Craniocervical instability (CCI) is a medical condition characterized by excessive movement of the vertebra at the atlanto-occipital joint and the atlanto-axial joint located between the skull and the top two vertebra, known as C1 and C2.[citation needed] The condition can cause neural injury and compression of nearby structures, including the brain stem, spinal cord, vagus nerve, and vertebral artery, resulting in a constellation of symptoms.
Craniocervical instability is more common in people with a connective tissue disease, including Ehlers-Danlos syndromes,[1] osteogenesis imperfecta, and rheumatoid arthritis.[2] It is frequently co-morbid with atlanto-axial joint instability, Chiari malformation,[3] or tethered spinal cord syndrome.
The condition can be brought on by physical trauma, including whiplash, laxity of the ligaments surrounding the joint, or other damage to the surrounding connective tissue.
Symptoms and signs
editThe impact of craniocervical instability can range from minor symptoms to severe disability in which patients are bed-bound. The constellation of symptoms caused by craniocervical instability is known as "cervico-medullary syndrome"[4] and includes:[5][6][7]
- Anxiety disorder
- Bobble-head doll syndrome, a sensation that the skull may fall off the cervical spine
- Clumsiness and motor delay
- Cognitive and memory decline
- Double or blurred vision
- Dysphagia, or the sensation of being choked
- Dyspnea
- Fatigue
- Lhermitte's sign
- Migraine headaches[8]
- Nausea
- Neck, shoulder, and jaw pain
- Occipital headaches
- Orthostatic intolerance
- Photophobia
- Syncope
- Tenderness at base of skull
- Tinnitus
- Tremors
- Palpitations
- Vertigo or dizziness
- Weakness of limbs
Symptoms are frequently worsened by a Valsalva maneuver, or by being upright for long periods of time. The reason that being upright is problematic is that gravity allows increased interaction between the brain stem and the top of the spinal column, increasing symptoms.
Lying in the supine position can bring short-term relief. Lying supine eliminates the downward gravitational pull, reducing symptoms to some degree. Lying with the feet somewhat higher and head lower allows gravity can be helpful in symptom reduction.
Diagnosis
editCraniocervical instability is usually diagnosed through neuro-anatomical measurement using radiography. Digital Motion X-ray is considered the most accurate method. Upright magnetic resonance imaging, supine magnetic resonance imaging, CT scan, and flexion and extension x-rays may also be used but are far less accurate and have a much higher potential for false negatives.
The measurements to diagnose craniocervical instability are:
- Clivo-Axial Angle equal or less than 135 degrees
- Grabb-Oakes measurement equal or greater than 9 mm
- Harris measurement greater than 12mm[9]
- Spinal subluxation
Alternatively, craniocervical instability can be diagnosed if a trial of cervical traction, typically using a halo fixation device, results in a significant alleviation of symptoms.
Treatment
editConservative treatment of craniocervical instability includes physical therapy[10][11] and the use of a cervical collar to keep the neck stable. Prolotherapy, including with stem cells, is a treatment option, but there is no scientific evidence supporting the success of this approach.[12] [verification needed]
Cervical spinal fusion is performed on patients with more severe symptoms.
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ Henderson, Fraser C.; Austin, Claudiu; Benzel, Edward; Bolognese, Paolo; Ellenbogen, Richard; Francomano, Clair A.; Ireton, Candace; Klinge, Petra; Koby, Myles; Long, Donlin; Patel, Sunil; Singman, Eric L.; Voermans, Nicol C. (2017). "Neurological and spinal manifestations of the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics. 175 (1): 195–211. doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.31549. PMID 28220607.
- ^ Henderson, F. C.; Geddes, J. F.; Crockard, H. A. (1993). "Neuropathology of the brainstem and spinal cord in end stage rheumatoid arthritis: Implications for treatment". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 52 (9): 629–637. doi:10.1136/ard.52.9.629. PMC 1005138. PMID 8239756.
- ^ Nishikawa, Misao; h. Milhorat, Thomas; a. Bolognese, Paolo; b. Mcdonnell, Nazli; a. Francomano, Clair (2009). "Occipito-atlanto-axial Hypermobility : Clinical Features and Dynamic Analysis of Cranial Settling and Posterior Gliding of Occipital Condyle. Part 1 : Findings in Patients with Hereditary Disorders of Connective Tissue and Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome". Spinal Surgery. 23 (2): 168–175. doi:10.2531/spinalsurg.23.168.
- ^ Batzdorf U, Henderson F, Rigamonti D 2015. "Consensus statement on Cervico-Medullary Syndrome." In Co-morbidities that complicate the treatment and outcomes of Chiari malformation. Ulrich Batzdorf.
- ^ Flanagan, Michael F. (2015). "The Role of the Craniocervical Junction in Craniospinal Hydrodynamics and Neurodegenerative Conditions". Neurology Research International. 2015: 1–20. doi:10.1155/2015/794829. PMC 4681798. PMID 26770824.
- ^ Martin, Vincent T.; Neilson, Derek (2014). "Joint Hypermobility and Headache: The Glue That Binds the Two Together - Part 2". Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain. 54 (8): 1403–1411. doi:10.1111/head.12417. PMID 24958300. S2CID 40251988.
- ^ Rozen, TD; Roth, JM; Denenberg, N. (2006). "Cervical Spine Joint Hypermobility: A Possible Predisposing Factor for New Daily Persistent Headache". Cephalalgia. 26 (10): 1182–1185. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2006.01187.x. PMID 16961783. S2CID 25434393.
- ^ Franck, Joel Ira; Perrin, Pamela (2015). "The Cranial Cervical Syndrome Defined: New Hope for Postwhiplash Migraine Headache Patients - Cervical Digital Motion X-Ray, FONAR Upright® Weight-Bearing Multi-Position™ MRI and Minimally Invasive C1-C2 Transarticular Lag Screw Fixation Fusion". The Craniocervical Syndrome and MRI. pp. 9–21. doi:10.1159/000365467. ISBN 978-3-318-02696-2.
- ^ Henderson, Fraser C.; Austin, Claudiu; Benzel, Edward; Bolognese, Paolo; Ellenbogen, Richard; Francomano, Clair A.; Ireton, Candace; Klinge, Petra; Koby, Myles; Long, Donlin; Patel, Sunil; Singman, Eric L.; Voermans, Nicol C. (2017). "Neurological and spinal manifestations of the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics. 175 (1): 195–211. doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.31549. PMID 28220607.
- ^ Chu, ECP (November 2021). "Cervicogenic Dizziness Associated With Craniocervical Instability: A Case Report". Journal of Medical Cases. 12 (11): 451–454. doi:10.14740/jmc3792. PMC 8577610. PMID 34804305.
- ^ Chu, ECP (April 2021). "Craniocervical instability associated with rheumatoid arthritis: a case report and brief review". AME Case Reports. 5 (12): 12. doi:10.21037/acr-20-131. PMC 8060151. PMID 33912801.
- ^ Steilen, Danielle; Hauser, Ross; Woldin, Barbara; Sawyer, Sarah (2014). "Chronic Neck Pain: Making the Connection Between Capsular Ligament Laxity and Cervical Instability". The Open Orthopaedics Journal. 8: 326–345. doi:10.2174/1874325001408010326. PMC 4200875. PMID 25328557.