In psychology, a counterphobic attitude is a response to anxiety that, instead of fleeing the source of fear in the manner of a phobia, actively seeks it out, in the hope of overcoming the original anxiousness.[1]
Contrary to the avoidant personality disorder, the counterphobic represents the less usual, but not totally uncommon, response of seeking out what is feared.[2] Codependents may fall into a subcategory of this group, hiding their fears of attachment in over-dependency.[3]
Action
editDare-devil activities are often undertaken in a counterphobic spirit, as a denial of the fears attached to them, which may be only partially successful.[4] Acting out in general may have a counterphobic source,[5] reflecting a false self over-concerned with compulsive doing to preserve a sense of power and control.[6]
Sex is a key area for counterphobic activity, sometimes powering hypersexuality in people who are actually afraid of the objects they believe they love.[7] Adolescents, fearing sex play, may jump over to a kind of spurious full sexuality;[8] adults may overvalue sex to cover an unconscious fear of the harm it may do.[9] Such a counterphobic approach may indeed be socially celebrated[10] in a postmodern vision of sex as gymnastic performance or hygiene,[11] fuelled by what Ken Wilber described as "an exuberant and fearless shallowness".[12]
Traffic accidents have been linked to a counterphobic, manic attitude in the driver.[13]
Language
editJulia Kristeva considered that language could be used by the developing child as a counterphobic object,[14][clarification needed] protecting against anxiety and loss.[15]
Ego psychology points out that through the ambiguities of language, the concrete meanings of words may break down the counterphobic attitude and return the child to a state of fear.[16]
Freud
editDidier Anzieu saw Freud's theorisation of psychoanalysis as a counterphobic defence against anxiety through intellectualisation: permanently ruminating on the instinctive, emotional world that was the actual object of fear.[17]
Wilhelm Fliess has been seen as playing the role of counterphobic object for Freud during the period of the latter's self-analysis.[18]
Therapy
editOtto Fenichel considered that undoing systematised counterphobic defences was only a first step in therapy, needing to be followed by analysis of the original anxiety itself.[19] He also considered that psychological trauma could break down counterphobic defences, with results that "may be very painful for the patient; they are, from a therapeutic point of view, favorable".[20]
David Rapaport emphasised the need for caution and extreme slowness in analyzing counterphobic defences.[21]
Cultural examples
editThe attraction of horror movies has been seen to lie in a counterphobic impulse.[22]
Many actors often have a shy personality when off-camera, released counterphobically in conditions of performance.[23]
The Batman comics and movies often take Bruce Wayne's fear of bats as a central part of his origin story.
Sick, the documentary on performance artist Bob Flanagan, discusses the counterphobic attitude of Flanagan, who sought to escape the chronic pain of his cystic fibrosis by engaging in extreme acts of masochism.
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ Otto Fenichel (1946). The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis. Routledge. pp. 480–481. ISBN 9780203981580.
- ^ Martin Kantor (2010). The Essential Guide to Overcoming Avoidant Personality Disorder. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 30. ISBN 978-0313377525.
- ^ Martin Kantor (2010). The Essential Guide to Overcoming Avoidant Personality Disorder. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 36. ISBN 978-0313377525.
- ^ Salman Akhtar (2009). Comprehensive Dictionary of Psychoanalysis. Karnac. p. 60. ISBN 978-1855758605.
- ^ Judy Cooper (2011). Speak of Me as I Am:The Life and Work of Masud Khan. Taylor & Francis. p. 66. ISBN 9780367327064.
- ^ Rosalind Minsky (1996). Psychoanalysis and Gender:An Introductory Reader. Psychology Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0415092210.
- ^ Otto Fenichel (1946). The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis. Routledge. p. 516. ISBN 9780203981580.
- ^ D. W. Winnicott (1973). The Child, the Family, and the Outside World. Penguin Books. p. 218. ISBN 978-0140136586.
- ^ Segal, Julia (August 10, 2004). Melanie Klein (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications Ltd. p. 46. ASIN B00KRENZU6. ISBN 978-0761943013.
- ^ Lesley Caldwell, ed. (2010). Sex and Sexuality:Winnicottian Perspectives. Karnac Books for the Squiggle Foundation. p. 116. ISBN 9781855759091.
- ^ Elisabeth Roudinesco (2008). Philosophy in Turbulent Times. Columbia University Press. p. xi. ISBN 9780231143004.
- ^ Ken Wilber (2000). Sex, Ecology, Spirituality: The Spirit of Evolution. Shambhala. p. 7. ISBN 978-1570627446.
- ^ Bartley, Graham P. (2008). Traffic Accidents. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. p. 166. ISBN 9781604564266.
- ^ Julia Kristeva (1982). Powers of Horror. Columbia University Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0231053471.
- ^ Adam Phillips (1994). On Flirtation. Harvard University Press. pp. 82–83. ISBN 9780674634404.
- ^ Fraiberg, Selma H. (1987). The Magic Years. pp. 123–125. ISBN 9780684825502. LCCN 59006073.
- ^ Anzieu, Didier (1986). Freud's Self-Analysis. pp. 182, 577–581. ISBN 9780701204464.
- ^ Flem, Lydia (2003). Freud the Man. Other Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-1590517338.
- ^ Otto Fenichel (1946). The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis. Routledge. p. 485. ISBN 9780203981580.
- ^ Otto Fenichel (1946). The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis. Routledge. pp. 549–553. ISBN 9780203981580.
- ^ Rapaport, David. "The Autonomy of the Ego". In Morris, Glen T. (ed.). Dimensions of Psychology. p. 14.
- ^ Newman, Robert (1993). Transgressions of Reading. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 63. ISBN 0822312808. LCCN 92013546.
- ^ Martin Kantor (2010). The Essential Guide to Overcoming Avoidant Personality Disorder. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 62. ISBN 978-0313377525.
Further reading
edit- Ernst Kris, 'Ego Development and the Comic', International Journal of Psychoanalysis XIX (1938)
- Nina Searl, 'The Flight to Reality', International Journal of Psychoanalysis X (1929)
- Thomas S. Langer, Choices for Living (2002)