DWIM (do what I mean) computer systems attempt to anticipate what users intend to do, correcting trivial errors automatically rather than blindly executing users' explicit but potentially incorrect input.
Software
editThe term was coined by Warren Teitelman in his DWIM package for BBN Lisp, part of his PILOT system, sometime before 1966.[1][2][3]
InterLisp
editTeitelman's DWIM package "correct[ed] errors automatically or with minor user intervention",[2] similarly to autocorrection for natural language.
Teitelman and his Xerox PARC colleague Larry Masinter later described the philosophy of DWIM in the Interlisp programming environment (the successor of BBN Lisp):
Although most users think of DWIM as a single identifiable package, it embodies a pervasive philosophy of user interface design: at the user interface level, system facilities should make reasonable interpretations when given unrecognized input. ...the style of interface used throughout Interlisp allows the user to omit various parameters and have these default to reasonable values...
DWIM is an embodiment of the idea that the user is interacting with an agent who attempts to interpret the user's request from contextual information. Since we want the user to feel that he is conversing with the system, he should not be stopped and forced to correct himself or give additional information in situations where the correction or information is obvious.[4]
Critics of DWIM claimed that it was "tuned to the particular typing mistakes to which Teitelman was prone, and no others" and called it "Do What Teitelman Means" or "Do What Interlisp Means",[5] or even claimed DWIM stood for "Damn Warren's Infernal Machine."[6]
Emacs
editThe concept of DWIM has been adopted in augmented form within the context of the GNU Emacs text editor to describe the design philosophy of Emacs Lisp functions or commands that attempt to intelligently "do the right thing" depending on context.[7] The Emacs wiki gives the example of a file copy command that is able to deduce the destination path from a split window configuration that contains two dired buffers, one of which displays the source path; this behaviour also generalises to many applicable dired actions that take two directory paths for arguments.
DWIM behaviour, when available, is often mentioned in a command's name; e.g. GNU Emacs has a comment-dwim function that comments out a selected region if uncommented, or uncomments it when already commented out, while using comment characters and indentation appropriate for the programming language environment and current context.[8][9]
This kind of DWIM is often not directly concerned with correcting user error but rather guessing user intent from available context. For example, the Emacs Magit package evinces this design philosophy pervasively. Among its numerous diff commands, there is a magit-diff-dwim command, which requires no further input from the user but simply guesses what the user wants to analyse based on the location of the cursor. The Magit User Manual describes the behaviour of magit-diff-dwim simply: "Show changes for the thing at point",[10] "point" being the Emacs term for the cursor.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Warren Teitelman, "PILOT: A Step towards Man-Computer Symbiosis", M.I.T. Ph.D. Dissertation, Project MAC MAC-TR-32, September 1966. DTIC AD0638446 Archived 2012-04-18 at the Wayback Machine PDF, p. 51
- ^ a b Warren Teitelman, "Toward a programming laboratory", in J. N. Buxton and Brian Randell, Software Engineering Techniques, April 1970, a report on a conference sponsored by the NATO Science Committee, Rome, Italy, 27–31 October 1969, p. 108ff.
- ^ Donald E. Walker, Lewis M. Norton (Eds.): Proceedings of the 1st International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Washington, DC, p 715, May 1969.
- ^ Warren Teitelman, Larry Masinter, "The Interlisp Programming Environment", Computer (IEEE) 14:4:25-33, April 1981. doi:10.1109/C-M.1981.220410 pdf
- ^ Guy L. Steele Jr., Richard P. Gabriel, "The Evolution of Lisp", in History of programming languages---II, 1996, ISBN 0-201-89502-1 doi:10.1145/234286.1057818, p. 16. pdf
- ^ "DWIM".
- ^ "Do What I Mean".
- ^ "Comment Tips".
Generally speaking, the M-; (comment-dwim) command automatically starts a comment of the appropriate type; or indents an existing comment to the right place, depending on the number of semicolons.
- ^ "Comment Commands".
The command to create or align a comment is M-; (comment-dwim). The word "dwim" is an acronym for "Do What I Mean"; it indicates that this command can be used for many different jobs relating to comments, depending on the situation where you use it.
- ^ "Magit User Manual: 5.4 Diffing".
Further reading
edit- Warren Teitelman, "Automated programmering [sic]: the programmer's assistant", in Proceedings of the FJCC, 1972 doi:10.1145/1480083.1480119