Wikipedia

Cape Coast

Cape Coast is a city, a fishing port, and the capital of Cape Coast Metropolitan District in the Central Region of Ghana. It is one of the country's most historic cities, a World Heritage Site, and home to the Cape Coast Castle, with the Gulf of Guinea situated to its south.[2] It was also the first capital of Ghana. According to the 2021 census, Cape Coast had a settlement population of 189,925 people.[3][4] The language of the people of Cape Coast is Fante.[5][6]

Cape Coast, Oguaa
City of Cape Coast
City
1st top-left image; Arch bridge and Harbour view from Elmina Castle in Cape Coast • 2nd bottom-left image; City hall of Cape Coast • 1st top-right image; Shores of Cape Coast • 2nd bottom-right image; Balcony of Cape Coast Castle.
1st top-left image; Arch bridge and Harbour view from Elmina Castle in Cape Coast • 2nd bottom-left image; City hall of Cape Coast • 1st top-right image; Shores of Cape Coast • 2nd bottom-right image; Balcony of Cape Coast Castle.
Official logo of Cape Coast, Oguaa
Cape Coast Metropolitan Assembly logo
Cape Coast is located in Ghana
Cape Coast
Cape Coast
Cape Coast is located in Africa
Cape Coast
Cape Coast
Coordinates: 05°06′N 01°15′W / 5.100°N 1.250°W / 5.100; -1.250
Country Ghana
Admin. RegionCentral Region
DistrictCape Coast Metropolitan
Founded1482
Elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Population
 (2010)
 • Total
169,894[1]
DemonymCape Coaster
Time zoneGMT
Postcode district
CC
Area code033
Websitehttp://ccma.gov.gh/

The older traditional names of the city are Oguaa and Kotokuraba (meaning "River of Crabs" or "Village of Crabs").[7] The Portuguese navigators João de Santarém and Pedro Escobar who sailed past Oguaa in 1471 designated the place Cabo Corso (meaning "short cape"), from which the name Cape Coast derives.[7] From the 16th century to the country's independence in 1957, the city changed hands between the British, the Portuguese, the Swedish, the Danish and the Dutch. It is home to 32 festivals and celebrations.[8]

History

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The dominant traditions of the indigenous inhabitants of Oguaa assert that they originated from Fetu, north of Cape Coast.  The site has been identified as that of the present-day Efutu. The Efutu State like its sister State of Eguafo, was founded by the Guan-the undisputed aborigines of Ghana.

  Legend even has it that one of the early kings of Fetu was a veracious eater of crabs which flourished in the marshy low lying areas around the hills of the present Cape Coast. The settlement was accordingly named KOTOKURABA, viz “Crab rivulet”

The early beginning of the town was, certainly, related to the existence of crabs in the area, and the effigy of the crab became the Traditional Eblem(See; “State Emblem of the Gold Coast” — D.A. Sutherland, 1952 p.67).

With time, another collection of reed huts sprang up nearer to the beach which developed into active commercial centre where salt and other commodities were exchanged. This new settlement became known as GWA or IGWA(Oguaa). There was rapid increase in population following the influx of the people from Efutu. When WJ. Mueller was a chaplain in the Danish fort, Fredrickdborg, 1661 — 1669, the king of Fetu was called Aduafo, a powerful ruler who was feared and honoured by his people.

In 1693, the Fetu kingdom was defeated by the allied forces of Assin and Asebu. The Efutuhene Nana Essifie Kuma transferred his capital from Efutu to Oguaa(Graham, Ibid). On arrival, the new migrants settled in three distinctive areas, viz. Bentsil, the area of highland behind the newly-built castle; Nkum, the sloping ground on the west bank of the stream below Bentsil; then lntsin, the rising ground on the east side of the Stream.

Later, a number of ambitious and influential families broke away, and founded a chain of fishing villages on the east coast. They include Legu, Dwemba-Mumford and Winneba, (Simpa) family groups.

Cape Coast is traditionally been led by the paramount chief, or Omanhene, of what is known today as Oguaa Traditional Area.[7]Cape Coast is one of the historical cities in Ghana.[9] Portuguese colonists built a trading fort in the area. In 1650, the Swedes built a lodge that would later become better known as Cape Coast Castle, which is now a World Heritage Site. Most of the modern town expanded around it. The Dutch took over it in 1650 and expanded it in 1652. The British then took control of it in 1664.

Trade was an important motivator in the creation of fortresses and settlements on Cape Coast. Traders from various European countries built these trading lodges, forts and castles along the coast of modern Ghana. Unfortunately, the acquisition of gold, slaves, honey, and the many other goods that composed the African leg of the Triangular Trade was increasingly detrimental to the inhabitants of Cape Coast.[10][page needed] In 1874, the British dominated all European presence along the coast of modern-day Ghana, using Cape Coast as their base of operations, Gold Coast.

In the 19th century, concerns over Cape Coast's climate prompted discussions about relocating the headquarters to Accra, seen as a healthier alternative. Colonel Henry Ord's report in 1865 highlighted Accra's appeal, but an earthquake in 1862 damaged key government buildings, thwarting plans.[11] By the 1870s, Cape Coast's climate and sanitation issues persisted, leading to consideration of alternatives such as Ada, Elmina, and Accra. Despite Elmina's drawbacks, Accra's advantages, including its commercial significance and relatively healthy surroundings, outweighed its shortcomings.[12] Ultimately, in 1875, the decision was made to move the Gold Coast Colony's headquarters to Accra.

With the establishment of formal colonial administration, they relocated to Accra following opposition to the "window tax" in 1877. Accra became their state. Cape Coast Castle was also where most of the slaves were held before their journey on the Middle Passage.

Asafo companies

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Main article: Asafo

Oguaa Traditional Area has seven Asafo companies—traditional warrior groups based on lineal descent, whose historical role was defence of the state[13] (the word deriving from sa, meaning "war", and fo, meaning "people")—with a complex social and political organization based on martial principles[14] and elaborate traditions of visual art.[15][16] The Asafo companies feature largely in Cape Coast's annual Fetu Afahye festival held on the first Saturday of September,[17] and each have historically established uniform colours: Esi Sutherland-Addy identifies these as: No. 1. Bentsir—red; No. 2. Anafo—blue and white; No. 3. Ntsin – green; No. 4. Nkum – yellow; No. 5. Amanful – wine and black; No. 6. Abrofomba (Brofo Nkoa) – white; No. 7. Ankrampa – white and black.[18]

20th century

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The city's St. Francis Cathedral was dedicated in 1928.[19] The building is the first Catholic Cathedral built in Ghana.[20] In addition, one of the first Catholic schools in Ghana, St. Augustine College, was established in Cape Coast during 1936.[21] The cocoa marketing boom of the 1900s that Ghana experienced, the city experienced a certain period of economic prosperity. After the completion of harbours and railways in other parts of the country such as Sekondi and Kumasi, cocoa cultivation and trade in Ghana diversified and Cape Coast lost some importance.[22] However, after the establishment of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese and the university of the city in 1950 and 1962 respectively, Cape Coast became a regional educational hub for this area of Ghana.[22]

Transportation

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There are Public Transports from Cape Coast to major cities such as Accra; Kumasi, Mim, Ahafo; Sunyani; Tamale; Tema; Ho; Wa; Bolgatanga; Elubo; Aflao, Techiman.

Administration

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Cape Coast is the only Metropolitan Assembly in the Central Region. The Assembly is bounded to the south by the Gulf of Guinea, west by the Komenda Edina Eguafo Abrem, East by the Abura Asebu Kwamankese District, and to the north by the Twifu Heman Lower Denkyira District. It also has two Parliamentary constituencies, which are Cape Coast North (Ghana parliament constituency) and Cape Coast South (Ghana parliament constituency). The Assembly has 45 Electoral Areas, with 30 being in Cape Coast South (Ghana parliament constituency) and 15 being in Cape Coast North (Ghana parliament constituency).

Electoral Areas

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Name Gender Membership Type Region Name District Name Constituency Name Electoral Name Term ends
EBOW HALM MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST NORTH AKYIM Dec-23
MENSAH JOHN MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST NORTH EKON ETSIFI Dec-23
GIDEON MPUSU MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST NORTH EKON ANAAFO Dec-23
LAMIDI ALHASSAN MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST NORTH TANTRI/AYIKOO AYIKOO Dec-23
JUSTICE OBENG MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST NORTH BROFOYEDUR Dec-23
JOHN SAM MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST NORTH MPEASEM/AMOAKOFOA Dec-23
PAUL ATO AMOAKO MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST NORTH AMANFUL EAST Dec-23
ABRAHAM WOODE MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST NORTH AMANFUL WEST Dec-23
JOSEPH HAGAN MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST NORTH GEGEM Dec-23
ANTHONY MENSAH-SPIO MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST NORTH ENYITSIWDO Dec-23
STEPHEN DOFFOE FORSON MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST NORTH KROO TOWN Dec-23
SAMUEL KOBNA BIADOO-ACGUAH MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST NORTH GYEGYEANO Dec-23
AUGUSTINE KOJO PENIEL AIDOO MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST NORTH NTSIN Dec-23
GODFRED ABRAHAM MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST NORTH CHAPEL SQUARE NICTORIA PARK Dec-23
SAMUEL DOUGLAS DUNCAN MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST NORTH TAMESEASE Dec-23
RICHARD EKOW MOSES MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST SOUTH LONDON BRIDGE Dec-23
EDDIE DAWSON MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST SOUTH TUROM Dec-23
ALBERT BEDFORD MOSES. MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST SOUTH BAKAANO Dec-23
NOEL MIAH MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST SOUTH ANOKYINEIFAWOHODZI Dec-23
EKOW FILSON MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST SOUTH KAWANOPADO Dec-23
AHMED ABDULAI MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST SOUTH TSIMTSIMHWE 1KOTOKURABA Dec-23
BABA ALI SUMAILA MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST SOUTH KADADWEN Dec-23
JOEL AMPONSAH-DADZIE MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST SOUTH ABOOM WELLS Dec-23
FREDERICK JOHNSON MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST SOUTH ABOOMIMASTER SAM Dec-23
ALHASSAN SULEMAN MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST SOUTH ASIKAFOAMBANTEM /ANTEM Dec-23
MUNTALA MOHAMMED MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST SOUTH ADISADEL Dec-23
HUSSEINI SHAIBU MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST SOUTH TSIBU DARKO Dec-23
ISAAC WINFUL MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST SOUTH BLACK STAR Dec-23
TSIBU-DARKO PRINCE MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST SOUTH OLA LOW COST Dec-23
SAMUEL E. KRAH MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST SOUTH OLA MAD I NA Dec-23
FREDERICK JUSTICE THAM MENSAH MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST SOUTH 3RD RIDGE / NKANFOA Dec-23
ISAAC KOBINA MENSAH MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST SOUTH PEDU NGUABADO Dec-23
JAMES ARTHUR MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST SOUTH PEDU ABAKADZE Dec-23
WISDOM SUKA MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST SOUTH ABAKAM/AHENEBOBOI Dec-23
FRANCIS MENSAH EGYIR MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST SOUTH UNIVERSITY OLD SITE /APEVVOSIKA Dec-23
JOHN KILSON MENSAH MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST SOUTH UNIVERSITY NEW SITE / KWAPROW Dec-23
MOSES ARTHUR MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST SOUTH NKWANTADO/ASSIM Dec-23
ABDUL MALIK ADJEI MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST SOUTH ETSIFUEYIFUA Dec-23
USMAN EGYIN ABBAM MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST SOUTH KAKOMDO Dec-23
KOBINA ISSAH MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST SOUTH EBUBONKOIAMISSANO Dec-23
BENJAMIN MANSO MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST SOUTH ESSUEKYIR Dec-23
GEORGE ANAFO MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST SOUTH ANKAFUL Dec-23
DAVID OWU MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST SOUTH MPEASEWBIRIMS0 Dec-23
PAUL NAT AMISSAH MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST SOUTH KOFORIDUNNY1NASIN Dec-23
ALHAJI MUSTAPHAABDULLHA MALE ELECTED CENTRAL Cape Coast Metropolitan CAPE COAST SOUTH EFUTU MAMPONG Dec-23

Geography

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Topography

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The area is dominated by batholith rock and is generally undulating with steep slopes. There are valleys of various streams between the hills, with Kakum being the largest stream.

The minor streams end in wetlands, the largest of which drains into the Fosu Lagoon at Bakano. In the northern part of the district, however, the landscape is suitable for the cultivation of various crops.[23]

Climate

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Cape Coast has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen: Aw/As) with two long wet seasons – a heavier one from March to July and a lighter one from September to November – alongside two short dry seasons in January/February and in August.

Cape Coast is a humid area with mean monthly relative humidity varying between 85% and 99%. The sea breeze has a moderating effect on the local climate.[23]

Climate data for Cape Coast (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 31.9
(89.4) 		32.9
(91.2) 		32.9
(91.2) 		32.7
(90.9) 		31.6
(88.9) 		30.1
(86.2) 		29.1
(84.4) 		28.9
(84.0) 		29.7
(85.5) 		30.9
(87.6) 		31.8
(89.2) 		31.9
(89.4) 		31.2
(88.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 22.6
(72.7) 		24.0
(75.2) 		24.2
(75.6) 		24.3
(75.7) 		24.1
(75.4) 		23.5
(74.3) 		22.9
(73.2) 		22.4
(72.3) 		23.0
(73.4) 		23.2
(73.8) 		23.5
(74.3) 		23.1
(73.6) 		23.4
(74.1)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 13.5
(0.53) 		18.7
(0.74) 		64.9
(2.56) 		92.8
(3.65) 		199.5
(7.85) 		209.4
(8.24) 		65.9
(2.59) 		29.9
(1.18) 		58.9
(2.32) 		89.8
(3.54) 		49.9
(1.96) 		29.6
(1.17) 		922.8
(36.33)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) 1 2 4 6 10 12 6 5 6 7 4 2 65
Source: World Meteorological Organization[24]

Attractions

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The crab is the city's mascot and a statue of one stands in the city centre. Fort William, built in 1820, was an active lighthouse from 1835 to the 1970s, while Fort Victoria was built in 1702.

The main market of Cape Coast is called Kotokuraba Market.[25]

Other attractions include a series of Asafo shrines, Cape Coast Centre for National Culture, the Oguaa Fetu Afahye festival (held on the first Saturday of September), and since 1992, the biennial Panafest theatre festival.[26] The city is located 30 km south of Kakum National Park, one of the most diverse and best preserved national parks in West Africa.

It is believed that Michelle Obama, US First Lady, considers Cape Coast as her ancestral home,[27] and on 11 July 2009, she took the rest of the first family to tour Cape Coast Castle as part of her husband's trip to Cape Coast.

 
View of fishing fleet from Cape Coast Castle
 
Centre of Cape Coast Castle
 
Main street of the University of Cape Coast

Education

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University of Cape Coast Library Complex

Cape Coast is the seat of the University of Cape Coast (UCC). It also has , the Cape Coast Technical University . The city also has some secondary and technical schools:

Notable people

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Notable people born in or associated with Cape Coast include:

  • John Atta Mills: 1944-2012 former President of Ghana
  • Frederick Acheampong: (born 1978); member of Ghana Football Association's Executive Council.
  • Kwesi Bekoe Amissah-Arthur:1951– 2018; former vice-president of the Republic of Ghana.
  • Samuel Richard Brew Attoh-Ahuma: 1863–1921; clergyman, nationalist, pioneering Pan-Africanist.
  • Kofi Bentsi-Enchill: 1895–1948; textiles tycoon, philanthropist.
  • Prince James Hutton Brew: 1844–1915; solicitor.
  • Kwesi Brew: 1928–2007; poet and diplomat.
  • Joseph Peter Brown: 1843–1932; patriot, statesman.
  • Margaret Busby, OBE, also titled Nana Akua Ackon I: 1944–; publisher, editor, writer and broadcaster. Enstoolment in 1999.[28]
  • Kwadwo Egyir, slave trader and tribal chief. Also involved in colonial diplomatic missions.
  • J. E. Casely Hayford: 1866–1930; author, lawyer, politician and educator.
  • James Cheetham: 1834–1902; merchant, member of the Legislative Council of the Gold Coast.
  • Ambrose Thompson Cooke: 1930–; millionaire, industrialist, textiles CEO and entrepreneur. Alumni London School of Economics and St Augustine's College Cape Coast
  • Sir James Henley Coussey, KBE: 1895–1958; High Court judge, chairman of the Coussey Commission, president of the West Africa Court of Appeal.
  • John Coleman de-Graft Johnson: 1884–1956; secretary of Native Affairs, anthropologist.
  • Samuel George Duker: 1905–1994; LRCP Edin, LRCS Edin, LRFPS Glasg; pioneering physician
  • King John Aggery Essien: 1809–1899; King of Cape Coast, pioneer Pan-Africanist.
  • Nana Amba Eyiaba I: 1950–; Queen mother of Effutu 16 of the Effutu Municipal District, educator and advocate for political rights of queen mothers[29]
  • Francis Chapman Grant: 1823–1889; founding member of the Fanti Confederation; cousin of Ulysses Grant.
  • Charles Emmanuel Graves: 1884–1929; musicologist, composer.
  • Mark Christian Hayford: 1863–1935; author, founder of Gold Coast Baptist Church and the Christian Army of the Gold Coast
  • Robert Hutchison: 1828–1863; statesman, soldier, philanthropist.
  • Prophet Jemisimiham Jehu-Appiah: 1892–1948; founder of Musama Disco Christo Church in Africa.
  • Thomas Frederic Edward Jones: 1850–1927; petitioned Queen Victoria about Lands Bill.
  • The poet and writer, Letitia Elizabeth Landon, arrived with her husband George MacLean in 1838 and died here shortly after, on 15 October of that year. She is buried in Cape Coast Castle.
  • John Mensah-Sarbah: 1864–1910; barrister, author, published Fanti Customary Laws.
  • Henry Mercer-Ricketts: 1895–1980; pioneering physician.
  • George Edward Moore: 1879–1950; recipient of the Ashanti Medal, executive member of the Aborigines' Rights Protection Society.
  • Hon. Ebo Barton Odro, First Deputy Speaker of the Sixth Parliament of the Fourth Republic
  • Andrew William Parker: 1840–1912; conscientious nationalist, fought in the Ashanti expedition.
  • Philip Quaque: 1741–1816; first ordained African clergy of the Church of England.
  • John Sarbah: 1834–1892; educationist, merchant, industrialist.
  • William Esuman Gwira Kobina Sekyi: 1892–1956; lawyer, politician, author.
  • Jacob Wilson Sey, alias Kwaa Bonyi: 1832–1902; millionaire, philanthropist, founding member of the Aborigines' Rights Protection Society.
  • Efua Sutherland: 1924–1996; writer, dramatist, educationalist and cultural activist
  • James Robert Thompson: 1810–1886; pioneering educationist.
  • Peter Turkson: 1948–; Cardinal-Archbishop of Cape Coast.
  • Herbert Taylor Ussher: 1836–1880; early administrator
  • Henry van Hien: 1858–1928; President of the Aboriginal Rights Protection Society.
  • Hon. William Ward-Brew, OBE: 1878–1943; lawyer, VP of Aborigines' Rights Protection Society.
  • Herbert Winful: 1952–; engineering professor.
  • Quarme Zaggy: 1981-; musician

Media house

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  • Kastle FM[30]
  • Asaase Radio
  • Cape FM

Foods

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The Fante people of Ghana are notable for their way of cooking. They are known for eating rich cuisine, mostly with more fish, meat, or any form of protein than necessary. It is believed that this is because of the number of rivers and lakes situated in the town. The people are known for their expert fishing and fish preservation abilities. Some of the cuisines are fante fante, stew and pepper sauce or okro stew, fante kenkey, which can be eaten with soups, stews or shito.

Sister cities

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List of sister cities of Cape Coast, designated by Sister Cities International:

Country City County / District / Region / State Date
  Germany   Bonn   North Rhine-Westphalia 2012
  United States   Buffalo   New York 1976
  United States   Hanover Park   Illinois

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "2010 Population and Housing Census" (PDF). Ghana Statistical Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 September 2013.
  2. ^ "Cape Coast | Historic Town, Slave Trade, Castle | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  3. ^ "About - Cape Coast Metropolitan Assembly". ccma.gov.gh. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
  4. ^ "Cape Coast Metropolitan (Metropolitan District, Ghana) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
  5. ^ "Cape Coast – Ko-Sa Beach Resort". Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  6. ^ "The irritating sounds of 'by force Twi' by some Fantes on Cape Coast radio".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ^ a b c Briggs, Philip (2019). Ghana (8th ed.). Bradt Travel Guides. p. 203. ISBN 9781784776282.
  8. ^ Banda, Rajaa. "11 Fascinating things to know about Ghana's Cape Coast". The Culture Trip. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  9. ^ "Cape Coast". Ghana Web. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  10. ^ Rømer, Ludvig Ferdinand; Winsnes, Selena Axelrod (2000). A Reliable Account of the Coast of Guinea (1760). British Academy. ISBN 978-0-19-726218-4.
  11. ^ Hove, Jon Olav. "Forts and Castles in the Colonial Period: Uses and Understandings of the Pre-colonial Fortifications." Forts, Castles and Society in West Africa. Brill, 2018. 250.
  12. ^ Hove, Jon Olav. "Forts and Castles in the Colonial Period: Uses and Understandings of the Pre-colonial Fortifications." Forts, Castles and Society in West Africa. Brill, 2018. 251-252.
  13. ^ DeCorse, Christopher R.; Sam Spiers (2009). "A tale of two polities: socio-political transformation on the Gold Coast in the Atlantic World" (PDF). Australasian Historical Archaeology. 27: 36. S2CID 67755840. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2020.
  14. ^ Herman du Toit (ed.), Pageants and Processions: Images and Idiom as Spectacle, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009, pp. 117–118.
  15. ^ Casely-Hayford, Gus (4 February 2016). "Gus Casely-Hayford on Fante Asafo Flags – Artist & Empire". Tate. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021 – via YouTube.
  16. ^ Asafo Flags: Stitches Through Time | HENI Talks, retrieved 6 February 2024
  17. ^ David Allan Paintsil, "Oguaa to showcase potential of traditional warriors…in 2012 Fetu Afahye" Archived 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, The Chronicle (Ghana), 11 May 2012.
  18. ^ Esi Sutherland-Addy, "Women and Verbal Arts in the Oguaa-Edina Area", Research Review (NS), Vol. 14, No. 2 (1998), p. 7.
  19. ^ Sundkler, Bengt; Steed, Christopher (4 May 2000). A History of the Church in Africa. Cambridge University Press. p. 719. ISBN 978-0-521-58342-8.
  20. ^ "St Francis de Sales Cathedral - Archdiocese of Cape Coast". Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  21. ^ Amoah, Francis (26 July 2022). Leadership Styles and Spiritual Traits of Catholic Priests: A Research Exploring the Relationships between Leadership Styles and Spiritual Traits of Catholic Priests. Fulton Books, Inc. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-63985-867-5.
  22. ^ a b Hyland, A. D. (1995). "The Architectural History of Cape Coast". Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana (1 (Vol. 16, no. 2)): 172. ISSN 0855-3246. JSTOR 41406616.
  23. ^ a b "Cape Coast Metropolitan Assembly". centralregion.gov.gh. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
  24. ^ "World Weather Information Service". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
  25. ^ "Ghana Place Names - Markets".
  26. ^ "PANAFEST – The Impetus and Objectives of PANAFEST". PANAFEST. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
  27. ^ "Obamas confront history inside Ghana's slave dungeon". businesstimesafrica.net. Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
  28. ^ Discourses of Empire and Commonwealth, p. 230, Koninklijke Brill, NV, Leiden, The Netherlands, 2016, ISBN 978-90-04-32277-6
  29. ^ "NANA AMBA EYIABA I". Council of Women Traditional Leaders. Archived from the original on 8 September 2014.
  30. ^ "I don't entertain men who want to sleep with me - Sefa boldly shares". GhanaWeb. 25 May 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.

Bibliography

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  • Charles Tetty, "Medical Practitioners of African Descent in Colonial Ghana", International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol. 18, No. 1 (1985), pp. 139–44, Boston University African Studies Center.
  • Gallery of Gold Coast Celebrities 1632–1958, Vol 1 2 & 3; I.S. Ephson, Ghana Publishing Corporation, 1970.
  • Kofi Baku, "Kobina Sekyi of Ghana: An Annotated Bibliography of His Writings", International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol. 24, No. 2 (1991), pp. 369–81, Boston University African Studies Center.
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Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Cape Coast".
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