Wikipedia

Descendants of Christian IX of Denmark

King Christian IX of Denmark (April 8, 1818 – January 29, 1906), known as the "father-in-law of Europe",[1] ruled Denmark from 1863 to 1906. He and his queen consort, Louise of Hesse-Kassel (September 7, 1817 – September 29, 1898), became the ancestors of many members of European royalty.

refer to caption
1886 portrait of Christian IX and his family by Laurits Tuxen

In 1842, prior to becoming King of Denmark, Christian married Louise, whose familial connections allowed him to secure his status as the heir to the Danish throne in 1852. Christian and Louise had three sons and three daughters together, and the couple actively involved themselves in their children's education because of their limited finances. Although Christian had an affectionate relationship with his daughters, he rejected his eldest son, Frederick, over political differences.

After the commencement of Christian's reign as King of Denmark, his popularity gradually improved among his subjects, partially because of Louise's efforts to marry their children with members of royal families across Europe, including their daughter Princess Alexandra with Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (later Edward VII) and their daughter Princess Dagmar with Alexander, Tsarevich of Russia (later Alexander III).

All of Christian and Louise's six children would go on to have progeny of their own. In addition, some of Christian and Louise's extended descendants would rule as monarchs themselves in European countries. For example, Christian and Louise's grandsons Constantine I, Nicholas II, and George V reigned over Greece, Russia, and the United Kingdom, respectively.

Background

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King Christian IX

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For the first 13 years of his life, Christian lived in Germany.[1] Following the death of his father, Friedrich Wilhelm, in 1831, Christian trained as an officer in Copenhagen. He fought on behalf of the Danish Unitary State in the First Schleswig War.[2]

In 1852, Christian became the heir presumptive to the Danish throne. Following the death of his second cousin King Frederick VII 11 years later, Christian became King of Denmark.[1] Due to Christian's German background, he was unpopular among his subjects during the start of his reign.[2] He nearly abdicated in 1864 after Denmark's loss in the Second Schleswig War. Christian's popularity recovered, however, as his children married into several European royal families.[1]

Queen Louise

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Born Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel, Louise became Queen of Denmark in 1863. Because her mother was a sister of King Christian VIII, Louise's marriage to Christian IX was an important factor in his rise to the Danish throne. Moreover, Louise was instrumental in marrying her children across European royalty, which helped increase her husband's popularity among the Danish people.[3]

As Queen of Denmark, Louise exemplified the female ideas of her time. Despite remaining in the shadow of Christian, she showed artistic and social talent. Through her charity work, Louise founded the Diakonissestiftelsen in Copenhagen.[3]

Marriage

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Christian and Louise were married in 1842.[2][3][4]

Family of Christian IX, King of Denmark
Portrait Name Birth Death Descendants
  Christian IX, King of Denmark r. 1863–1906[5] April 8, 1818[6] January 29, 1906[5] 6 children,[3] including:
  Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel September 7, 1817[4] September 29, 1898[4]

Children

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King Christian IX, together with Queen Louise, had six children: Frederick, Alexandra, George, Dagmar, Thyra, and Valdemar.[3] Because of the strained finances and limited fortunes that Christian and Louise had before 1852, they were actively involved in the education of Dagmar and her siblings during that time.[7] Later, from 1875 to 1900, Christian and Louise would annually welcome their children and grandchildren across six different European royal houses at Fredensborg Palace in Denmark.[8]

Within Christian and Louise's family, Thyra was called the "gentle and good daughter" by her father. In addition, Alexandra and Dagmar were respectively seen as the "pretty" and "clever" girls.[9] In contrast, Christian rejected Frederick, then Crown Prince of Denmark, because of their contrasting conservative and reformist mindsets, respectively.[10] Furthermore, Christian had reservations about George becoming King of the Hellenes after the Greeks elected the latter to be their monarch, seeing the country's throne as a doubtful proposition. Nevertheless, George successfully persuaded his father and assumed the Greek throne in 1863.[11] This influenced Valdemar's decision to decline an offer for the Bulgarian throne in 1878. He did not want to risk going to war with his brother George, given the relations between Bulgaria and Greece at the time.[12]

Family tree of King Christian IX and Queen Louise[13]
Christian IX of DenmarkLouise of Hesse-Kassel
Frederick VIII of Denmark2 other children
Edward VIIAlexandra of DenmarkGeorge I of GreeceOlga Constantinovna of RussiaMaria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)Alexander III of Russia
Children of Christian IX, King of Denmark
Portrait
 Name Birth Death Family
  Frederick VIII, King of Denmark r. 1906[10]–1912[14] June 3, 1843[15] May 14, 1912[10] Married 1869, Princess Louise of Sweden[10] (1851–1926)[16]

8 children (including Christian X, King of Denmark and Haakon VII, King of Norway)[10]

  Princess Alexandra of Denmark December 1, 1844[17] November 20, 1925[17] Married 1863, Edward VII, King of the United Kingdom[17] (1841–1910; r. 1901–1910)[18]

6 children (including George V, King of the United Kingdom and Maud, Queen of Norway)[17]

  George I, King of the Hellenes r. 1863–1913[19] December 24, 1845[11] March 18, 1913[11] Married 1867, Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia[19] (1851–1926)[20]

8 children (including Constantine I, King of the Hellenes)[20]

  Princess Dagmar of Denmark November 26, 1847[7] October 13, 1928[7] Married 1866, Alexander III, Emperor of Russia[21] (1845–1894;[21] r. 1881–1894[7])

6 children (including Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia)[7]

  Princess Thyra of Denmark September 29, 1853[22] February 26, 1933[23] Married[9] 1878, Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover[9] (1845–1923)[22]

6 children[9] (including Alexandra, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick)[22][a]

  Prince Valdemar of Denmark October 27, 1858[11] January 14, 1939[11] Married 1885, Princess Marie of Orléans[12] (1865–1909)[25]

5 children[12]

Grandchildren

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Christian IX and Louise had forty grandchildren: eight children of Frederick VIII,[10] six children of Alexandra,[17] seven children of George I,[19][b] six children of Dagmar,[7] six children of Thyra,[9][a] and five children of Valdemar.[12]

Children of Frederick VIII and Louise

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At the age of 17, Princess Louise of Sweden became engaged to King Frederick VIII of Denmark, then called Frederick, Crown Prince of Denmark, at Bäckaskog Castle in Sweden. Frederick and Louise would later marry in 1869 in Stockholm.[16] This marriage took place in the context of a desire for a Scandinavian union in both Denmark and Sweden.[27]

Together, Frederick and Louise had eight children.[10][16] Two of these children, Christian and Haakon, became King of Denmark and King of Norway, respectively.[10][27] Frederick and Louise's family came to be defined by Louise's piety. Moreover, Louise oversaw the strictly disciplined education of her children.[27]

Over time, Frederick and Louise's marriage became a reasonably happy one.[27] However, because of Frederick's estrangement from his father,[10][27] he and his wife kept their distance from his relatives. In addition, Louise had difficult relationships with her in-laws in the Danish royal family.[27]

Children of Frederick VIII, King of Denmark
Portrait Name Birth Death Family
  Christian X, King of Denmark r. 1912–1947[14] September 26, 1870[14] April 20, 1947[14] Married 1898, Duchess Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1879–1952) and had 2 children:[14]
  Haakon VII, King of Norway r. 1905–1957[31] August 3, 1872[31] September 21, 1957[31] Married 1896, Princess Maud of Wales (1869–1938) and had 1 child:[31]
  Princess Louise of Denmark February 17, 1875[11] April 4, 1906[11] Married 1896, Prince Frederick of Schaumburg-Lippe (1868–1945) and had 3 children:[11]
  Prince Harald of Denmark October 8, 1876[11] March 30, 1949[11] Married 1909, Princess Helena Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (1888–1962) and had 5 children:[11]
  Princess Ingeborg of Denmark August 2, 1878[11] March 12, 1958[11] Married 1897, Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland (1861–1951) and had 4 children:[35]
  Princess Thyra of Denmark March 14, 1880[11] November 2, 1945[11] Died unmarried[11]
  Prince Gustav of Denmark March 4, 1887[11] October 5, 1944[11] Died unmarried[11]
  Princess Dagmar of Denmark May 23, 1890[11] October 11, 1961[11] Married 1922,[34] Jørgen Castenskjold[11] (1893[11]–1978[34]) and had 4 children,[11] including
  • Christian Ludwig Castenskjold (1926[34]–2024[43])
  • Jørgen Castenskjold (1929–1964)[34]

Children of Alexandra and Edward VII

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See also: Descendants of Queen Victoria § Edward VII, and Descendants of George V

In 1861, Princess Alexandra met King Edward VII of the United Kingdom, then called Albert Edward Prince of Wales, at the Speyer Cathedral in Germany. Edward was the eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.[18] Edward later proposed to Alexandra in 1862, and they married in 1863 at St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle in the United Kingdom.[18][17]

Although Alexandra and Edward got along fairly well,[44] Edward engaged in several affairs during their marriage.[17] However, for the most part, Alexandra did not pay attention to her husband's romantic liaisons.[44]

Together, Alexandra and Edward had six children.[17] One of these children, Alexander John, died in infancy.[45] Furthermore, Alexandra and Edward's eldest son, Albert Victor, died in 1892 after contracting an illness during a flu pandemic. Albert Victor's death devastated Alexandra.[17]

The three daughters of Edward and Alexandra, Louise, Victoria, and Maud, were known for being active during their youth. As the daughters aged, they became more withdrawn. Alexandra did not want Louise, Victoria, and Maud to marry because her daughters had two brothers who could potentially follow Edward to the British throne. However, both Louise and Maud eventually married.[45]

Portrait of Queen Alexandra and King Edward VII's family
 
From left to right: Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale, Maud, Queen of Norway, Alexandra, Queen of the United Kingdom, Edward VII, King of the United Kingdom, Louise, Princess Royal and Duchess of Fife, George V, King of the United Kingdom, and Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom
Family tree of King Edward VII, Queen Alexandra, and their royal descendants[13][46][47]
Edward VIIAlexandra of Denmark
Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and AvondaleMary of TeckGeorge V2 other children[c]Haakon VII of NorwayMaud of Wales
Edward VIIIGeorge VI4 other childrenOlav V of Norway
Elizabeth IIHarald V of Norway
Charles IIIHaakon, Crown Prince of Norway
William, Prince of WalesPrincess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway
Prince George of Wales
Children of Alexandra, Queen of the United Kingdom
Portrait Name Birth Death Family
  Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale January 8, 1864[11] January 14, 1892[11] Died unmarried[11]
  George V, King of the United Kingdom r. 1910–1936[49] June 3, 1865[49] January 20, 1936[49] Married 1893, Princess Victoria Mary of Teck[49] (1867–1953)[50] and had 6 children:[49]
  Louise, Princess Royal February 20, 1867[45] January 4, 1931[45] Married 1889, Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife[45] (1849[11]–1912[55]) and had 3 children:[45]
  Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom July 6, 1868[11] December 3, 1935[57] Died unmarried[11]
  Princess Maud of Wales November 26, 1869[58] November 20, 1938[58] Married 1896, Haakon VII, King of Norway (1872–1957; r. 1905–1957) and had 1 child:[31]
  Prince Alexander John of Wales April 6, 1871[59] April 7, 1871[59]

Children of George I and Olga

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In 1863, the Kingdom of Greece was without a monarch. The royal houses of Europe believed that George I, then Prince William of Denmark, would be a suitable candidate for the Greek throne. Consequently, George traveled to Greece, a country that he had never visited before, that same year to start his reign.[19]

After arriving in Greece, George married Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia in 1867. George and Olga had seven children together.[19][b]

Family tree of King George I and Queen Olga[13]
George I of GreeceOlga Constantinovna of Russia
Constantine I of GreeceSophia of PrussiaPrince George of Greece and Denmark6 other children
Children of George I, King of the Hellenes
Portrait Name Birth Death Family
  Constantine I, King of the Hellenes r. 1913–1917[60], ​1920[60]–1922[61] August 2, 1868[61] January 11, 1923[60][61] Married 1889, Princess Sophia of Prussia[61] (1870[61]–1932[11]) and had 6 children:[61]
  Prince George of Greece and Denmark June 24, 1869[11] November 25, 1957[71] Married 1907, Marie Bonaparte (1882–1962) and had 2 children:[72]
  Princess Alexandra of Greece and Denmark August 18, 1870[11] September 21, 1891[11] Married 1889, Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia (1860–1919) and had 2 children:[20]
  Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark January 22, 1872[77] February 8, 1938[77] Married 1902, Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia[77] (1882–1957)[78] and had 3 children:[77]
  Princess Maria of Greece and Denmark March 3, 1876[11] December 14, 1940[11] Married 1900 (1), Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia (1863–1919[81]) and had 2 children:[20]
Married 1922 (2), Admiral Perikles Ioannidis (1881–1965) and had no children[20]
  Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark April 7, 1880[11] November 2, 1880[11]
  Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark February 2, 1882[11] December 3, 1944[11] Married 1903, Princess Alice of Battenberg (1885–1969) and had 5 children:[82]
  Prince Christopher of Greece and Denmark August 10, 1888[11] January 21, 1940[86] Married 1920 (1), Nonie May Stewart[87] (1878–1923) and had no children[20]
Married 1929 (2), Princess Françoise of Orléans[87] (1902–1953) and had 1 child:[20]

Children of Dagmar and Alexander III

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Queen Louise, Dagmar's mother, hoped to find a suitable husband for her daughter in the Russian imperial court. Following the marriage of Dagmar's sister Alexandra, Queen Louise dedicated her enthusiasm to making this desire a reality. Eventually, in 1864, Dagmar became engaged to Nicholas Alexandrovich, the then-heir to the Russian throne. However, he died one year later.[7]

While on his deathbed, Nicholas insisted that his brother, Emperor Alexander III of Russia (then called Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia), marry Dagmar.[21] Dagmar gradually developed a romantic attraction toward Alexander.[7] They married in October 1866,[7] and Dagmar took the name Maria Feodorovna after converting to Russian Orthodoxy.[7][21]

Maria and Alexander would go on to have six children together, one of whom, Alexander, did not survive past infancy.[7] Maria adored and spoiled her surviving children, especially Nicholas.[7] Likewise, Alexander adored his daughters.[21]

Of the five children of Maria and Alexander who survived past infancy, George died of tuberculosis. Moreover, Nicholas, Michael, and the former's five children were killed during the Russian Revolution.[7]

Portrait of Emperor Alexander III and Empress Maria's family
 
Back row, from left to right: Maria Feodorovna, Empress of Russia, Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia, and Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia
Front row, from left to right: Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia, Alexander III, Emperor of Russia, Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia, and Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia
Family tree of Emperor Alexander III and Empress Maria[13][d]
Alexander III of RussiaMaria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)
Nicholas IIAlexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of RussiaGrand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of RussiaGrand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of RussiaGrand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia
Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of RussiaGrand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of RussiaGrand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of RussiaGrand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of RussiaAlexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia
Children of Maria Feodorovna, Empress of Russia
Portrait Name Birth Death Family
  Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia r. 1894–1917[89] May 18, 1868[89] July 17, 1918[89] Married 1894, Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine[89] (1872[90]–1918[89]) and had 5 children:[89]
  Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia June 7, 1869[11] May 2, 1870[11]
  Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia May 9, 1871[11] August 9, 1899[11] Died unmarried[11]
  Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia April 6, 1875[91] April 20, 1960[91] Married 1894, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia[92] (1866–1933) and had 7 children:[92][91]
  Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia December 4, 1878[11] Between July 18 and 28, 1918[11] Married 1911, Natalia Brasova (1880–1952) and had 1 child:[96]
  Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia June 13, 1882[98] November 24, 1960[98] Married 1901 (1),[11] Duke Peter Alexandrovich of Oldenburg[98] (1868–1924)[11][e] and had no children[11]
Married 1916 (2), Nikolai Alexandrovich Kulikovsky (1881–1958) and had 2 children:[98]
  • Tikhon Nikolaevich (1917–1993)[98]
  • Guri Nikolaevich (1919–1984)[98]

Children of Thyra and Ernest Augustus

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Finding a suitable husband for Princess Thyra of Denmark was an undertaking for her mother, Queen Louise, who had one potential suitor in mind for Thyra: Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland. Eventually, Thyra married him, which gave her the desired opportunity to have children.[9]

Together, Thyra and Ernest Augustus had six children.[a] Living in Gmunden, Austria, Thyra enjoyed a quiet life which allowed her to spend time with her children. However, two of her sons died at a young age. Prince George died in a car accident on the way to the funeral of his uncle King Frederick VIII of Denmark, and Prince Christian died of appendicitis.[9]

Portrait of Princess Thyra and Prince Ernest Augustus's family
 
Pictured: Thyra, Crown Princess of Hanover, Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover, Princess Marie Louise, Margravine of Baden, Prince George William of Hanover, Alexandra, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Princess Olga of Hanover, Prince Christian of Hanover, and Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick
Children of Thyra, Crown Princess of Hanover
Portrait Name Birth Death Family
  Princess Marie Louise of Hanover and Cumberland October 11, 1879[100] January 31, 1948[11] Married 1900, Prince Maximilian of Baden[101] (1867[11]–1929[101]) and had 2 children:[11]
  Prince George William of Hanover and Cumberland October 28, 1880[100] May 20, 1912[103] Died unmarried[11]
  Princess Alexandra of Hanover and Cumberland September 29, 1882[11] August 30, 1963[11] Married 1904, Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1882–1945;[104] r. 1897–1918[104]) and had 5 children:[11]
  Princess Olga of Hanover and Cumberland July 11, 1884[100] September 21, 1958[11] Died unmarried[11]
  Prince Christian of Hanover and Cumberland July 4, 1885[11] September 3, 1901[11]
  Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick r. 1913–1918[11] November 17, 1887[100] January 30, 1953[11] Married 1913, Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia[11] (1892[11]–1980[34]) and had 5 children:[34]

Children of Valdemar and Marie

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In 1885, Prince Valdemar of Denmark married Marie of Orléans, a French princess. Together, they had five children who were nicknamed the "naughty children from the Yellow Palace". Nevertheless, both Valdemar and Marie were very popular in Denmark.[12]

Because of Valdemar's interest in ships, he went on long sea voyages, a practice that continued during his marriage to Marie.[12]

Children of Prince Valdemar of Denmark
Portrait Name Birth Death Family
  Prince Aage of Denmark June 10, 1887[11] February 29, 1940[11] Married 1914, Mathilde Calvi dei conti di Bergolo (1885–1949) and had 1 child:[11]
  • Valdemar, Count of Rosenborg (1915[11]–1995[34])
  Prince Axel of Denmark August 12, 1888[11] July 14, 1964[107] Married 1919, Princess Margaretha of Sweden[107] (1899–1977)[36] and had 2 children:[107]
  Prince Erik of Denmark November 8, 1890[11] September 11, 1950[110] Married 1924, Lois Frances Booth[110] (1897–1941)[11][f] and had 2 children:[11]
  • Countess Alexandra of Rosenborg (1927[11]–1992[34])
  • Count Christian of Rosenborg (1932[11]–1997[34])
  Prince Viggo of Denmark December 25, 1893[11] January 4, 1970[112] Married 1924, Eleanor Margaret Green[112] (1895[11]–1966[112]) and had no children[112]
  Princess Margaret of Denmark September 17, 1895[11] September 18, 1992[34] Married 1921, Prince René of Bourbon-Parma (1894–1962) and had 4 children:[11]

See also

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Footnotes

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b c Thyra was also the mother of an illegitimate child.[24]
  2. ^ a b An eighth child of George I, Olga, died at six months of age.[26]
  3. ^ A sixth child of Alexandra, Alexander John, died in infancy.[48]
  4. ^ A sixth child of Maria, Alexander, did not survive past infancy.[88]
  5. ^ Olga and Peter's marriage was annulled.[99]
  6. ^ Erik and Lois's marriage ended in 1937.[111]

Citations

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  1. ^ a b c d "Christian IX". Royal Palaces. National Museum of Denmark. Retrieved March 6, 2024.
  2. ^ a b c "Christian IX". Amalienborg Palace. Retrieved March 6, 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Queen Louise". Amalienborg Palace. Retrieved March 7, 2024.
  4. ^ a b c "Death of the Queen of Denmark". Australian Town and Country Journal. Frank and Christopher Bennett. October 8, 1898. p. 24. Retrieved May 5, 2024.
  5. ^ a b "Death of the King of Denmark. - A Peaceful End". The Advertiser. London: John Langdon Bonython. January 30, 1906. p. 7. Retrieved May 5, 2024.
  6. ^ "Death of the King of Denmark". Australian Town and Country Journal. London: Frank and Christopher Bennett. January 29, 1906. p. 8. Retrieved May 5, 2024.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Beeche, Art (n.d.). "Dowager Empress Marie". Alexander Palace Time Machine. Bob Atchinson. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
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  9. ^ a b c d e f g "Thyra". Amalienborg Palace. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Frederik VIII 1906-1912". Amalienborg Palace. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy Bence-Jones, Mark; Vickers, Hugo; Williamson, David (1977). Burke's Royal Families of the World Volume I. Burke's Peerage Limited. ISBN 0-85011-023-8. Retrieved May 13, 2024.
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  23. ^ "More Royal Deaths". The Daily Standard. Berlin. February 27, 1933. p. 5. Retrieved May 5, 2024.
  24. ^ Rodriguez & Warner 2019, Princess Thyra of Denmark.
  25. ^ "Obituary. Princess Waldemar". The Bendigo Advertiser. London. December 6, 1909. p. 7. Retrieved May 5, 2024.
  26. ^ Bence-Jones, Vickers & Williamson 1977, p. 327.
  27. ^ a b c d e f "Queen Lovisa". Amalienborg Palace. Retrieved March 17, 2024.
  28. ^ "Frederik IX of Denmark". Swedish Royal Court. n.d. Retrieved May 3, 2024.
  29. ^ a b "Frederik IX". Amalienborg Palace. Retrieved May 3, 2024.
  30. ^ "Prince Knud Dies; Danish Claimant". The New York Times. Copenhagen. June 14, 1976. p. 39. Retrieved May 3, 2024.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g "King Haakon VII (1872-1957)". The Royal House of Norway. n.d. Retrieved May 3, 2024.
  32. ^ a b c d "King Olav V (1903-1991)". The Royal House of Norway. n.d. Retrieved May 3, 2024.
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  36. ^ a b "Princess Margaretha". Swedish Royal Court. n.d. Retrieved May 4, 2024.
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  38. ^ "Princess Astrid". Swedish Royal Court. n.d. Retrieved May 4, 2024.
  39. ^ "H.R.H. Grand Duchess Joséphine-Charlotte". Grand Ducal Court of Luxembourg. n.d. Childhood and youth. Retrieved May 4, 2024.
  40. ^ "King Baudouin". The Belgian Monarchy. n.d. Retrieved May 4, 2024.
  41. ^ "King Albert II". The Belgian Monarchy. n.d. Retrieved May 4, 2024.
  42. ^ "Prince Carl". Swedish Royal Court. n.d. Retrieved May 4, 2024.
  43. ^ a b Telegraph Obituaries (July 30, 2024). "Prince Michael of Greece, cousin of Prince Philip and author of colourful royal histories – obituary". The Telegraph. Retrieved August 1, 2024.
  44. ^ a b Prahl, Amanda. "Biography of Edward VII, Successor to Queen Victoria". ThoughtCo. Dotdash. Retrieved March 17, 2024.
  45. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Lewis, Jone Johnson (n.d.). "The Princess Louise, Princess Royal and Duchess of Fife". ThoughtCo. Dotdash. Retrieved March 17, 2024.
  46. ^ Crofton, Ian (2011). The Kings & Queens of England. Metro Books. p. 250. ISBN 978-1-4351-2965-8.
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  48. ^ Lewis n.d., Early Life.
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  51. ^ a b c Prahl, Amanda. "Biography of Mary of Teck, Royal British Matriarch". ThoughtCo. Dotdash. Retrieved May 4, 2024.
  52. ^ "Edward VIII (Jan-Dec 1936)". The Royal Family. The Royal Household. n.d. Retrieved May 4, 2024.
  53. ^ "George VI (r.1936-1952)". The Royal Family. The Royal Household. n.d. Retrieved May 4, 2024.
  54. ^ "Early life and education". The Royal Family. The Royal Household. n.d. Retrieved May 4, 2024.
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