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Entropy monitoring is a method of assessing the effect of certain anaesthetic drugs on the brain's EEG. It was commercially developed by Datex-Ohmeda, which is now part of GE Healthcare.
Entropy is a quantitative EEG device which captures a single-lead frontal EEG via a 3-electrode sensor applied to the patient's forehead. The system calculates the "spectral entropy" of the electroencephalogram (EEG) signals, which is a measure of the degree that the power spectrum is uniform. Increasing brain levels of anaesthetic drugs causes the predominant frequencies in the EEG to be lower than when awake, and this is reflected in a decrease in the spectral entropy.[1][2]
Entropy monitors generate two numbers that are derived from different frequency bands used. The state entropy (SE) is calculated from the 0.8 Hz to 32 Hz range, whereas the response entropy (RE) uses frequencies up to 47 Hz. Electromyogram activity is more predominant in those higher frequencies, and so the Response Entropy may respond more quickly when muscle activity is present.
Published studies show that entropy values do relate to clinical levels of anaesthetic depth. Most of the commonly used anaesthetic drugs are detectable by entropy monitoring, a notable exception being nitrous oxide, in common with BIS monitoring.
Other vital signs such as pulse, heart rate, blood pressure, and movement are indirect indicators of consciousness, but are unreliable. When these are combined with expired gas analysis of inhalational anaesthetic agents, an experienced anaesthetist can be confident a patient is unconscious and not aware of their surroundings. However, the direct measurement of brain activity using a basic EEG is purported to measure effects of anaesthetics more comprehensively. Unlike the bispectral index monitor, the algorithm of the entropy monitor has been fully disclosed.[2]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Anier, A (2012). "Relationship between approximate entropy and visual inspection of irregularity in the EEG signal, a comparison with spectral entropy". British Journal of Anaesthesia. 109 (6): 928–934. doi:10.1093/bja/aes312. PMID 22936824.
- ^ a b Viertio-Oja, H.; Maja, V.; Sarkela, M.; Talja, P.; Tenkanen, N.; Tolvanen-Laakso, H.; Paloheimo, M.; Vakkuri, A.; Yli-Hankala, A. (February 2004). "Description of the Entropy (TM) algorithm as applied in the Datex-Ohmeda S/5 (TM) Entropy Module". Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 48 (2): 154–161. doi:10.1111/j.0001-5172.2004.00322.x. ISSN 0001-5172. PMID 14995936. S2CID 11951723.
General references
edit- Bein B (2006). "Entropy". Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology. 20 (1): 101–109. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2005.07.009. PMID 16634417.
- Gao JD, Zhao YJ, Xu CS, Zhao J, Huang YG, Wang TL, Pei L, Wang J, Yao LN, Ding Q, Tan ZM, Zhu ZR, Yue Y (Apr 2012). "Evaluation of entropy for monitoring the depth of anesthesia compared with bispectral index: a multicenter clinical trial". Chin Med J (Engl). 125 (8): 1389–92. PMID 22613640.
- Schmidt GN, Bischoff P, Standl T, Hellstern A, Teuber O, Schulte Esch J (Dec 2004). "Comparative evaluation of the Datex-Ohmeda S/5 Entropy Module and the Bispectral Index monitor during propofol-remifentanil anesthesia". Anesthesiology. 101 (6): 1283–90. doi:10.1097/00000542-200412000-00007. PMID 15564934. S2CID 19516830.