Wikipedia

Farewell Spit

Farewell Spit (Māori: Onetahua) is a narrow sand spit at the northern end of the Golden Bay, in the South Island of New Zealand. The spit includes around 25 km (16 mi) of stable land and another 5 km (3.1 mi) of mobile sand spit running eastwards from Cape Farewell, the northern-most point of the South Island. Farewell Spit is the longest sand spit in New Zealand, and is a legally protected Nature Reserve. The area is designated as a Ramsar wetland site and an East Asian–Australasian Flyway Shorebird Network site. Farewell Spit is administered by the Department of Conservation as a seabird and wildlife reserve. Apart from a small area at the base of the spit, it is closed to the public except through organised tours. Conservation initiatives are in progress towards eliminating mammalian predators from Farewell Spit, including a proposal for a predator-proof fence.

Farewell Spit
NASA satellite image of Farewell Spit
Map showing the location of Farewell Spit
Map showing the location of Farewell Spit
LocationGolden Bay, New Zealand
Area11,388 hectares (28,140 acres)
Designated13 August 1976
Reference no.103

The spit has been the site of many shipwrecks and vessel strandings, particularly in the era of merchant sailing vessels. A lighthouse with a tower constructed from timber was established on the end of the spit in 1870 to warn mariners of the dangers of the shoals and currents near the spit. The timbers of the original lighthouse did not last, and the entire lighthouse was replaced in 1897 using a steel lattice tower.

The spit is also known for herd strandings of long-finned pilot whales, and has been described as a ‘whale trap’ because of its protruding coastlines and long, gently sloping beaches.

Toponymy

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The Māori name for the spit is Onetahua, translated as "heaped up sand".[1]

Abel Tasman in 1642 was the first European to see the spit, calling it Sand Duining Hoeck. Captain James Cook was the next European visitor in 1770,[2] showing Farewell Spit as a broad peninsula on his maps. He named close-by Cape Farewell, and the name stuck, with early European settlers originally calling the sandbanks 'Cape Farewell Spit' before it was shortened to its present name. It was the last land Cook sighted after leaving New Zealand for Australia at the end of his first voyage.[3]

Geography

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Farewell Spit looking east from Pūponga

Farewell Spit forms the northern side of Golden Bay and is the longest sandspit in New Zealand, including around 25 kilometres (16 mi) of stable land and another 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) of mobile sand spit. The spit runs from west to east, and is formed from fine golden-coloured quartz sands, derived from the erosion of granites and other rocks in the Southern Alps, and transported northwards along the West Coast by longshore drift with the Westland current.[2][4]

The area of the spit is about 11,388 ha (28,140 acres). Approximately 1,961 ha (4,850 acres) is above mean high water, with an intertidal zone of about 9,427 ha (23,290 acres).[5] The spit is located about 50 km (31 mi) north of Tākaka and 20 km (12 mi) from Collingwood. The small settlement of Pūponga is situated close to the western (landward) end of the spit.

The sand structures of Farewell Spit consist of two interacting systems. On the southern side of the spit there are older and relatively stable sand masses, separated by shallow lakes and swamps. On the northern side are more recent sand masses that undergo active erosion and accumulation as a result of winds and the deposition from the longshore current.[6] Sand dunes known as barchans are formed on the spit because of the influence of winds predominantly from the west, and these dunes move in an easterly direction. The downwind face is steep and has a crescent shape.[7]

The northern side of the dunes are steeper and unstable being constantly exposed to the prevailing winds that average over 25 km/h (16 mph). The southern side that faces Golden Bay is more stable and largely covered with vegetation. The tide here can recede as much as seven km (4.3 mi) exposing some 80 km2 (31 sq mi) of mud flats; a rich feeding ground for the many seabirds in the area but also a trap for whales that leads to herd strandings.

Climate

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Climate data for Farewell Spit (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 21.9
(71.4) 		22.3
(72.1) 		20.8
(69.4) 		18.5
(65.3) 		16.3
(61.3) 		14.1
(57.4) 		13.3
(55.9) 		14.0
(57.2) 		15.5
(59.9) 		17.1
(62.8) 		18.6
(65.5) 		20.4
(68.7) 		17.7
(63.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 18.2
(64.8) 		18.6
(65.5) 		17.3
(63.1) 		15.3
(59.5) 		13.3
(55.9) 		11.2
(52.2) 		10.4
(50.7) 		10.9
(51.6) 		12.2
(54.0) 		13.6
(56.5) 		14.9
(58.8) 		16.8
(62.2) 		14.4
(57.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 14.5
(58.1) 		14.9
(58.8) 		13.9
(57.0) 		12.1
(53.8) 		10.3
(50.5) 		8.3
(46.9) 		7.4
(45.3) 		7.7
(45.9) 		8.9
(48.0) 		10.2
(50.4) 		11.3
(52.3) 		13.2
(55.8) 		11.1
(51.9)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 90.5
(3.56) 		72.8
(2.87) 		77.1
(3.04) 		103.8
(4.09) 		130.1
(5.12) 		146.1
(5.75) 		101.5
(4.00) 		111.0
(4.37) 		115.5
(4.55) 		99.6
(3.92) 		75.3
(2.96) 		93.0
(3.66) 		1,216.3
(47.89)
Source: NIWA[8]

Protected area

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Farewell Spit is a legally protected area of Crown property, and is classified as a nature reserve under s20 of the Reserves Act 1977.[9] The spit was originally established as a Flora and Fauna Reserve in 1938. In 1980, the status was altered to nature reserve, and the adjacent inter-tidal zone designated as a wildlife sanctuary.[10] Access into the nature reserve is by permit only, but walkers are allowed on the first 4 km (2.5 mi) of the spit.[11][12]

Farewell Spit was designated as a Wetland of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention in 1976, when the convention came into effect in New Zealand.[13][14] In 2000, to recognise the importance of the site to migratory birds, Farewell Spit was designated an East Asian–Australasian Flyway Shorebird Network Site.[15] New Zealand became a partner in the East Asian – Australasian Flyway Partnership (EAAFP) in September 2011.[16]

Birds

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Farewell Spit provides a wide variety of habitat for birds, including ocean sand beaches, bare and vegetated sand dunes, salt marshes, and lakes both freshwater and brackish.[2] These habitats support internationally important numbers of bar-tailed godwit, red knot, ruddy turnstone and banded dotterel, as well as the endemic variable and South Island pied oystercatchers.[17] The dunes at the end of the spit support the only sea-level colony of Australasian gannets in the world. The eelgrass (Zostera) beds on the tidal flats are used by the largest moulting population of black swans in New Zealand.[18] In 2014, an area of 11,388 ha (43.97 sq mi) at Farewell Spit was recognised as an Important Bird and Biodiversity Area (IBA) by BirdLife International.[19]

Shorebirds

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A study of shorebirds in the top of the South Island, commissioned by the Nelson City and Tasman District councils, was published in 2013. This study reported that from 2006 to 2009, the population of coastal shorebirds found in the estuaries in the top of the South Island represented between 14 and 22% of the total New Zealand shorebird population. Over the period of one year, between 45% and 66% of shorebirds in the study region were found at Farewell Spit.[20] During summer, there is an average of about 29,000 shorebirds at Farewell Spit, representing 10.2% of the national population. During winter (June), there is an average of 8,500 birds, representing 6.5% of the national population, and in spring (November) there is an average of 20,000, representing 13.2% of the national population. Farewell Spit typically has more than 20,000 shorebirds present during summer and spring, and this meets the criteria for recognition under Ramsar Convention Criterion 5 as a wetland site of international importance.[21][22]

During spring and summer, migratory waders make up a large proportion of the shorebirds at Farewell Spit (up to 93% during spring).[23] Farewell Spit is a site of international importance for migratory bar-tailed godwits. Surveys have found an average of 11,872 godwits are present in the summer period, representing 9.1% of the total estimated numbers of this species in the flyway.[24]

Farewell Spit is also of international importance for shorebirds such as the South Island pied oyster-catcher. Surveys have found an average of 6,980 of these birds during summer, representing 7% of the estimated national population.[25] The spit is also an important wintering area and a site of international importance for the banded dotterel.[26]

Australasian gannets

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A breeding colony of Australasian gannets was identified at Farewell Spit in 1983. The size of the colony increased from 75 nests in 1983 to 3,060 nests in 2001, and a 2006 survey recorded 3,300 pairs. The breeding area comprises several discrete sub-colonies at the end of the spit, around 30 minutes walk past the lighthouse. The breeding colonies are only a few metres above sea level, and this is unusual because gannet colonies are usually well above sea level on high, stable rock formations.[2] In January 1997, three of the sub-colonies were completely washed away during Cyclone Drena. In most years, some of the colonies are washed over during very high tides or major storms.[27][28] In 2022, there were 10,000 birds in the colony.[11]

Other seabirds

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Other seabirds that nest on shellbanks on Farewell Spit include Caspian terns and white-fronted terns.[29]

Waterfowl

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Farewell Spit has been identified as the largest moulting site for black swans in the country, with up to 15% of the total population present between November and March. Significant numbers of Australasian shoveler have also been reported.[30]

Conservation initiatives

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Sand dunes on Farewell Spit

Farewell Spit was leased for grazing from around the 1850s, and extensive damage to vegetation was caused by grazing and fires. In 1938, the area was given protection and designated as a sanctuary. However, wild cattle remained in the area, and 258 were removed in the 1970s.[7]

The adjoining Puponga Farm was originally purchased by the Crown to serve primarily as a buffer zone to protect the Farewell Spit Nature Reserve. Later purchases of Whararaki and Cape Farewell Farms helped to create a viable farm management unit, conserve biological and landscape values, and provide opportunities for public recreation. Puponga Farm Park serves as a visitor management and servicing area for the Farewell Spit Nature Reserve.[10]

As at 2021, there are still feral pigs on Farewell Spit, and these animals are a significant threat to nesting birds. The Onetahua Restoration project has been launched with the aim of eradicating pests from Whanganui Inlet on the West Coast, all the way to Farewell Spit, covering an area of more than 12,000 ha (30,000 acres). The project is a joint initiative between Farewell Wharariki HealthPost Nature Trust, Tasman Environmental Trust and Manawhenua ki Mohua.[31][32] In 2022, a proposal was developed for a 4.5 km (2.8 mi) predator-proof fence along the base of the spit.[33][34]

Lighthouse

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The automated lighthouse at the end of Farewell Spit
Main article: Farewell Spit Lighthouse

The Farewell Spit Lighthouse at the end of the spit was first lit on 17 June 1870 in response to many ships having been wrecked upon the spit.[35] The original timber tower did not stand up well to the frequent blasting by the sand and salt-laden winds experienced at the end of the spit. The hardwood used started to decay rapidly and the original tower was replaced in 1897 by the present structure, the only steel latticework lighthouse in New Zealand.[36]

The foundations of the lighthouse are only just above sea level, so the lighthouse tower has to be taller than usual for other lighthouses around New Zealand's coast. The light of the 27-metre-high (89 ft) tower can be seen for 35 kilometres (22 mi). The light was fully automated and the last lighthouse keeper was withdrawn in 1984.[36] The lighthouse keeper's house and two accommodation buildings are still being maintained for use by the Department of Conservation, Maritime New Zealand, and tour groups.

Tourism

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Four-wheel drive bus tours from Collingwood or Pūponga are operated by concession-holders. These tours provide an opportunity to view the large sand dunes, visit the lighthouse area and the gannet colony.[11]

Shipwrecks

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Valmarie aground in 1922

Farewell Spit has been the site of many shipwrecks and vessel strandings, particularly in the era of merchant sailing vessels. Most of these incidents occurred when a vessel became grounded on sand in shallow water near the Spit either through navigational errors or being driven ashore in adverse weather. Particularly notable losses include the Queen Bee that ran aground off Farewell Spit in 1877[37][38] and the SS Port Kembla that was sunk by a mine 17 km off the spit in 1917.[39]

List of shipwrecks and groundings at Farewell Spit[40]
Year Month Vessel name Description Tonnage Notes
1840 February Vittoria Barque 281 Wrecked
1847 May Louisa Campbell Barque 274 Wrecked
1866 July Deese Schooner 96 Wrecked[41]
1866 September Wallaby Steamer Grounded but refloated[42]
1866 October Juno Barque Wrecked[43]
1869 May Necromancer Schooner 16 Wrecked
1871 May Foam Ketch 40 Wrecked
1875 March Melbourne Schooner 53 Wrecked
1877 August Queen Bee Fully rigged 726 Wrecked
1879 September Messenger Barque 925 Wrecked
1885 June Helena Brigantine 149 Wrecked
1887 February Hauraki Steamship 87 Wrecked
1889 September Koranni Steamship Refloated
1897 January Ruapehu Steamship 4202 Refloated[44]
1898 July Unknown Barque Refloated
1899 January Sir Henry Brigantine
1902 August Oreti
1917 September Port Kembla Steamship 4000 Sunk, suspected struck a mine
1922 March Valmarie Schooner Salvaged
1953 Arethusa Yacht Salvaged
2021 July Mistral Fishing vessel Wrecked[45]
2022 April Scorpio Fishing vessel Sunk[46][47]

Whale stranding

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Volunteers attempt to keep body temperatures of beached pilot whales from rising at Farewell Spit

Farewell Spit has been the location of many herd strandings of long-finned pilot whales, and has been described as a ‘whale trap’, because of its protruding coastlines and long, gently sloping beaches.[48]

List of cetacean strandings at Farewell Spit
Year Month Number stranded Species Notes
1867 June 1 Sperm whale [49]
1911 March 250 "Blackfish" [50]
1995 January 30 Pilot whale [51]
1996 February 34 Pilot whale [52]
1997 February 5 Sperm whale [53]
1998 December 28 Pilot whale [54]
2002 April 4 Pilot whale [55]
2002 September 1 Pygmy right whale [56]
2005 December 123 Pilot whale [57]
2005 December 49 Pilot whale [58]
2006 January 5 Pilot whale [59]
2011 February 70 Pilot whale [60]
2012 January 90 Pilot whale [61]
2012 November 28 Pilot whale [62]
2014 January 13 Pilot whale [63]
2015 February 198 Pilot whale [64]
2017 February 416 Pilot whale third-largest stranding on record in NZ[65]
2020 December 1 Sei whale [66]
2022 February 49 Pilot whale [67]
2022 March 36 Pilot whale [68]

References

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  1. ^ "Golden Bays Maori History & Culture". Golden Bay Promotions Association. Archived from the original on 10 November 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d "Farewell Spit and Puponga Farm Park" (PDF). Department of Conservation. October 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  3. ^ "Collingwood Travel Guide". Jasons Travel Media. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  4. ^ Grindley, George W (1966). "An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand – Farewell Spit and Cape Farewell". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  5. ^ Schuckard, R. and Melville, D.S., (2013), p6
  6. ^ Clark, A.B.S.; Thorns, S.C. (1978). "Notes on the Geology of Cape Farewell and Farewell Spit, North-west Nelson" (PDF). Tane (24). University of Auckland. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  7. ^ a b "Farewell Spit Nature Reserve" (PDF). Department of Conservation. 2006. Retrieved 19 April 2022 – via Wetland Trust.
  8. ^ "CliFlo – National Climate Database : Farewell Spit Aws". NIWA. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
  9. ^ "Protected Areas – Farewell Spit Nature Reserve". Land Information New Zealand. Archived from the original on 20 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  10. ^ a b Farewell Spit Nature Reserve and Puponga Farm Park Conservation Management Plan (PDF). Department of Conservation. January 1990. ISBN 0-478-01264-0. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  11. ^ a b c Hughes, Eleanor (9 January 2023). "Farewell Spit: The only way to access New Zealand's longest sand spit". Retrieved 9 June 2024.
  12. ^ Turner, Elen (28 April 2021). "GO NZ: Farewell Spit, New Zealand's next Unesco World Heritage Site". New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
  13. ^ "Farewell Spit". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  14. ^ Schuckard, R. and Melville, D.S., (2013), p1
  15. ^ "Flyway Network sites – New Zealand". East Asian-Australasian Flyway Partnership. February 2018. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  16. ^ "A warm welcome to a new Partner, New Zealand". East Asian-Australasian Flyway Partnership. 9 November 2011. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  17. ^ "Farewell Spit". National Wetland Trust of New Zealand. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
  18. ^ Sagar, P. M.; Schwarz, A-M; Howard-Williams, C. (July 1995). "Review of the ecological role of Black Swan (Cygnus atratus)" (PDF). NIWA Science and Technology Series (25): 3.
  19. ^ "BirdLife - Data Zone - Farewell Spit". BirdLife International. 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
  20. ^ Schuckard, R. and Melville, D.S., (2013), p13
  21. ^ Schuckard, R. and Melville, D.S., (2013), p17
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  23. ^ Schuckard, R. and Melville, D.S., (2013), p18
  24. ^ Schuckard, R. and Melville, D.S., (2013), p31
  25. ^ Schuckard, R. and Melville, D.S., (2013), p35
  26. ^ Schuckard, R. and Melville, D.S., (2013), p36
  27. ^ Butler, D.J. (2008), p20
  28. ^ Walrond, Carl (22 April 2015). "Nelson places – Western Golden Bay". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 20 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  29. ^ Butler, D.J. (2008), p21
  30. ^ Butler, D.J. (2008), p27
  31. ^ Guthrie, Kate (28 January 2019). "Protection and accessibility are key goals for Wharariki Onetahua Restoration". Predator Free NZ Trust. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
  32. ^ Gee, Samantha (29 September 2021). "Mission to make Farewell Spit predator free". RNZ. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  33. ^ Frances, Chin (9 June 2022). "Fence and increased trapping proposed for predator-free Farewell Spit". Stuff. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
  34. ^ Hindmarsh, Gerard (17 June 2022). "Farewell Spit - a fence too far?". Stuff. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
  35. ^ Newport, J. N. W. (November 1971). "Farewell Spit Lighthouse". Nelson Historical Society Journal. 2 (5). Retrieved 21 April 2022 – via Victoria University of Wellington.
  36. ^ a b "Farewell Spit Lighthouse". Maritime New Zealand. Archived from the original on 8 February 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
  37. ^ "The stranding and loss of the Queen Bee, on Cape Farewell Sandspit. August 1877". RootsWeb. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  38. ^ "Wreck of the Queen Bee". Evening Post. 8 August 1877 – via Papers Past.
  39. ^ "Today in History – 18 September: The Port Kembla sinks off Farewell Spit". Nelson Provincial Museum. 18 September 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  40. ^ Petyt, C (1999), pages 40–53
  41. ^ "Wreck of the schooner Deese on Cape Farewell Spit". Marlborough Press. 8 August 1866 – via Papers Past.
  42. ^ "Shipping". Lyttelton Times. 9 October 1866 – via Papers Past.
  43. ^ "Inquiry into the wreck of the barque Juno on Farewell Spit". Nelson Examiner and New Zealand Chronicle. 1 November 1866 – via Papers Past.
  44. ^ "S.S. Ruapehu Ashore at Farewell Spit". Press. 4 January 1897 – via Papers Past.
  45. ^ "West Coast salvage operation removes shipwreck contaminants". RNZ. 27 October 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  46. ^ Gooch, Carly (29 April 2022). "Rescue after boat runs aground at Farewell Spit". Stuff. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  47. ^ Neal, Tracy (4 June 2024). "Retired truck driver's life savings sunk with fishing boat after grounding on Farewell Spit". New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
  48. ^ Hutching, Gerard (12 June 2006). "Whales – Strandings: whales and dolphins". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  49. ^ "Untitled". Nelson Evening Mail. 17 June 1867. Retrieved 21 April 2022 – via Papers Past.
  50. ^ "School of blackfish". New Zealand Herald. 22 March 1911. Retrieved 21 April 2022 – via Papers Past.
  51. ^ "Whales safely back out at sea". The Dominion. 17 January 1995. p. 3.
  52. ^ "Whales floated out to sea". The Dominion. 15 February 1996. p. 1.
  53. ^ "Rare strandings". The Dominion. 25 February 1997. p. 1.
  54. ^ "Whales refloated". The Dominion. 31 December 1998. p. 1.
  55. ^ Sparrow, Brandon (1 May 2002). "Pilot whales taken to 'graveyard'". Nelson Mail. p. 1.
  56. ^ Sparrow, Brandon (20 September 2002). "Stranded rare whale helped back to sea". Nelson Mail. p. 1.
  57. ^ Chalmers, Anna (21 December 2005). "Frantic efforts to save whales". Dominion Post. p. 1.
  58. ^ Scanlon, Sean (2 January 2006). "DOC staff braced for more whale strandings". The Press. p. 1.
  59. ^ Murdoch, Helen (17 January 2006). "Whales beach at spit". The Press. p. 4.
  60. ^ "Stranded whale pic tells moving story". Stuff. 31 October 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  61. ^ "Golden Bay whale stranding". Stuff. 25 January 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  62. ^ "Whales stranded on Farewell Spit". 3 News NZ. 15 November 2012. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  63. ^ "Whale re-float attempt". RNZ. 15 January 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  64. ^ "Nearly 200 Whales Stranded On New Zealand Beach". The Huffington Post. 13 February 2015. Archived from the original on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  65. ^ Hindmarsh, Nina; Bartlett, Hannah; Gamble, Warren (10 February 2017). "Mass whale stranding at Farewell Spit". Stuff. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  66. ^ MacManus, Joel; Sivignon, Cherie (5 December 2020). "Dead 17-metre, 30 tonne beached whale near Farewell Spit to be refloated, towed out at high tide". Stuff. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  67. ^ Hindmarsh, Nina; Bohny, Skara (22 February 2021). "Human chain of 150 volunteers guide 40 stranded pilot whales back to sea". Stuff. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  68. ^ Harris, Sophie (17 March 2022). "Mass whale stranding at Farewell Spit, reports of 'a number' of deaths". Stuff. Retrieved 21 April 2022.

Sources

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40°31′S 172°52′E / 40.517°S 172.867°E / -40.517; 172.867

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