Dir was a princely state in a subsidiary alliance with the British Raj, located within the North-West Frontier Province. Following the Partition of British India, Dir remained independent and unaligned until February 1948, when the Dominion of Pakistan accepted its accession.
| Dir دير | |
|---|---|
| Princely state of British India and West Pakistan | |
| c. 1800s–28 July 1969 | |
 Flag | |
 Dir (highlighted red) shown within the former exclave of West Pakistan | |
| Capital | Dir |
| Area | |
• | 5,282 km2 (2,039 sq mi) |
| History | |
• Established | c. 1800s |
• Disestablished | 28 July 1969 |
| Today part of | Pakistan · Khyber Pakhtunkhwa |
The princely state ceased to exist as a distinct political entity in 1969, when it was fully incorporated into Pakistan. The territory it once covered is today located in the Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, forming two northern and southern districts called Upper Dir and Lower Dir, respectively.
Geography
editMost of the state lay in the valley of the Panjkora river, which originates in the Hindu Kush mountains and joins the Swat River near Chakdara. Apart from small areas in the south-west, Dir is a rugged, mountainous zone with peaks rising to 5,000 metres (16,000 ft) in the north-east and to 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) along the watersheds, with Swat to the east and Afghanistan and Chitral to the west and north.
History
editEarly period
editDir took its name from its main settlement, Dir, the location of the ruler's palace.
The territories surrounding Dir were populated by their current ethnic majority, the Pakhtuns, beginning from the end of the 14th century. The Pakhtun were divided in several clans (khels), often battling one against the other. The three clans which conquered the zone were the Yusafzai (Painda Khel, Sultan Khel, Osakhel, Nasirdinkhel), Tarkanrai. The Dir territory was populated in the 16th century by the Malizai sub-tribe of the Yusufzai, who took control of the zone assimilating or chasing away the previous inhabitants (Dilazak in Bajour, Jandool, Maiden, and Swatis from areas east of Panjkora) [1] and within this tribe the most prominent fractions became the Painda khel and Sultan khel.[2]
By the 17th century a section of the Painda khel, coming from the Kohan village in the valley of Nihag (a Panjkora tributary), seized the trade routes with Chitral and Afghanistan.[2]
Ruling Khans
editThe Khanate is said to have been established in the 17th century by Painda khel leader and charismatic mystic figure Akhund Ilyas Khan (Baba), who found the State of Dir.[3] His descendants took the name Akhund khel, preserving and expanding their leadership becoming the Khans of Dir.[4][1][2]
Jandool Rule and Fort
editMuhammad Umara Khan took power while killing his brother inside the fort and succeeded as the Khan of Jando(o)l.
According to the Sultan Alam Khan (age 90-+ years), "Umara Khan killed his real brother inside the fort," added his son, Sardar Alam Khan, in the historical narration about Umara Khan.
This was the beginning of Umara Khan's control. Later on, he had the Jandool Fort constructed. The large building inside the fort was built in 1960 by Nawabzada Shahabuddin Khan (known as Jandool Khan), the son of Shah Jehan Khan (the then Nawab of Dir). The fort is located strategically controlling the four directions with the bordering area of Bajaur, which borders Afghanistan. The Father of Jan Alam Khan (son of Sultan Alam Khan) related that before shifting / use of this fort, the government of Pakistan took over charge of the Fort at night time. Thus this building remain vacant till the date this was used by Sultan Yousaf (son of Sultan Alam Khan) for the educational purpose as allowed by ex-royal family members after 04 decades of remaining vacant the said Fort.
Jandool Fort was built with purpose of defence. Its corners contain the watch towers and thus the fighters can control either side of the building to keep enemies away. The building has a large number of facilities including a cooking area for hundreds of fighters. A water pond in the middle of the lawn not only provides a good source of water but also adds some beauty to the place. The sons/grandsons of Umara Khan are not living in the Dir area, but their servants are residing beside the building. The fort has lush green areas on four-sides, large trees are adding charm to its beauty, the reception is designed with the aim of receiving guests with honour and good protocols.
In 1881 the ruler of Dir, Muhammad Sharif Khan, was chased away by Khan Umara Khan of Jandool, who conquered Dir, Swat, and the Malakand area. In 1895, however, while the forces of Umara Khan were besieging a British Force near Malakand, Muhammad Sharif Khan decided to make his soldiers join the British Relief Force coming in aid, the Chitral Expedition. During that expedition, Sharif Khan made an agreement with the British Government to keep the road to Chitral open in return for a subsidy.[5] The British eventually won the war and exiled Umara Khan as part of the dual game by British with Umara Khan. This was as a reward for Sharif Khan's help, Sharif Khan was given the whole of Dir and also the lower Swat (the latter territory would be lost in 1917 to the Wali of Swat).[2]
Eventually Umara Khan left the area and went to Kabul, his resting place is in Kabul. The great conqueror was in Afghanistan, far away from the area he belongs to. Strange behavior of British Forces' officers was noted, he is considered as a hero for the Afghans/Pakhtoons of the Dir State.
The ruling Nawabs
editThe hereditary Nawab Khan Bahador title (nawab for short) was granted in 1897 to Mohammad Sharif Khan and inherited by Sharif's eldest son,[1] Aurangzeb Badshah Khan (nicknamed as Charha Nawab), who ruled between 1904 and 1925. In 1906 his younger brother, Miangul Jan (Munda Khan), tried in vain to wrest power with the assistance of the Khan of Barwa, Sayed Ahmad Khan, a former ally of Mohammad Sharif. A second attempt in 1913 was crowned by success, but for a very short time,[1] as in 1914 Aurangzeb regained the rule over Dir.[citation needed] Also, the other son of Mohammad Sharif, Mohammad Isa Khan, attempted around 1915 to seize the Dir throne by allying with the Khan of Barwa, but Aurangzeb managed to preserve his rule.[1]
At Aurangzeb's death, in 1925, the title passed to his eldest son, Mohammad Shah Jahan Khan, who was supported by the British Government against the small rival faction that favored his brother Alamzeb Khan. Alamzeb was exiled in 1928 because of his attempts to take power. Shah Jahan Khan was loyal to the British, who nominated him to KBE in 1933.[1] In 1947, Jahan Khan sent his troops to support Pakistan during the First Kashmir War, and in 1948 united his princely state with the new Dominion of Pakistan.[6] He also nominated his son Muhammad Shah Khan Khusro as successor and other sons (Shahabuddin Khan and Mohammad Shah) governors of different provinces.[2]
Pakistan
editOn 8 Feb 1948, Dir acceded to the newly created Muslim dominion of Pakistan, initially continuing as one of the surviving princely states of Pakistan. The politics of the late Nawabs are described as reactionary and harsh.[2][7] The Italian anthropologist Fosco Maraini, who visited the state in 1959 during an expedition towards Hindu-Kush, reported the opinion of the people that the Nawab Jahan Khan (who was about 64 years old at that time) was a tyrannical leader, denying his subjects any freedom of speech and instruction, governing the land with a number of henchmen, and seizing for his harem any girl or woman he wanted. Maraini also noticed the lack of schools, sewers, and paved roads, and the presence of just a rudimentary newly built hospital. The Nawab was negatively compared to the Wali of Swat, whose liberal politics allowed his state to enter into the modern era.[8]
As a consequence, uprisings began eventually to explode. A repressed revolt in 1959 is reported in Maraini's account.[8] Another insurrection in 1960 led to the death of 200 soldiers and put the Nawab in a bad light in the view of the press. General Yahya decided to exile Jahan Khan, who would die in 1968. His throne passed in October 1961 to his eldest son, Mohammad Shah Khosru Khan, educated in India and a serving Major General of the Pakistan Army. However, the effective rule of Dir was taken by the Pakistan government's Political Agent.
A few years later, on 28 July 1969, the Dir state was incorporated into Pakistan, ceasing its political existence.[2] The royal status of the Nawabs was abolished in 1972, at the same time as most other princes of Pakistan.[citation needed] [9]
Rulers Timeline
editThe information for the following table stems from Who's Who in the Dir, Swat, and Chitral Agency.[1] Encyclopædia Britannica[3] and accounts by local people[10] dating back to the 17th century.
| Tenure | Ruler |
|---|---|
| 1626–1676 | Akhund Baba (Mulla Ilyas Khan) |
| 1676–1752 | Mulla Ismail |
| 1752–1804 | Ghulam Khan Baba |
| 1804–1814 | Khan Zafar Khan |
| 1814–1822 | Khan Qasim Khan |
| 1822–1868 | Khan Ghazzan Khan |
| 1868-1870 | Ghasan Khan |
| 1870–1884 | Khan Rahmat Allah (Rahmatullah) Khan |
| 1886–1890 | Mohammad Sharif Khan |
| 1890– 1895 | Mohammad Umara Khan |
| 1895-1904 | Nawab Mohammad Sharif Khan |
| 1904–1913 | Nawab Awrangzeb Badshah Khan (first time) |
| 1913–1914 | Nawab Miangul Jan |
| 1914-1925 | Nawab Awrangzeb Badshah Khan (second time) |
| 1925–1947 | Nawab Mohammad Shah Jahan Khan |
| 1947-1960 | Nawabzada Shahabuddin Khan |
| 1960–Incumbent | Nawab Khosru Khan |
Demographics
editThe population of the state in 1911 amounted to about 100,000 people according to Encyclopædia Britannica,[5] rising to 250,000 in 1931 and falling back to 107,000 in 1951.
At the 1947 Partition of India, there was a Muslim majority in Dir with small minorities of Hindus and Sikhs, many of whom left for India during partition.
Flag
editThe state flag contained several Islamic symbols and three sentences: the top writing is the Bismillah: "In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful", the center one is the shahada in the Urdu language: "There is no god but God, Muhammad is the messenger of God". The bottom phrase reads "with the help of God, victory is near" in the Arabic language. The flag also had a red variant with the same drawings.[11]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e f g Who's Who in the Dir, Swat and Chitral Agency – Corrected up to 1st September 1933 (PDF). New Delhi: The Manager Government of India Press. 1933. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g Syed Ziafat Ali. "Welcome To Dir State". Archived from the original on 14 August 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
- ^ a b Dir at the Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ Rose, Horace Arthur; Ibbetson, Denzil; Maclagan, Edward Douglas (1911). A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province: A.-K, Volume 2. Lahore: Printed by the superintendent, Government Printing, Punjab. p. 11. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
- ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 309.
- ^ Jinnah Papers The states: Historical and Policy Perspectives and Accession to Pakistan. First series volume VIII, Editor: Z.H.Zaidi, Quaid-i-Azam Papers Project, Government of Pakistan 2003 Pg xxxix.
- ^ Jinnah Papers The states: Historical and Policy Perspectives and Accession to Pakistan, First series volume VIII, Editor: Z.H.Zaidi, Quaid-i-Azam Papers Project, Government of Pakistan 2003 Pg xvii.
- ^ a b Maraini, Fosco (1965). Where four worlds meet: Hindu Kush, 1959. London: Hamish Hamilton.
- ^ "Dir Royal Family[Akhun khel]: History".
- ^ "Call for preservation of Sufi shrine in Dir". Dawn. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
- ^ Roberto Breschi. "Dir". Retrieved 25 July 2013.. The site cites J. D. McMeekin, Arms and Flags of the Indian Princely States, 3, sec. 12, 1990.