Wikipedia

Ca (Indic)

Ca is the sixth consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, ca is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter ng, which is probably derived from the North Semitic letter tsade (reflected in the Aramaic , "ts"), with an inversion seen in several other derivatives,[1] after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Ca
Ca
Example glyphs
Bengali–AssameseCa
TibetanCa
TamilCa
Thai
จ
Malayalam
ച
Sinhala
ච
Ashoka BrahmiCa
DevanagariCa
Cognates
Hebrewצ ,ץ
GreekϺ (Ͷ), Ͳ (Ϡ)
CyrillicЦ, Ч, Ћ, Џ
Properties
Phonemic representation/t͡ʃ t͡ɕ t͡s c/
IAST transliterationca Ca
ISCII code pointB8 (184)
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This article contains uncommon Unicode characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of the intended characters.

Āryabhaṭa numeration

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Further information: Āryabhaṭa numeration

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of च are:[2]

Historic Ca

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There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ca as found in standard Brahmi,   was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta  . The Tocharian Ca   did not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form. The third form of ca, in Kharoshthi ( ) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Ca

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The Brahmi letter  , Ca, is probably derived from the Aramaic Tsade  , and is thus related to the Greek San. Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ca can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Ca historic forms
Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE)		 Girnar
(~150 BCE)		 Kushana
(~150-250 CE)		 Gujarat
(~250 CE)		 Gupta
(~350 CE)
         

Tocharian Ca

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The Tocharian letter   is derived from the Brahmi  , but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.

Tocharian Ca with vowel marks
Ca Cā Ci Cī Cu Cū Cr Cr̄ Ce Cai Co Cau Cä
                     

Kharoṣṭhī Ca

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The Kharoṣṭhī letter   is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Tsade  , and is thus related to San (letter), in addition to the Brahmi Ca.

Devanagari script

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Main article: Ca (Devanagari)

Ca (च) is the sixth consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter  , after having gone through the Gupta letter  . In Marathi, च is sometimes pronounced as [t͡sə] or [t͡s] in addition to [t͡ʃə] or [t͡ʃ], while in Nepali, the [t͡s] pronunciation is standard, and deviates with regard to dialect. Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter ચ and the Modi letter 𑘓.

Devanagari-using Languages

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Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari च with vowel marks
Ca Cā Ci Cī Cu Cū Cr Cr̄ Cl Cl̄ Ce Cai Co Cau C
च चा चि ची चु चू चृ चॄ चॢ चॣ चे चै चो चौ च्

Conjuncts with च

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Half form of Ca.

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.[4]

Ligature conjuncts of च

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True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form   for an initial "R" instead of repha.

  • Repha र্ (r) + च (ca) gives the ligature rca: note

 

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + च (ca) gives the ligature rca:

 

  • च্ (c) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature cra:

 

  • च্ (c) + न (na) gives the ligature cna:

 

Stacked conjuncts of च

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Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

  • ब্ (b) + च (ca) gives the ligature bca:

 

  • भ্ (bʰ) + च (ca) gives the ligature bʰca:

 

  • च্ (c) + ब (ba) gives the ligature cba:

 

  • च্ (c) + च (ca) gives the ligature cca:

 

  • च্ (c) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature cḍa:

 

  • छ্ (cʰ) + च (ca) gives the ligature cʰca:

 

  • च্ (c) + ज (ja) gives the ligature cja:

 

  • च্ (c) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature cjña:

 

  • च্ (c) + क (ka) gives the ligature cka:

 

  • च্ (c) + ल (la) gives the ligature cla:

 

  • च্ (c) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature cŋa:

 

  • च্ (c) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature cña:

 

  • च্ (c) + व (va) gives the ligature cva:

 

  • द্ (d) + च (ca) gives the ligature dca:

 

  • ड্ (ḍ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ḍca:

 

  • ढ্ (ḍʱ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ḍʱca:

 

  • ध্ (dʱ) + च (ca) gives the ligature dʱca:

 

  • घ্ (ɡʱ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ɡʱca:

 

  • ह্ (h) + च (ca) gives the ligature hca:

 

  • ज্ (j) + च (ca) gives the ligature jca:

 

  • झ্ (jʰ) + च (ca) gives the ligature jʰca:

 

  • क্ (k) + च (ca) gives the ligature kca:

 

  • ख্ (kʰ) + च (ca) gives the ligature kʰca:

 

  • ल্ (l) + च (ca) gives the ligature lca:

 

  • ळ্ (ḷ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ḷca:

 

  • म্ (m) + च (ca) gives the ligature mca:

 

  • न্ (n) + च (ca) gives the ligature nca:

 

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ŋca:

 

  • ञ্ (ñ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ñca:

 

  • प্ (p) + च (ca) gives the ligature pca:

 

  • फ্ (pʰ) + च (ca) gives the ligature pʰca:

 

  • स্ (s) + च (ca) gives the ligature sca:

 

  • श্ (ʃ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ʃca:

 

  • ष্ (ṣ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ṣca:

 

  • त্ (t) + च (ca) gives the ligature tca:

 

  • थ্ (tʰ) + च (ca) gives the ligature tʰca:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ṭca:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ṭʰca:

 

  • व্ (v) + च (ca) gives the ligature vca:

 

  • य্ (y) + च (ca) gives the ligature yca:

 

Bengali script

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The Bengali script চ is derived from the Siddhaṃ  , and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, च. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter চ will sometimes be transliterated as "co" instead of "ca". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /t͡ʃo/. Like all Indic consonants, চ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali চ with vowel marks
ca cā ci cī cu cū cr cr̄ ce cai co cau c
চ চা চি চী চু চূ চৃ চৄ চে চৈ চো চৌ চ্

চ in Bengali-using languages

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চ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with চ

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Bengali চ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. Unlike other Bengali letters, Ca does not tend towards stacked ligatures.[5]

  • চ্ (c) + চ (ca) gives the ligature cca:

 

  • চ্ (c) + ছ (cʰa) gives the ligature ccʰa:

 

  • চ্ (c) + ছ্ (cʰ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ccʰra, with the ra phala suffix:

 

  • চ্ (c) + ছ্ (cʰ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ccʰra, with the ra phala suffix:

 

  • চ্ (c) + ঞ (ña) gives the ligature cña:

 

  • চ্ (c) + ব (va) gives the ligature cva, with the va phala suffix:

 

  • চ্ (c) + য (ya) gives the ligature cya, with the ya phala suffix:

 

  • ঞ (ñ) + চ (ca) gives the ligature ñca:

 

  • র্ (r) + চ (ca) gives the ligature rca, with the repha prefix:

 

  • র্ (r) + চ্ (c) + য (ya) gives the ligature rcya, with the repha prefix and ya phala suffix:

 

  • শ্ (ʃ) + চ (ca) gives the ligature ʃca:

 

Gurmukhi script

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Chachaa [t͡ʃət͡ʃːɑ] (ਚ) is the eleventh letter of the Gurmukhi alphabet. Its name is [t͡ʃət͡ʃːɑ] and is pronounced as /t͡ʃ/ when used in words. It is derived from the Laṇḍā letter ca, and ultimately from the Brahmi ca. Gurmukhi chachaa does not have a special pairin or addha (reduced) form for making conjuncts, and in modern Punjabi texts do not take a half form or halant to indicate the bare consonant /t͡ʃ/, although Gurmukhi Sanskrit texts may use an explicit halant.

Gujarati Ca

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Gujarati Ca.

Ca (ચ) is the sixth consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the 16th century Devanagari Ca  with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately from the Brahmi letter  . The Gujarati letter Ca (ચ) should not be confused with the Gujarati vowel A (અ), and care should be taken when reading Gujarati script texts not to confuse the two.

Gujarati-using Languages

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The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ચ is pronounced as [cə] or [c] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Ca Cā Ci Cī Cu Cū Cr Cl Cr̄ Cl̄ Cĕ Ce Cai Cŏ Co Cau C
 
Gujarati Ca syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with ચ

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Half form of Ca.

Gujarati ચ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

  • ર્ (r) + ચ (ca) gives the ligature RCa:

 

  • ચ્ (c) + ર (ra) gives the ligature CRa:

 

  • ચ્ (c) + ન (na) gives the ligature CNa:

 

  • શ્ (ʃ) + ચ (ca) gives the ligature ŚCa:

 

Thai script

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Cho chan (จ) is the eighth letter of the Thai script. It falls under the middle class of Thai consonants. In IPA, cho chan is pronounced as [tɕ] at the beginning of a syllable and is pronounced as [t̚] at the end of a syllable. There are three other letters whose names contain cho in RTGS (and hence in the Unicode names), but their sounds at the beginning of syllable are [tɕʰ]. The ninth letter of the alphabet, cho ching (ฉ), is also named cho and falls under the high class of Thai consonants. The tenth and twelfth letters of the alphabet, cho chang (ช) and cho choe (ฌ), are also named cho, however, they all fall under the low class of Thai consonants. Unlike many Indic scripts, Thai consonants do not form conjunct ligatures, and use the pinthu—an explicit virama with a dot shape—to indicate bare consonants. In the acrophony of the Thai script, chan (จาน) means ‘plate’. Cho chan corresponds to the Sanskrit character ‘च’.

Javanese script

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Main article: Ca (Javanese)

Telugu Ca

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Telugu independent and subjoined Ca.

Ca (చ) is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter  . It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಚ. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Ca

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Malayalam letter Ca

Ca (ച) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter  , via the Grantha letter   Ca. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

 
Malayalam Ca matras: Ca, Cā, Ci, Cī, Cu, Cū, Cr̥, Cr̥̄, Cl̥, Cl̥̄, Ce, Cē, Cai, Co, Cō, Cau, and C.

Conjuncts of ച

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As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

  • ച് (c) + ച (ca) gives the ligature cca:

 

  • ഞ് (ñ) + ച (ca) gives the ligature ñca:

 

Odia Ca

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Odia independent and subjoined letter Ca.

Ca (ଚ) is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter  , via the Siddhaṃ letter   Ca. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Ca with vowel matras
Ca Cā Ci Cī Cu Cū Cr̥ Cr̥̄ Cl̥ Cl̥̄ Ce Cai Co Cau C
ଚ ଚା ଚି ଚୀ ଚୁ ଚୂ ଚୃ ଚୄ ଚୢ ଚୣ ଚେ ଚୈ ଚୋ ଚୌ ଚ୍

Conjuncts of ଚ

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As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

  • ଚ୍ (c) + ଚ (ca) gives the ligature cca:

 

  • ଚ୍ (c) + ଛ (cʰa) gives the ligature ccʰa:

 

  • ଞ୍ (ñ) + ଚ (ca) gives the ligature ñca:

 

Kaithi Ca

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Kaithi consonant and half-form Ca.

Ca (𑂒) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter  , via the Siddhaṃ letter   Ca. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Ca with vowel matras
Ca Cā Ci Cī Cu Cū Ce Cai Co Cau C
𑂒 𑂒𑂰 𑂒𑂱 𑂒𑂲 𑂒𑂳 𑂒𑂴 𑂒𑂵 𑂒𑂶 𑂒𑂷 𑂒𑂸 𑂒𑂹

Conjuncts of 𑂒

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As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

  • 𑂒୍ (c) + 𑂩 (ra) gives the ligature cra:

 

  • 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂒 (ca) gives the ligature rca:

 

Comparison of Ca

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The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ca, are related as well.

Comparison of Ca in different scripts
Aramaic
 
Kharoṣṭhī
𐨕		Ashoka Brahmi
 		Kushana Brahmi[a]
 		Tocharian[b]
 
Gupta Brahmi
 		Pallava
 
Kadamba
-
Bhaiksuki
𑰓		Siddhaṃ
 		Grantha
𑌚		Cham
ꨌ
Sinhala
ච		Pyu /
Old Mon[c]
-
Tibetan
 		Newa
𑐔		Ahom
-		Malayalam
ച
Telugu
చ		Burmese
စ
Lepcha
ᰆ		Ranjana
-		Saurashtra
ꢗ		Dives Akuru
𑤑
Kannada
ಚ		Kayah Li
-
Limbu
 		Soyombo[d]
𑩡		Khmer
ច		Tamil
 
Chakma
𑄌		Tai Tham
ᨧ
Meitei Mayek
ꯆ		Gaudi
-		Thai
จ		Lao
ຈ
Tai Le
ᥓ
Marchen
𑱶		Tirhuta
𑒔		New Tai Lue
ᦈ		Tai Viet
ꪊ / ꪋ		Aksara Kawi
 
'Phags-pa
ꡄ		Odia
ଚ		Sharada
𑆖		Rejang
ꤹ		Batak
ᯡ		Buginese
ᨌ
Zanabazar Square
𑨐		Bengali-Assamese
 		Takri
𑚏		Javanese
ꦕ		Balinese
ᬘ		Makasar
𑻩
Hangul[e]
-		Northern Nagari
-		Dogri
𑠏		Laṇḍā
-		Sundanese
ᮎ		Baybayin
-
Modi
𑘓		Gujarati
ચ		Khojki
𑈎		Khudabadi
𑋀		Mahajani
𑅙		Tagbanwa
-
Devanagari
 		Nandinagari
𑦳		Kaithi
 		Gurmukhi
ਚ		Multani
𑊊		Buhid
-
Canadian Syllabics[f]
-		Soyombo[g]
𑩡		Sylheti Nagari
ꠌ		Gunjala Gondi
𑵻		Masaram Gondi[h]
𑴑		Hanuno'o
-
Notes
  1. ^ The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms.
  2. ^ Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession.
  3. ^ Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script
  4. ^ May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table)
  5. ^ The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida.
  6. ^ Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas.
  7. ^ May also be derived from Ranjana (see above)
  8. ^ Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.


Character encodings of Ca

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Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Ca in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ca from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information
Preview       చ ଚ ಚ ച ચ ਚ
Unicode name DEVANAGARI LETTER CA BENGALI LETTER CA TAMIL LETTER CA TELUGU LETTER CA ORIYA LETTER CA KANNADA LETTER CA MALAYALAM LETTER CA GUJARATI LETTER CA GURMUKHI LETTER CA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 2330 U+091A 2458 U+099A 2970 U+0B9A 3098 U+0C1A 2842 U+0B1A 3226 U+0C9A 3354 U+0D1A 2714 U+0A9A 2586 U+0A1A
UTF-8 224 164 154 E0 A4 9A 224 166 154 E0 A6 9A 224 174 154 E0 AE 9A 224 176 154 E0 B0 9A 224 172 154 E0 AC 9A 224 178 154 E0 B2 9A 224 180 154 E0 B4 9A 224 170 154 E0 AA 9A 224 168 154 E0 A8 9A
Numeric character reference &#2330; &#x91A; &#2458; &#x99A; &#2970; &#xB9A; &#3098; &#xC1A; &#2842; &#xB1A; &#3226; &#xC9A; &#3354; &#xD1A; &#2714; &#xA9A; &#2586; &#xA1A;
ISCII 184 B8 184 B8 184 B8 184 B8 184 B8 184 B8 184 B8 184 B8 184 B8


Character information
Preview
Ashoka 
Kushana 
Gupta 
 𐨕   𑌚
Unicode name BRAHMI LETTER CA KHAROSHTHI LETTER CA SIDDHAM LETTER CA GRANTHA LETTER CA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 69656 U+11018 68117 U+10A15 71059 U+11593 70426 U+1131A
UTF-8 240 145 128 152 F0 91 80 98 240 144 168 149 F0 90 A8 95 240 145 150 147 F0 91 96 93 240 145 140 154 F0 91 8C 9A
UTF-16 55300 56344 D804 DC18 55298 56853 D802 DE15 55301 56723 D805 DD93 55300 57114 D804 DF1A
Numeric character reference &#69656; &#x11018; &#68117; &#x10A15; &#71059; &#x11593; &#70426; &#x1131A;


Character information
Preview   ྕ ꡄ 𑨐 𑐔 𑰓 𑆖
Unicode name TIBETAN LETTER CA TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER CA PHAGS-PA LETTER CA ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER CA NEWA LETTER CA BHAIKSUKI LETTER CA SHARADA LETTER CA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 3909 U+0F45 3989 U+0F95 43076 U+A844 72208 U+11A10 70676 U+11414 72723 U+11C13 70038 U+11196
UTF-8 224 189 133 E0 BD 85 224 190 149 E0 BE 95 234 161 132 EA A1 84 240 145 168 144 F0 91 A8 90 240 145 144 148 F0 91 90 94 240 145 176 147 F0 91 B0 93 240 145 134 150 F0 91 86 96
UTF-16 3909 0F45 3989 0F95 43076 A844 55302 56848 D806 DE10 55301 56340 D805 DC14 55303 56339 D807 DC13 55300 56726 D804 DD96
Numeric character reference &#3909; &#xF45; &#3989; &#xF95; &#43076; &#xA844; &#72208; &#x11A10; &#70676; &#x11414; &#72723; &#x11C13; &#70038; &#x11196;


Character information
Preview စ ᨧ ᦈ
Unicode name MYANMAR LETTER CA TAI THAM LETTER HIGH CA NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH TSA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 4101 U+1005 6695 U+1A27 6536 U+1988
UTF-8 225 128 133 E1 80 85 225 168 167 E1 A8 A7 225 166 136 E1 A6 88
Numeric character reference &#4101; &#x1005; &#6695; &#x1A27; &#6536; &#x1988;


Character information
Preview ច ຈ จ ꪊ ꪋ
Unicode name KHMER LETTER CA LAO LETTER CO THAI CHARACTER CHO CHAN TAI VIET LETTER LOW CO TAI VIET LETTER HIGH CO
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 6021 U+1785 3720 U+0E88 3592 U+0E08 43658 U+AA8A 43659 U+AA8B
UTF-8 225 158 133 E1 9E 85 224 186 136 E0 BA 88 224 184 136 E0 B8 88 234 170 138 EA AA 8A 234 170 139 EA AA 8B
Numeric character reference &#6021; &#x1785; &#3720; &#xE88; &#3592; &#xE08; &#43658; &#xAA8A; &#43659; &#xAA8B;


Character information
Preview ච 𑄌 ᥓ 𑤑 ꢗ ꨌ
Unicode name SINHALA LETTER ALPAPRAANA CAYANNA CHAKMA LETTER CAA TAI LE LETTER TSA DIVES AKURU LETTER CA SAURASHTRA LETTER CA CHAM LETTER CHA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 3488 U+0DA0 69900 U+1110C 6483 U+1953 71953 U+11911 43159 U+A897 43532 U+AA0C
UTF-8 224 182 160 E0 B6 A0 240 145 132 140 F0 91 84 8C 225 165 147 E1 A5 93 240 145 164 145 F0 91 A4 91 234 162 151 EA A2 97 234 168 140 EA A8 8C
UTF-16 3488 0DA0 55300 56588 D804 DD0C 6483 1953 55302 56593 D806 DD11 43159 A897 43532 AA0C
Numeric character reference &#3488; &#xDA0; &#69900; &#x1110C; &#6483; &#x1953; &#71953; &#x11911; &#43159; &#xA897; &#43532; &#xAA0C;


Character information
Preview 𑘓 𑦳 𑩡 ꠌ 𑵻  
Unicode name MODI LETTER CA NANDINAGARI LETTER CA SOYOMBO LETTER CA SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER CO GUNJALA GONDI LETTER CA KAITHI LETTER CA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 71187 U+11613 72115 U+119B3 72289 U+11A61 43020 U+A80C 73083 U+11D7B 69778 U+11092
UTF-8 240 145 152 147 F0 91 98 93 240 145 166 179 F0 91 A6 B3 240 145 169 161 F0 91 A9 A1 234 160 140 EA A0 8C 240 145 181 187 F0 91 B5 BB 240 145 130 146 F0 91 82 92
UTF-16 55301 56851 D805 DE13 55302 56755 D806 DDB3 55302 56929 D806 DE61 43020 A80C 55303 56699 D807 DD7B 55300 56466 D804 DC92
Numeric character reference &#71187; &#x11613; &#72115; &#x119B3; &#72289; &#x11A61; &#43020; &#xA80C; &#73083; &#x11D7B; &#69778; &#x11092;


Character information
Preview 𑒔 ᰆ   ꯆ 𑱶
Unicode name TIRHUTA LETTER CA LEPCHA LETTER CA LIMBU LETTER CA MEETEI MAYEK LETTER CHIL MARCHEN LETTER CA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 70804 U+11494 7174 U+1C06 6406 U+1906 43974 U+ABC6 72822 U+11C76
UTF-8 240 145 146 148 F0 91 92 94 225 176 134 E1 B0 86 225 164 134 E1 A4 86 234 175 134 EA AF 86 240 145 177 182 F0 91 B1 B6
UTF-16 55301 56468 D805 DC94 7174 1C06 6406 1906 43974 ABC6 55303 56438 D807 DC76
Numeric character reference &#70804; &#x11494; &#7174; &#x1C06; &#6406; &#x1906; &#43974; &#xABC6; &#72822; &#x11C76;


Character information
Preview 𑚏 𑠏 𑈎 𑋀 𑅙 𑊊
Unicode name TAKRI LETTER CA DOGRA LETTER CA KHOJKI LETTER CA KHUDAWADI LETTER CA MAHAJANI LETTER CA MULTANI LETTER CA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 71311 U+1168F 71695 U+1180F 70158 U+1120E 70336 U+112C0 69977 U+11159 70282 U+1128A
UTF-8 240 145 154 143 F0 91 9A 8F 240 145 160 143 F0 91 A0 8F 240 145 136 142 F0 91 88 8E 240 145 139 128 F0 91 8B 80 240 145 133 153 F0 91 85 99 240 145 138 138 F0 91 8A 8A
UTF-16 55301 56975 D805 DE8F 55302 56335 D806 DC0F 55300 56846 D804 DE0E 55300 57024 D804 DEC0 55300 56665 D804 DD59 55300 56970 D804 DE8A
Numeric character reference &#71311; &#x1168F; &#71695; &#x1180F; &#70158; &#x1120E; &#70336; &#x112C0; &#69977; &#x11159; &#70282; &#x1128A;


Character information
Preview ᬘ ᯡ ᨌ ꦕ 𑻩 ꤹ ᮎ
Unicode name BALINESE LETTER CA BATAK LETTER CA BUGINESE LETTER CA JAVANESE LETTER CA MAKASAR LETTER CA REJANG LETTER CA SUNDANESE LETTER CA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 6936 U+1B18 7137 U+1BE1 6668 U+1A0C 43413 U+A995 73449 U+11EE9 43321 U+A939 7054 U+1B8E
UTF-8 225 172 152 E1 AC 98 225 175 161 E1 AF A1 225 168 140 E1 A8 8C 234 166 149 EA A6 95 240 145 187 169 F0 91 BB A9 234 164 185 EA A4 B9 225 174 142 E1 AE 8E
UTF-16 6936 1B18 7137 1BE1 6668 1A0C 43413 A995 55303 57065 D807 DEE9 43321 A939 7054 1B8E
Numeric character reference &#6936; &#x1B18; &#7137; &#x1BE1; &#6668; &#x1A0C; &#43413; &#xA995; &#73449; &#x11EE9; &#43321; &#xA939; &#7054; &#x1B8E;


Character information
Preview 𑴑
Unicode name MASARAM GONDI LETTER CA
Encodings decimal hex
Unicode 72977 U+11D11
UTF-8 240 145 180 145 F0 91 B4 91
UTF-16 55303 56593 D807 DD11
Numeric character reference &#72977; &#x11D11;



See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ Bühler, Georg (1898). On the Origin of the Indian Brahma Alphabet. Strassburg K.J. Trübner. p. 68.
  2. ^ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  3. ^ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
  4. ^ Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  5. ^ "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.
^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".

Further reading

edit
  • Kurt Elfering: Die Mathematik des Aryabhata I. Text, Übersetzung aus dem Sanskrit und Kommentar. Wilhelm Fink Verlag, München, 1975, ISBN 3-7705-1326-6
  • Georges Ifrah: The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2000, ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  • B. L. van der Waerden: Erwachende Wissenschaft. Ägyptische, babylonische und griechische Mathematik. Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel Stuttgart, 1966, ISBN 3-7643-0399-9
  • Fleet, J. F. (January 1911). "Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 43: 109–126. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00040995. ISSN 0035-869X. JSTOR 25189823.
  • Fleet, J. F. (1911). "Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 43. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: 109–126. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00040995. JSTOR 25189823.
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