The Democratic Revolutionary Front for the Liberation of Arabistan (DRFLA; Arabic: الجبهة الديمقراطية الثورية لتحرير عربستان, al-Jabha al-dīmuqrāṭiyya al-thawriyya li-taḥrīr ‘Arabistān) was an Iranian Arab militant group campaigning for the independence of the largely Arab-populated Khuzestan province in Iran,[4][5] founded in 1979 as a splinter group of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Ahwaz (PFLA). It is most famous for the 1980 Iranian Embassy siege in London, United Kingdom. It was led by Arab nationalist Oan Ali Mohammed, who was killed during the siege by British SAS operatives. The group was supported by Iraq under Saddam Hussein.[6]
| Democratic Revolutionary Front for the Liberation of Arabistan | |
|---|---|
 Flag used by the group | |
| Leader | Oan Ali Mohammed † |
| Dates of operation | 1979–1980 |
| Motives | Secession from Iran, formation of an Arab state of Arabistan |
| Active regions | Khuzestan, Iran |
| Ideology | Arab nationalism |
| Status | Sided with Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War,[1][2] later morphed into the Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahwaz (ASMLA)[3] |
| Allies |  Iraq |
| Opponents |  Iran United Kingdom |
| Battles and wars | |
History
editThe DRFLA was originally a splinter group of the Popular Front of the Liberation of Ahwaz (PFLA). It was one of the Iraqi-backed groups seeking the independence of the largely Arab-populated Khuzestan province in southwestern Iran.[6] The DRFLA claims to have taken part in the 1979 Iranian Revolution, assisting Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini's uprising which overthrew the Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and subsequently established an Islamic republic, effectively ending the millennia-old inherited Persian monarchies. However, shortly after the revolution, the DRFLA began an insurgency in Khuzestan which resulted in more than a hundred killed on both sides,[7] and Iran declared a state of emergency in Khuzestan on 31 May 1979.[8] In 1980, DRFLA militants besieged the Iranian embassy in London and took 26 hostages, threatening to execute them unless the United Kingdom secured the release of 91 Arabs incarcerated in various Iranian prisons. They also demanded that all the Arab states' diplomatic ambassadors in London mediate on their behalf with the British government. The British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher responded by authorizing Operation Nimrod to free the hostages. After negotiations with the Arab militants became bogged down, the Special Air Service stormed the building and killed the DRFLA leader, Oan Ali Mohammed, along with all but one of the other militants while suffering no fatalities themselves. Iran's government accused Britain of having organized the occupation of the embassy, boosting anger and mistrust.[9] After this incident, the DRFLA did not take part in any major militant attacks and remained largely inactive until the 1980 Iraqi invasion of Iran, where they sided with Iraq as open belligerents in the ensuing Iran–Iraq War. The DRFLA played an effective role in supporting the Iraqi invasion and harassing Iranian troops,[6] and has participated in the 1980 battle of Khorramshahr which resulted in an Iraqi victory and capture of the city of Khorramshahr by Iraqi forces.[10] The group has been defunct since 1980, with its spiritual successor being the currently-active Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahwaz (ASMLA).[citation needed]
References
edit- ^ Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (4 September 2014). The Iran-Iraq War: A Military and Strategic History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107062290.
- ^ Johnson, Rob (24 November 2010). The Iran-Iraq War. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781137267788.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Refworld | Iraqi Militants Encourage People of Khuzestan to Launch Jihad against Iran".
- ^ Ali, Luman (19 July 2018). British Diplomacy and the Iranian Revolution, 1978-1981. Springer. p. 211. ISBN 978-3-319-94406-7.
- ^ Ciment, James (10 March 2015). World Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Political Violence from Ancient Times to the Post-9/11 Era: An Encyclopedia of Political Violence from Ancient Times to the Post-9/11 Era. Routledge. p. 847. ISBN 978-1-317-45152-5.
- ^ a b c Sloan, Stephen; Anderson, Sean K. (3 August 2009). Historical Dictionary of Terrorism. Scarecrow Press. pp. 145–146. ISBN 978-0-8108-6311-8.
- ^ Ward, p.231-4
- ^ Economic Consequences of the Revolution in Iran: A Compendium of Papers. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1980. p. 223.
- ^ Edwards, Geoffrey; Baabood, Abdullah; Galeeva, Diana (30 September 2021). Post-Brexit Europe and UK: Policy Challenges Towards Iran and the GCC States. Springer Nature. p. 166. ISBN 978-981-16-2874-0.
- ^ "روایت تنها بازمانده "دژ" خرمشهر از سقوط تا آزادی". Farda News. 23 May 2016. Archived from the original on 26 May 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
Further reading
edit- Chant, Chris: Special Forces. ISBN 978-1-4454-7214-0.