Chilblain lupus erythematosus was initially described by Hutchinson in 1888 as an uncommon manifestation of chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus.[2] Chilblain lupus erythematosus is characterized by a rash that primarily affects acral surfaces that are frequently exposed to cold temperatures, such as the toes, fingers, ears, and nose. The rash is defined by oedematous skin, nodules, and tender plaques with a purple discoloration.[3]
| Chilblain lupus erythematosus | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Chilblain lupus erythematosus of Hutchinson, Chilblain lupus, CHLE, Hutchinson lupus.[1] |
| Specialty | Dermatology  |
Its pathogenetic factors include cold-induced vascular thrombosis, blood stasis, and impaired microcirculation.[4] Chilblain lupus has been linked to anti-Ro antibodies.[5]
Signs and symptoms
editLesions typically start during cold or wet weather and don't go away entirely.[4] Generally, they are found on the backs of the hands and fingers, with some patients having more of them on the auricular finger.[6] The feet can be affected as well. Foot lesions often result in necrosis developing more quickly if they are on the soles.[4] Lesions on the trunk are rare, as are involvement of the ears and nose.[7]
Lesions typically begin as pruritic and papuloerythematous, then become painful.[4] There may occasionally be tiny ulcerations, fissural hyperkeratosis, and purplish infiltrates that resemble plaque.[8]
In certain instances, CHLE lesions coincide with Raynaud's syndrome.[9] It's not always necessary to have typical chilblains, especially in warm climates.[7]
Causes
editThe majority of chilblain lupus erythematosus cases are sporadic, with an autoimmune underlying pathophysiology; however, rare familial cases that are inherited autosomally dominantly have also been reported. The etiology of sporadic chilblain lupus erythematosus is believed to be vasoconstriction or microvascular injury brought on by cold.[10]
Mechanism
editA missense mutation in TREX1, encoding the 3′–5′ repair exonuclease 1, was found in affected individuals of one kindred in familial CHLE with autosomal dominant inheritance.[11] The killer lymphocytic protease granzyme A causes apoptotic ss-DNA damage, which is mediated in part by the TREX1 gene product. Granzyme A-mediated cell death was substantially less effective in heterozygous lymphoblast cells with the p.D18N mutation in TREX1, indicating a potential new function for this caspase-independent type of apoptosis in the pathophysiology of familial CHLE. It has been discovered that TREX1 mutations are linked to Sjögren's syndrome and SLE.[12]
Diagnosis
editThe Mayo Clinic has developed a set of diagnostic standards based on a limited number of chilblain lupus erythematosus patients.[13] This comprises the following two major criteria: systemic lupus erythematosus/discoid lupus erythematosus or response to anti lupus erythematosus therapy or negative cryoglobulin/cold agglutinin studies; additionally, there must be acral skin lesions associated with cold temperature and evidence of lupus erythematosus in skin lesions on histopathology and/or direct immunofluorescence.[13]
Treatment
editIn order to stop recurrences, the first line of defense is to shield acral sites from cold and low temperatures. To avoid secondary infections, necrotic lesions must be treated as soon as possible with topical or systemic antibiotics. Up to half of patients have been demonstrated to benefit from topical steroids, especially when used in conjunction with a brief course of systemic steroids. Tacrolimus ointment and pimecrolimus cream, two topical calcineurin inhibitors, may also be useful in avoiding skin atrophy, one of the local side effects of long-term topical steroids.[14] Because calcium channel blockers like nifedipine work against vasoconstriction, they lessen erythema and pain. Giving up smoking might be taken into consideration as a way to maximize the therapeutic benefits.[15]
Epidemiology
editOnly about 70 CHLE patients have been documented to as of 2008,[15] including two families with an autosomal dominant-inherited form known as familial CHLE.[11][16] While familial CHLE typically first appears in early childhood,[11] sporadic CHLE typically affects middle-aged females.[4]
In about 18% of cases, CHLE progresses to SLE and is accompanied by discoid lupus erythematosus lesions or other types of cutaneous lupus erythematosus.[6][7] In patients who also have concurrent cutaneous lupus erythematosus, this percentage is even higher.[15] In a study involving seventeen patients, discoid lupus erythematosus developed one to fourteen years after the onset of CHLE.[7]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Chilblain lupus". Monarch Initiative. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
- ^ Hutchinson, J. (January 14, 1888). "Harveian Lectures on Lupus". BMJ. 1 (1411): 58–63. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1411.58. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 2197256. PMID 20752140.
- ^ AlMahameed, Amjad; Pinto, Duane S. (March 29, 2008). "Pernio (Chilblains)". Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine. 10 (2). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 128–135. doi:10.1007/s11936-008-0014-0. ISSN 1092-8464. PMID 18325315. S2CID 32207202.
- ^ a b c d e Doutre, M.S.; Beylot, C.; Beylot, J.; Pompougnac, E.; Royer, P. (1992). "Chilblain Lupus erythematosus: Report of 15 Cases". Dermatology. 184 (1). S. Karger AG: 26–28. doi:10.1159/000247494. ISSN 1018-8665. PMID 1558991.
- ^ Franceschini, F; Calzavara-Pinton, P; Quinzanini, M; Cavazzana, I; Bettoni, L; Zane, C; Facchetti, F; Airò, P; McCauliffe, D P; Cattaneo, R (1999). "Chilblain lupus erythematosus is associated with antibodies to SSA/Ro". Lupus. 8 (3). SAGE Publications: 215–219. doi:10.1191/096120399678847632. ISSN 0961-2033. PMID 10342714. S2CID 40390076.
- ^ a b Fisher, D. A. (April 1, 1996). "Violaceous rash of dorsal fingers in a woman. Diagnosis: chilblain lupus erythematosus (perniosis)". Archives of Dermatology. 132 (4). American Medical Association (AMA): 459. doi:10.1001/archderm.132.4.459. ISSN 0003-987X. PMID 8629851.
- ^ a b c d MILLARD, L. G.; ROWELL, N. R. (1978). "Chilblain lupus erythematosus (Hutchinson) A CLINICAL AND LABORATORY STUDY OF 17 PATIENTS". British Journal of Dermatology. 98 (5). Oxford University Press (OUP): 497–506. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1978.tb01935.x. ISSN 0007-0963. PMID 656324. S2CID 26325126.
- ^ Pock, L; Petrovská, P; Becvár, R; Mandys, V; Hercogová, J (2001). "Verrucous form of chilblain lupus erythematosus". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 15 (5). Wiley: 448–451. doi:10.1046/j.1468-3083.2001.00346.x. ISSN 0926-9959. PMID 11763388. S2CID 41772361.
- ^ Boehm, Ingrid; Bieber, Thomas (February 2001). "Chilblain lupus erythematosus Hutchinson: successful treatment with mycophenolate mofetil". Archives of Dermatology. 137 (2): 235–236. PMID 11176709. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
- ^ Patel, S.; Hardo, F. (November 27, 2013). "Chilblain lupus erythematosus". Case Reports. 2013 (nov27 1). BMJ: bcr2013201165. doi:10.1136/bcr-2013-201165. ISSN 1757-790X. PMC 3847642. PMID 24285807.
- ^ a b c Lee-Kirsch, Min Ae; Chowdhury, Dipanjan; Harvey, Scott; Gong, Maoliang; Senenko, Lydia; Engel, Kerstin; Pfeiffer, Christiane; Hollis, Thomas; Gahr, Manfred; Perrino, Fred W.; Lieberman, Judy; Hubner, Norbert (April 18, 2007). "A mutation in TREX1 that impairs susceptibility to granzyme A-mediated cell death underlies familial chilblain lupus". Journal of Molecular Medicine. 85 (5). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 531–537. doi:10.1007/s00109-007-0199-9. ISSN 0946-2716. PMID 17440703. S2CID 610734.
- ^ Lee-Kirsch, Min Ae; Gong, Maolian; Chowdhury, Dipanjan; Senenko, Lydia; Engel, Kerstin; Lee, Young-Ae; de Silva, Udesh; Bailey, Suzanna L; Witte, Torsten; Vyse, Timothy J; Kere, Juha; Pfeiffer, Christiane; Harvey, Scott; Wong, Andrew; Koskenmies, Sari; Hummel, Oliver; Rohde, Klaus; Schmidt, Reinhold E; Dominiczak, Anna F; Gahr, Manfred; Hollis, Thomas; Perrino, Fred W; Lieberman, Judy; Hübner, Norbert (July 29, 2007). "Mutations in the gene encoding the 3′-5′ DNA exonuclease TREX1 are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus". Nature Genetics. 39 (9). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 1065–1067. doi:10.1038/ng2091. ISSN 1061-4036. PMID 17660818. S2CID 37853133.
- ^ a b Su, W P; Perniciaro, C; Rogers 3rd, R S; White Jr, J W (December 1994). "Chilblain lupus erythematosus (lupus pernio): clinical review of the Mayo Clinic experience and proposal of diagnostic criteria". Cutis. 54 (6): 395–399. PMID 7867381.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Lambertini, Martina; Vincenzi, Colombina; Dika, Emi; La Placa, Michelangelo (May 3, 2018). "Chilblain Lupus with Nail Involvement: A Case Report and a Brief Overview". Skin Appendage Disorders. 5 (1). S. Karger AG: 42–45. doi:10.1159/000488543. ISSN 2296-9195. PMC 6323373. PMID 30643780.
- ^ a b c Hedrich, C. M.; Fiebig, B.; Hauck, F. H.; Sallmann, S.; Hahn, G.; Pfeiffer, C.; Heubner, G.; Gahr, M. (June 10, 2008). "Chilblain lupus erythematosus—a review of literature". Clinical Rheumatology. 27 (8). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 949–954. doi:10.1007/s10067-008-0942-9. ISSN 0770-3198. PMID 18543054. S2CID 9382733.
- ^ Rice, Gillian; Newman, William G.; Dean, John; Patrick, Teresa; Parmar, Rekha; Flintoff, Kim; Robins, Peter; Harvey, Scott; Hollis, Thomas; O'Hara, Ann; Herrick, Ariane L.; Bowden, Andrew P.; Perrino, Fred W.; Lindahl, Tomas; Barnes, Deborah E.; Crow, Yanick J. (2007). "Heterozygous Mutations in TREX1 Cause Familial Chilblain Lupus and Dominant Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 80 (4). Elsevier BV: 811–815. doi:10.1086/513443. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 1852703. PMID 17357087.
Further reading
edit- Vinister, Ge vivin; Roongta, Rashmi; Sinha, Debanjali; Chattopadhyay, Arghya; Mondal, Sumantro (2023). "Chilblain Lupus". Mediterranean Journal of Rheumatology. 34 (2). Convin SA: 269–270. doi:10.31138/mjr.34.2.269. ISSN 2529-198X. PMC 10466364. PMID 37654633.
- Bansal, Shikha; Goel, Alka (2014). "Chilblain lupus erythematosus in an adolescent girl". Indian Dermatology Online Journal. 5 (5). Medknow: 30. doi:10.4103/2229-5178.144522. ISSN 2229-5178. PMC 4252947. PMID 25506560.