Farmana Khas or Daksh Khera is an archaeological site in Meham block of Rohtak district in northern Indian state of Haryana spread over 18.5 hectares. It is located near the village of Farmana Khas, about 15 kilometers from the Rohtak-Hissar highway and 60 kilometres from Delhi. It is significant particularly for its burial site, with 70 burials, of the Mature Harappan period (2500–2000 BC) and fairly recent addition (excavation started during 2006)[1][2] to Indus Valley civilisation sites excavated in India.[3]
Farmana | |
|---|---|
Archeological site | |
  Farmana | |
| Coordinates: 29°04′N 76°34′E / 29.067°N 76.567°E | |
| Country | India |
| Province | Haryana |
| Time zone | UTC+5.30 (Indian Standard Time) |
Excavations
editThis site was excavated under the direction of Vasant Shinde of the Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute, Pune. The project was financed by the Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, which also provided technical expertise. The Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak and Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute, Pune under the aegis of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) are the Indian partners of the project.[4][5]
Architecture and material culture
editThe site is divided in two areas, one for the living and one for the dead, separated by a distance of 1 km. The finds were made in intensely cultivated, flat land. The habitation site is spread over 18.5 hectare. Excavation has revealed a well-laid-out road with houses on either side.
Complex with 26 rooms
editThe site has four complexes and so far one complex has been excavated which has 26 rooms, 3 to 4 kitchens, an equal number of bathrooms and a courtyard in the centre.[6] Terracotta toys, whistle, wheels and seals, copper bangles, a small ornament of gold and large amount of pottery has been retrieved.
70 burials
editThe cemetery at Farmana has revealed 70 burials so far and has been assigned to the Mature Harappan phase (2500–2000 BC), whereas the burial site at Sanauli, in the Baghpat district of Uttar Pradesh, which revealed 116 graves, belongs to a later stage of Harappan culture.[3] Most of the graves are oriented northwest-southeast, though there are some with north-south and northeast-southwest orientations as well.[2] Notable amongst them is a skeleton of a middle-aged woman, which had three shell bangles, two copper bangles, copper earrings, beads and ornaments on the feet, indicating her wealthy status.[6]
Scientific testing
editVasant Shinde announced in March 2009 the intention to conduct scientific tests on skeletal remains, pottery and botanical evidence found at the site, including DNA tests on bones to attempt to establish the origins of the Harappans, and trace element analyses to help understand their diet.[2][5] However DNA extraction from these skeletons did not succeed as they were contaminated due to long exposure and floods.[7]
Four-thousand-year-old teeth from skeletal remains in Harappa cemetery & Farmana were examined. Human dental enamels were compared and chemical analysis of water, fauna, rocks of those times using ratio of lead & strontium ration was done. Differences in early molars and late morals indicate people living in Indus Valley Cities migrated from countryside to urban areas.[8]
The team also plans to carry out coring tests in lakes around the Farmana site to ascertain climatic conditions prevalent at the time of the Harappan civilization, and investigate whether the decline of the culture followed catastrophic climate change.[2]
Plant use and dietary practices
editStudy of Starch Grains which are plant microfossils, obtained from storing and cooking ceramic vessels, stone tools as well as dental calculus of burials has shed a light on plant usage in Indus Valley civilization. Use of wheat, barley, millet, gram, garlic whose seeds were found and use of horsegram, eggplant, mango, ginger, turmeric, sedge whose seeds were not found, has been confirmed.[9][10]
Presence of cooked ginger & turmeric starch grains inside ceramic pots & teeth of skeletons in burial sites make Farmana (Indus Valley) first civilization to use spices for cooking.[11][12]
Other findings
editA recent advance in the study have shown evidence of inter-regional marriage performed by the Harappans for trade purposes as well.[13]
Bangles and beads made out of conch shells from Gujarat were also found at this site.[1]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ a b Times of India.10.10.2011 [1] retrieved 29 June 2012
- ^ a b c d 65 graves point to largest Harappan burial site next door to capital, Indian Express 3 March 2009. Access date 7 January 2011.
- ^ a b Vasant Shinde, Toshiki Osada, Akinori Uesugi (eds.), Harappan Necropolis at Farmana in the Ghaggar Basin, Special Report No. 4 of the Indian Archaeological Society (2009).
- ^ Vasant Shinde, Toshiki Osada, Akinori Uesugi (eds.), Harappan Necropolis at Farmana in the Ghaggar Basin, Special Report No. 4 of the Indian Archaeological Society (December 2009).
- ^ a b "Harappan era burials unearthed near Delhi". The Hindu. 4 March 2009. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ a b Deswal, Deepender (4 March 2009). "Harappan-era cemetery found". The Times of India.
- ^ "Who built the Indus Valley civilisation?". The Hindu. 23 December 2017.
- ^ "Indus Valley people migrated from villages to cities: New study". The Times of India. 30 April 2015.
- ^ "Harappan plant use revealed by starch grains from Farmana, India". Antiquity. December 2010.
- ^ Abraham, Shinu Anna; Gullapalli, Praveena; Raczek, Teresa P.; Rizvi, Uzma Z. (2013). "10". Connections and Complexity: New Approaches to the Archaeology of South Asia. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, INC. ISBN 9781598746860.
- ^ "Curry: Where did it come from?". BBC. 11 October 2013.
- ^ "What Did Our Ancestors Eat? Digging For Clues". Forbes India. 11 April 2014.
- ^ Times of India 10.10.2011