Castizo[a] (fem. Castiza) was a racial category used in 18th-century Spanish America to refer to people who were three-quarters Spanish by descent and one-quarter Amerindian. The category of castizo was widely recognized by the 18th century in colonial Mexico[1] and was a standard category portrayed in eighteenth-century casta paintings.
History
editIn the taxonomic chart accompanying a work on casta paintings, castizo is given as "uncertain origin". It appears in 1543 with the meaning "class, condition, social position" (calidad, clase o condición).[2]
The term castizo applied to the offspring of a union of a Spaniard and a mestiza (offspring of a Spaniard and an indigenous woman); that is, someone who is of three-quarters Spanish and one-quarter Amerindian ancestry. During this era, various other terms (mestizo, cuarterón de indio, etc.) were also used.
Most scholars do not view the racial labels and hierarchical ordering as a rigid or official "system of castes,"[3] since there was considerable fluidity in the designations. Individuals might be classified or identify themselves with different categories at different points in their lives. Sometimes different labels were used simultaneously in the same documentation.
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Marriage licenses required a declaration of racial status for each partner. The category castizo "was widely recognized by the eighteenth century; castizos still did not appear in great numbers [in parish documentation] even though they were widely distributed throughout New Spain."[4] In colonial censuses, officials sought to keep track of certain categories, particularly where a person could claim to be a Spaniard. "In the [colonial Mexican] censuses of white/mestizo households, provisions were made to keep accurate records of castizos. The flexibility of having three categories (mestizo, castizo, and español) provided census takers a broader framework within which to capture differences of phenotype — presumably in hopes of closely regulating entry into the coveted español caste." Some were classified as castizos rather than españoles, but "their castizo status allowed them to maintain social elevation with the broader mestizo mainstream."[5]
In the 1778 census that was carried out in the territory of present-day Argentina during the mandate of King Carlos III of Spain, the castizos were counted as whites along with the criollos. In total there were 69,804 whites, which represented 37.54% of the population, this census was carried out by Viceroy Juan José de Vértiz y Salcedo.[6]
An eighteenth-century visitor to colonial Mexico published the following observation about race mixture between Spaniards and Amerindians:
"If the mixed-blood is the offspring of a Spaniard and an Indian, the stigma [of race mixture] disappears at the third step in descent because it is held as systematic that a Spaniard and an Indian produce a mestizo; a mestizo and a Spaniard, a castizo; and a castizo and a Spaniard, a Spaniard. [Note: This person is 7/8 Spanish by ancestry]. The admixture of Indian blood should not indeed be regarded as a blemish, since the provisions of law give the Indian all that he could wish for, and Philip II granted to mestizos the privilege of becoming priests. On this consideration is based the common estimation of descent from a union of Indian and European or creole Spaniard."[7]
In the early 21st century, the term castizo has also come to mean mixed-race people with light skin, in comparison to mulattos, pardos, cholos, moriscos and coyotes, who would be mixed-race people with darker skin.[8]
Terms like "Castizo", "Cholo" and "Mestizo" were once seen as derogatory or demeaning, however many people now use this word with a sense of pride for their heritage.
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Pronunciation in Latin American Spanish: [kasˈtiso]
References
edit- ^ Vinson, Ben III. Before Mestizaje: The Frontiers of Race and Caste in Colonial Mexico. New York: Cambridge University Press 2018, p. 134.
- ^ García Sáiz, María Concepción. Las Castas Mexicanas: Un Género Pictórico Americano. Milan: Olivetti 1989, pp. 24-25.
- ^ Giraudo, Laura (Jun 14, 2018). "Casta(s), "sociedad de castas" e indigenismo: la interpretación del pasado colonial en el siglo XX". Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos. doi:10.4000/nuevomundo.72080. hdl:10261/167130. Retrieved Sep 3, 2019 – via journals.openedition.org.
- ^ Vinson, Ben III. (2018) Before Mestizaje, pp. 134, 45.
- ^ Vinson (2018), Before Mestizaje, p. 120.
- ^ "Censo 1778" (PDF). Retrieved 18 April 2024.
- ^ Don Pedro Alonso O’Crouley, A Description of the Kingdom of New Spain (1774), trans. and ed. Sean Galvin. San Francisco: John Howell Books 1972, p. 20
- ^ Wilson, Chris (1997). The Myth of Santa Fe: Creating a Modern Regional Tradition. [S.l.]: University of New Mexico Press. p. 29-31