Chislehurst Caves are a series of intersecting man-made tunnels and caverns covering some 22 miles (35.4 km)[1] in Chislehurst in the London Borough of Bromley. From the mid-13th to early 19th centuries the "caves" were created from the mining of flint and lime-burning chalk.
Today the caves are a tourist attraction and, although they are called caves, they are entirely man-made and were dug and used as chalk and flint mines. The earliest recorded mention of the mines and lime-burning kilns above dates from a 9th-century Saxon charter and then not again until around 1232AD; they are believed to have been last worked in the 1830s.[2]
During World War I the caves were used as an ammunition storage dump associated with the Royal Arsenal at Woolwich. In the 1930s the tunnels were used for mushroom cultivation.
Second World War shelter
editWhen the aerial bombardment of London began in September 1940, the caves were used as an air-raid shelter. Soon they became an underground city accommodating up to 15,000 inhabitants (who each paid a penny to enter).[3] The tunnels were fitted with electric lighting, toilets and washing facilities; a chapel was built and also a hospital.
The caves are located close to Chislehurst railway station and many people arrived there to then enter the shelter. Shortly after VE Day the shelter was officially closed. There was one child born in the caves, christened in the cave chapel with the name of Cavena Wakeman, who had the name until she turned 18, when she legally changed her first name to Rose and using Cavena as her middle name.[4][5]
Mythology
editIn 1903, William Nichols, then Vice President of the British Archaeological Association, produced a theory that the mines were made by the Druids, Romans and Saxons.[6][7] This theory was used to give names to the three parts of the caves: tour guides point out supposed Druid altars and Roman features. However, this is based on Dr Nichols' writings and has not been verified.
The earliest documented evidence for a chalk cave is in 1737. (However, the earliest recorded mention of the mines and lime-burning kilns above, dates from a 9th-century Saxon charter and then not again until around 1232, this being that most likely because there was no taxation on them prior to 1232.) An opposing article in the next issue showed the similarity of the workings to coal mines in the Newcastle area, and argued that most of the excavation had been made in the last two centuries and that the evidence for any dene-holes was slight.[8] However, a dene-hole does exist in what is known as the middle section.
The caves were used between 1830 and the 1860s for producing lime. The 25-inch to a mile (approx 1:2,500) Ordnance Survey map of 1862–63 describes the place as a "chalk pit" and marks an "engine house" and two remaining kilns.[9] A further investigation produced, among other evidence, a letter from the son of one of the workers.[10]
TV and film
editThe caves have appeared in several television programmes including episodes of Doctor Who from 1972 titled The Mutants.[11] In an episode of Seven Natural Wonders presented by Bill Oddie, the caves were presented as one of the wonders of the London area. The caves were also used in the films Beat Girl, The Tribe and Inseminoid and in music videos for metal bands Iron Maiden - ("Can I Play With Madness") - and "Cradle of Filth".[12] They appear in Episode Five of The Tyrant King (1968).
The caves featured in two episodes of Most Haunted. A 20-year investigation into the haunting of the caves by author James Wilkinson containing the testimonies of many of the guides and owners over a 50-year period was published in 2011 entitled The Ghosts of Chislehurst Caves.[13]
James Braxton visited the caves on Antiques Road Trip's Series 23, episode 6.[14]
Music venue
editIn the 1950s and 1960s, the caves were used as a skiffle and rock music venue.
From the mid 1950s to until the early 1960s, Lonnie Donegan played there along with other early British rockers such as Adam Faith, Marty Wilde and The Rolling Stones. Even American rockers such as Gene Vincent and Eddie Cochran played here during the early 1960s.
David Bowie was known to have performed there four times: June 1962, 17 November 1962, in 1964 and 4 March 1966.[15]
Pink Floyd played there on 8 December 1967.[16]
Jimi Hendrix played there twice: 16 December 1966 and 27 January 1967.[17][18]
The Yardbirds played there on 1 July 1966.[17]
Eric Burdon and The Animals performed there on 6 October 1967.[17]
The Herd played there on 7 February 1968.[17]
Other artists that have played there were the Shadows, Tommy Steele, Johnny Kidd and the Pirates, Status Quo, Pretty Things. The Troggs and jazz acts including Acker Bilk, Humphrey Lyttelton and Kenny Ball.[19]
On 31 October 1974, a lavish media party was held in the caves by the band Led Zeppelin to celebrate the launch of new UK record company Swan Song Records.
Radio Caroline broadcast performances on a Saturday night with DJs such as Dave Lee Travis, Johnnie Walker, Tony Blackburn and Simon Dee, who would bring down music acts such as Muddy Waters.[19]
One of the last concerts in the Caves was on 9 January 1981 when four Bromley bands (11.53. Five O, Hepatitis Risk & Real Colmans) played there. The music aspect of the caves completely stopped in 2000 with The Rock & Roll Gypsies being the last band to perform in January 2001.
References
edit- ^ "English Prehistoric Sites - Chislehurst Caves". Archived from the original on 2 May 2015.
- ^ "Chislehurst Caves, Kent". The Heritage Trail. Archived from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
- ^ "Chislehurst Caves – Subterranea Britannica".
- ^ Conner, Rachel (6 October 2011). "Woman born in Chislehurst caves during WWII bombing returns for visit". Retrieved 9 December 2023.
- ^ Symes, Paul (4 May 2004). "Cave girl tale just part of the history". News Shopper. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
- ^ Nichols, W. J. (1903). "The Chislehurst Caves and Dene-holes". Journal of the British Archaeological Association. IX (ns) (3): 147–160. doi:10.1080/00681288.1903.11893861. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
- ^ Nichols, W. J. (1904). "The Chislehurst Caves and Dene-holes". Journal of the British Archaeological Association. X: 64–86. doi:10.1080/00681288.1904.11893746. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
- ^ Forster, T.E. and R.H. (August 1904). "The Chislehurst Caves". Journal of the British Archaeological Association. X (ns): 88–102. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
- ^ Bonner, Arthur (1937). "The Chislehurst Cave Myth". Yorkshire Ramblers' Club Journal. 7 (23): 32–34. Archived from the original on 18 April 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
- ^ Hayes, Rev J. W. (1909). "Deneholes and other chalk excavations". Royal Anthropological Institute. 39: 44–77. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
- ^ "Filming at Chislehurst Caves". www.chislehurst-caves.co.uk. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
- ^ "MySpaceTV Videos: BEHIND THE SCENES OF 'HONEY AND SULPHUR'- THE VIDEO by Cradle of Filth". Archived from the original on 16 October 2008. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
- ^ Wilkinson, James (November 2011). The Ghosts of Chislehurst Caves. Witham, Essex: Greenlight Publishing. ISBN 978-1897738436.
- ^ "BBC One - Antiques Road Trip Episode 6 Series 23". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
- ^ "David Bowie Concerts 1958 to 1969".
- ^ "Pink Floyd news :: Brain Damage - 1967 tour dates/Concerts".
- ^ a b c d "Chislehurst Caves, Chislehurst, southeast London | Garage Hangover".
- ^ "January 27, 1967 Live Performance the Experience perform at Chislehurst Caves in Bromley, Kent. After the show Jimi Hendrix meets up with effects maestro Roger Mayer where he provides Jimi some of his new experimental Octavia effects pedals to try out".
- ^ a b "LONDON'S REAL ROCK UNDERGROUND".
External links
edit
- Chislehurst Caves from the heritage trail
- Official website Archived 21 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- Alternative website
- Map sources for Chislehurst Caves
- Labyrinthe website