Chouchi (Chinese: 仇池; pinyin: Chóuchí), or Qiuchi (pinyin: Qiúchí), was a polity in China ruled by the Yang clan of Di ethnicity in modern-day Gansu Province. Its existence spanned both the Sixteen Kingdoms and Northern and Southern dynasties periods, but it is not listed among one of these regimes in historiography.[1][2][3][4]
Chouchi 仇池 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 296–443 (580) | |||||||||||||
.jpg) The kingdom of Chouchi in the western China | |||||||||||||
| Status | Kingdom | ||||||||||||
| Capital | Wudu | ||||||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||||
| King | |||||||||||||
| Historical era | 3rd - 6th century | ||||||||||||
• Established | 296 | ||||||||||||
• Conquered by Former Qin | 371 | ||||||||||||
• Chouchi restored as Later Chouchi | 385 | ||||||||||||
• Conquered by Liu Song | 442 | ||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 443 (580) | ||||||||||||
• Restored as Wudu, Wuxing and Yinping kingdoms | 448 - 580 | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Today part of | China | ||||||||||||
History
editAt the beginning of the 3rd century CE Yang Teng (楊騰), chieftain of the White Neck Di (白項氐), had occupied the southeast area of modern Gansu province, at the upper course of the Han River. His followers Yang Ju (楊駒) and Yang Qianwan (楊千萬) paid tribute to the emperors of the Cao-Wei Dynasty and were rewarded with the title of prince (wáng 王).[5][6][3] Yang Feilong (楊飛龍) shifted the center of the Chouchi realm back to Lüeyang, where his successor Yang Maosou reigned as an independent king at the beginning of the 4th century. The Chouchi troops often plundered territories in the Central Plains to the east and abducted people there, but the troops of Eastern Jin and Han-Zhao deprived the Chouchi empire of some of its people. In 322 Yang Nandi suffered a defeat at the hands of Han-Zhao and was degraded to prince of Wudu (武都王) and duke of Chouchi (仇池公). The following years were characterized by numerous internal struggles among the Yang clan and several usurpations of the throne. The rulers were not seen as mere regional inspectors (cishi 刺史) or governors (taishou 太守) of their region under the government of Jin.[3]
In 371 Fu Jian, ruler of Former Qin, attacked Chouchi, captured the ruler Yang Cuan (楊篡) and ended the period of Former Chouchi.[3]
Yang Ding, a great-great-grandson of Yang Maosou, and a son-in-law of Fu Jian, resurrected the Chouchi kingdom in 385, with the capital at Licheng (歷城). His younger brother Yang Sheng (楊盛) was able to conquer the region of Liangzhou (梁州) at the upper course of the Han River, and declared himself governor for the Jin Dynasty. Efforts to occupy the territory of modern Sichuan failed, but Chouchi controlled a large part of the modern provinces of Gansu (east) and Shaanxi (south).[3]
After 443, the lords of Chouchi were only puppet rulers controlled by the Northern and Southern dynasties. Historians talk of the five realms of Chouchi (Chouchi wuguo 仇池五國): Former and Later Chouchi (Qianchouchi 前仇池, Houchouchi 後仇池), Wudu (武都), Yinping (陰平), and Wuxing (武興).[5][7][3] Former Chouchi lasted between 296 and 371 while Later Chouchi lasted between 385 and 443. In 443, the Northern Wei conquered Chouchi, but was restored by Yang Wende that same year, beginning the Wudu period, although it could also be seen as a continuation of Later Chouchi. After the death of Yang Wendu in 477, the realm split into Yinping and Wuxing, the former lasting until around the mid-6th century and the latter lasting until 553.
Rulers
edit| Posthumous Names | Common names in Chinese characters | Durations of reigns or in office | Era names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Former Chouchi (296–371) | |||
| Yáng Màosōu (楊茂搜) | 296–317 | ||
| Yáng Nándí (楊難敵) | 317–334 | ||
| Yáng Yì (楊毅) | 334–337 | ||
| Yáng Chū (楊初) | 337–355 | ||
| Yáng Guó (楊國) | 355–356 | ||
| Yáng Jùn (楊俊) | 356–360 | ||
| Yáng Shì (楊世) | 360–370 | ||
| Yáng Cuàn (楊篡) | 370–371 | ||
| Later Chouchi (385–477) | |||
| Wǔ (武) | Yáng Dìng (楊定) | 385–394 | |
| Huìwén (惠文) | Yáng Shèng (楊盛) | 394–425 | |
| Xiàozhāo (孝昭) | Yáng Xuán (楊玄) | 425–429 | |
| Yáng Bǎozōng (楊保宗) | 429 and 443 | ||
| Yáng Nándāng (楊難當) | 429–441 | Jiànyì (建義) 436–440 | |
| Yáng Bǎochì (楊保熾) | 442–443 | ||
| Kings of Wudu (443–477) | |||
| Yáng Wéndé (楊文德) | 443–454 | ||
| Yáng Yuánhé (楊元和) | 455–466 | ||
| Yáng Sēngsì (楊僧嗣) | 466–473 | ||
| Yáng Wéndù (楊文度) | 473–477 | ||
| Kings of Wuxing (477–506 and 534–555) | |||
| Yáng Wénhóng (楊文弘) | 477–482 | ||
| Yáng Hòuqǐ (楊後起) | 482–486 | ||
| Ān (安) | Yáng Jíshì (楊集始) | 482–503 | |
| Yáng Shàoxiān (楊紹先) | 503–506, 534–535 | ||
| Yáng Zhìhuì (楊智慧) | 535–545 | ||
| Yáng Bìxié (楊辟邪) | 545–553 | ||
| Note: Yang Zhihui and Yang Bixie could be the same person | |||
| Kings of Yinping (477–mid 6th century) | |||
| Yáng Guǎngxiāng (楊廣香) | 477–483? | ||
| Yáng Jiǒng (楊炯) | 483–495 | ||
| Yáng Chóngzǔ (楊崇祖) | 495–before 502 | ||
| Yáng Mèngsūn (楊孟孫) | before 502–511 | ||
| Yáng Dìng (楊定) | 511–? | ||
| Yáng Tàichì (楊太赤) | c. 516 | ||
| Yáng Fǎshēn (楊法深) | 520s–c. 553 | ||
References
edit- ^ 《宋書》列傳第五十八
- ^ Scroll of 水經注, Circle of 卷三, part 河水
- ^ a b c d e f g "The States of Qiuchi 仇池 (www.chinaknowledge.de)". chinaknowledge.de. Retrieved 28 Jul 2019.
- ^ 李祖桓. 《仇池国志》, 书目文献出版社 : 新华书店北京发行所发行, 1986
- ^ a b 抱朴子, part 內篇, section 仙藥
- ^ 漾水, particularly page 7
- ^ Era of 魏晉南北朝, Title 三國志, Part 吳書十, section 董襲傳