The Ekottara Āgama (Sanskrit; traditional Chinese: 增壹阿含經; ; pinyin: zēngyī-ahánjīng) is an early Indian Buddhist text, of which currently only a Chinese translation is extant (Taishō Tripiṭaka 125). The title Ekottara Āgama literally means "Numbered Discourses," referring to its organizational principle.[1] It is one of the four Āgamas of the Sūtra Piṭaka located in the Chinese Buddhist Canon.
Origins and history
editAccording to Tse Fu Kuan, "in 385 AD Zhu Fonian (竺佛念) completed a Chinese translation of the Ekottarika-āgama recited by Dharmanandin (曇摩難提), a monk from Tukhāra. This first translation, in forty-one fascicles, was later revised and expanded by Zhu Fonian into the Ekottarika-āgama in fifty-one fascicles that has since come down to us. Zhu Fonian probably added new material to his first translation and even replaced some passages of his first translation with new material."[2]
Scholars such as Yin Shun, Zhihua Yao and Tse Fu Kuan consider the Ekottara Āgama to belong to the Mahāsāṃghika school.[3][4][5]
According to A.K. Warder, the Ekottara Āgama references 250 Prātimokṣa rules for monks, which agrees only with the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya, which is also located in the Chinese Buddhist canon. He also views some of the doctrine as contradicting tenets of the Mahāsāṃghika school, and states that they agree with Dharmaguptaka views currently known. He therefore concludes that the extant Ekottara Āgama is that of the Dharmaguptaka school.[6]
According to Étienne Lamotte, the Ekottara Āgama was translated from a manuscript that came from northwest India, and contains a great deal of Mahāyāna influence.[7] This may agree with the 5th century Dharmaguptaka monk Buddhayaśas, the translator of the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya and Dīrgha Āgama, who wrote that the Dharmaguptakas had assimilated the Mahāyāna Tripiṭaka (Ch. 大乘三藏).[8] According to Venerable Sheng Yen, the Ekottara Āgama includes teachings of the Six Pāramitās, a central concept in the bodhisattva path, and in the Mahāyāna teachings.[9]
The Ekottara Āgama generally corresponds to the Theravādin Aṅguttara Nikāya, but of the four Āgamas of the Sanskritic Sūtra Piṭaka in the Chinese Buddhist Canon, it is the one which differs most from the Theravādin version. The Ekottara Āgama even contains variants on such standard teachings as the Noble Eightfold Path.[1] According to Keown, "there is considerable disparity between the Pāli and the [Chinese] versions, with more than two-thirds of the sūtras found in one but not the other compilation, which suggests that much of this portion of the Sūtra Piṭaka was not formed until a fairly late date."[10]
Mindfulness of Breathing
editA notable inclusion in the Ekottara Āgama is a discourse that includes meditative instructions on Mindfulness of Breathing given by the Buddha to his son Rāhula. In it, the Buddha gives Rāhula instructions on how he can practice this form of meditation to enter into samādhi. After an unknown length of time, Rāhula enters samādhi, passes through the four stages of dhyāna, and attains complete perfection and liberation. Rāhula then returns to the Buddha as an arhat, giving a full report of his practice, his experiences in meditation, and the realizations that he has had. This discourse corresponds to the Theravadin Maha-Rahulovada Sutta in the Majjhima Nikaya (MN 62).
Influence on East Asia
editIn lectures, renowned Buddhist master Nan Huaijin frequently cited the Ekottara Āgama for its discourse on Mindfulness of Breathing, and lectures on Rāhula's report to the Buddha. He detailed the fine points of practice and the relationships that exist between the mind, body, and breath, including related exoteric and esoteric phenomena. Also discussed were the dissemination of this practice into various forms in the Mahāyāna schools of Buddhism in East Asia such as Zen and Tiantai, and into Daoist meditative practices.[11][12][13]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Sujato, Bhikkhu. "About the EA". ekottara.googlepages.com. Archived from the original on 2007-07-03. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
- ^ Tse-fu Kuan 關則富, 'Mahāyāna Elements and Mahāsāṃghika Traces in the Ekottarika-āgama', Religions of South Asia 13.1 (2019) 24–50 https://doi.org/10.1558/rosa.19247, ISSN (online) 1751-2697.
- ^ Zhihua Yao (2012) The Buddhist Theory of Self-Cognition, pp. 8-10. Routledge.
- ^ Tse-fu Kuan. (2013). Legends and Transcendence: Sectarian Affiliations of the Ekottarika Āgama in Chinese Translation. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 133(4), 607-634. doi:10.7817/jameroriesoci.133.4.0607
- ^ Yin Shun (1971). The Formation of Early Buddhist Texts [ 原始佛教聖典之集成 ], pp. 755-787.
- ^ Warder, A.K. Indian Buddhism. 2000. p. 6
- ^ Hwang, Soon-il. Metaphor and Literalism in Buddhism: The Doctrinal History of Nirvana. 2006. p. 31
- ^ Walser, Joseph. Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture. 2005. pp. 52-53
- ^ Sheng Yen. Orthodox Chinese Buddhism. 2007. p. 98
- ^ Keown, Damien. A Dictionary of Buddhism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
- ^ Nan, Huai-Chin. Working Toward Enlightenment: The Cultivation of Practice. York Beach: Samuel Weiser, 1993.
- ^ Nan, Huai-Chin. To Realize Enlightenment: Practice of the Cultivation Path. York Beach: Samuel Weiser, 1994.
- ^ Shi, Hong. "The Conversations of Nan Huai-chin and Peter Senge" Archived 2009-02-17 at the Wayback Machine. William Bodri.
External links
edit- "Ekottara Agama: The One-up Discourses of the Buddha". Translated by Pasadika, Bhikkhu; Huyen-Vi, Thich; Boin-Webb, Sara. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Also available from Internet Archive.
Translations of Ekottara Agama 17.1
edit- , translated by Lapis Lazuli Texts, 2011 [2010] – via Wikisource, translated from Taishō Tripiṭaka volume 2, number 125, p. 581b29 - 582c19
- "Ekottara Agama 17.1—Mindfulness of Breathing". Buddhist Studies Review. 10 (2). Translated by Pasadika, Bhikkhu; Huyen-Vi, Thich; Boin-Webb, Sara: 213. 1993. (HTML) Translated from Taishō Tripiṭaka volume 2, number 125, p. 581b29 - 582c19
Translations of MN62, which parallels Ekottara Agama 17.1
edit- "The Greater Exhortation to Rāhula: Mahā Rāhulovāda Sutta (MN 62)". Translated by Thanissaro Bhikkhu.
- Mahā Rāhulovāda Sutta M 62: The Greater Discourse on the Advice to Rāhula (PDF), translated by Piya Tan, 2010 [2003][permanent dead link]
- "Greater Discourse on an Exhortation to Rahula". The Collection of the Middle Length Sayings: (Majjhimanikāya). Translated by Horner, Isaline Blew. Pali Text Society. 1954. pp. 91ff. (Alternate URL)
- "Breathing Exercises". Further Dialogues of the Buddha. Sacred Books of the Buddhists. Vol. 1. Translated by Chalmers, Robert. London: Humphrey Milford / Oxford University Press. 1926.
- , translated by Sujato, Bhante, SuttaCentral, 2018 – via Wikisource
- "Advice to Venerable Rāhula — The Longer Discourse". Translated by Sister Uppalavanna.