 10,059 wounded, 864 captured.[3] Three units lost their eagles, and Digby Smith places the losses higher than Clodfelter, at 1,398 killed, 10,059 wounded and 864 captured. Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult's IV corps sustained the majority of losses: 8,286, and General François Xavier Roussel, Chief of Staff of the Imperial Guard, was killed. Three generals were wounded, and Jean Lannes' corps lost 2,284 killed and wounded.[16]

Russo-Prussian losses

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Disputed figures as well, Clodfelter estimates 6,000 killed and wounded.[3][4] In addition, generals Koschin, Warneck, and Pahlen were killed; Dmitry Dokhturov, Werdrevski, Fock, Zakhar Dmitrievich Olsufiev, Duka, Laptiev, Passeck and Duke Charles of Mecklenburg were wounded. The Russian commander, Bennigsen was sick all day, but remained on his horse despite falling off unconscious several times. Digby Smith says that the Russian Prussian force lost 2-3000 dead, and about 5-6000 wounded, and they lost two guns.[6]

Notable officers of the French Army present were:

Notable officers of the Russian Army present were:

  • Commander-in-Chief: Leonty Leontyevich Bennigsen, at the end of the battle he was sick, but remained in the battlefield — he was replaced by Lieutenant general Andrey Gorchakov;

References

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  1. ^ Some French assessments[5]
  2. ^ Marshal Berthier's affirmation to Bennigsen (at the war's end)[5]
  1. ^ a b c Pigeard, Dictionnaire des batailles de Napoléon, pp. 683
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Velichko et al. 1912a, pp. 212–213.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Clodfelter M. Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500-2000. McFarland, 2002. P. 169
  4. ^ a b c Roberts A. Napoleon: A Life. Penguin Group. 2014. P. 450
  5. ^ a b c d Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky, Alexander (1846). Description of the second war of Emperor Alexander with Napoleon, in 1806 and 1807 (in Russian). St. Petersburg: Типография Штаба Отдельного Корпуса Внутренней Стражи. p. 315.
  6. ^ a b Smith, p. 248.
  7. ^ Bodart 2010.
  8. ^ Theodore A. Dodge (2001). Napoleon: A History of the Art of War. Adamant Media. ISBN 1-4021-9517-6.
  9. ^ a b c d e Christopher Summerville (30 September 2005). Napoleon's Polish Gamble: Eylau & Friedland 1807: Campaign Chronicles. Pen and Sword. pp. 194–. ISBN 978-1-4738-1659-6.
  10. ^ Bodart, Gaston (1908). Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618-1905). Wien und Leipzig, C. W. Stern. p. 383.
  11. ^ Gembarzewski, Bronisław (1925). Rodowody pułków polskich i oddziałów równorzędnych od r. 1717 do r. 1831 (in Polish). Warszawa: Towarzystwo Wiedzy Wojskowej. p. 60.
  12. ^ German Canadian Museum, Schlacht von Jena - Auerstedt 1806, ISBN 9781894643108 p. 247.
  13. ^ a b c Sir Archibald ALISON (1848). History of Europe from the commencement of the French Revolution, etc. W. Blackwood&Son. p. 8.
  14. ^ a b Velichko et al. 1912b, pp. 417–418.
  15. ^ Digby Smith. The Napoleonic Wars Data Book. London: Greenhill, 1998. ISBN 978-1853672767 pp. 247–248.
  16. ^ Smith, p. 247.

Works cited

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  • Bodart, Gaston (2010) [1908]. Militar-Historisches Kreigs-Lexikon V1: 1618-1905 (in German). Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1167991554.
  • Velichko, Konstantin I.; Novitsky, Vasily F.; Schwarz, Alexey V. von; Apushkin, Vladimir A.; Schoultz, Gustav K. von (1912). Sytin Military Encyclopedia (in Russian). Vol. 7: Воинская честь – Гимнастика военная. Тип. Т-ва И. Д. Сытина. pp. 212–213. Retrieved 12 June 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
    • Velichko, Konstantin I.; Novitsky, Vasily F.; Schwarz, Alexey V. von; Apushkin, Vladimir A.; Schoultz, Gustav K. von (1912). Sytin Military Encyclopedia (in Russian). Vol. 8: Гимры – Двигатели судовые. Тип. Т-ва И. Д. Сытина. pp. 417–418. Retrieved 12 June 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

Further reading

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Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky, Alexander Ivanovich (March 24, 2023). 1806-1807 - Tsar Alexander's Second War with Napoleon: The Russian Official History. Translated by Phillips, Peter G.A. Helion and Company. ISBN 978-1804511930.

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Preceded by
Battle of Guttstadt-Deppen 		Napoleonic Wars
Battle of Heilsberg 		Succeeded by
Battle of Friedland
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