The Constitution of Zaire (French: Constitution du Zaïre), was promulgated on 15 August 1974, revised on 15 February 1978, and amended on 5 July 1990. It provided a renewed legal basis for the regime of Mobutu Sese Seko who had emerged as the country's dictator after the Congo Crisis in 1965.
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Defining state power as an extension of Mobutu's power, the 1974 constitution codified Zaire as a one-party state with the Popular Movement of the Revolution as the only legally permitted party. It enshrined the status of Mobutism as the state ideology.[1] The 1974 constitution was the third in the Congo's post-independence history, replacing earlier constitutions adopted to replace the original basic law of 1960, adopted in 1964 and 1967.[2][3]
According to academics Merwin Crawford Young and Thomas Turner, the 1974 constitution should be seen as the culmination of a period of Zairean political history beginning in 1970.[4] The phase was marked by growing national self-confidence and the emergence of Mobutu's Authenticité policy to remove non-"authentic" foreign influences from Zairian society.[4] Young and Turner describe the 1974 constitution as the "normative embodiment of the Mobutist state at its apogee" and argued that it was an unprecedented legal expression of "centralized, untrammelled personal power".[5]
Under the provisions of the Constitution, the MPR was recognised as Zaire's only "institution" and its president as President of Zaire itself with total power over government and judiciary (Articles 28 and 30). Mobutism was declared the state ideology (Article 46) and all Zaireans were automatically made members of the MPR (Article 8).[5] Mobutu himself was exempted from the restrictions on power mentioned in the document and given the power to unilaterally modify the document at will.[6] The state of Zaire's legal system as established by the constitution led Marcel Lihau, a jurist and former president of the Supreme Court of Justice who had fled the country, to remark that "Mobutu is the constitution in Zaire".[7] Young and Turner did, however, note that the "Mobutist state never approximated the leviathan vision embodied in the constitution".[6] In particular, after Shaba I and Shaba II invasions (1977–78), Mobutu was forced to liberalize Zaire's political structure to allow contested elections and a degree of political dissent.[8]
The 1974 constitution remained in force, with some subsequent modifications, until the collapse of the Mobutu regime during the First Congo War. In 1994, the first of two Transitional Constitutions were adopted; the current Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo was adopted in 2006.[9]
References
edit- ^ Young & Turner 1985, p. 64.
- ^ Young & Turner 1985, p. 41.
- ^ Historical Dictionary of the DRC 2010, pp. 110–1.
- ^ a b Young & Turner 1985, pp. 63–4.
- ^ a b Young & Turner 1985, p. 69.
- ^ a b Young & Turner 1985, p. 70.
- ^ West Africa 1988, p. 521.
- ^ Historical Dictionary of the DRC 2010, p. 112.
- ^ Historical Dictionary of the DRC 2010, p. 113.
Bibliography
edit- "Exiles turn fire on Mobutu". West Africa. No. 3673–3684. West Africa Publishing Company Limited. 21 March 1988.
- Kisangani, Emizet François; Bobb, F. Scott (2010). "Constitution". Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (3rd ed.). London: Scarecrow Press. pp. 110–4. ISBN 978-0-8108-6325-5.
- Young, M. Crawford; Turner, Thomas (1985). The Rise & Decline of the Zairian State. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-10113-8.
External links
edit- (in French) Text of the Constitution (1974) at Digithèque de matériaux juridiques et politiques (University of Perpignan)
- (in English) Text of the Constitution (1990) at World Statesmen
- (in English) Zaire – Government and Politics at Country Data