Granius Flaccus (fl. 1st century BC) was an antiquarian and scholar of Roman law and religion, probably in the time of Julius Caesar and Augustus.
Religious scholar
editGranius wrote a book De indigitamentis ("On Forms of Address"), on the indigitamenta, that is, those pontifical books that contained prayer formularies or lists of deity names as a reference for accurate invocations.[1] Granius dedicated this work to Caesar, as his contemporary Varro did his Antiquitates Divinae.[2] The title of the book is taken from a citation in the 3rd-century grammarian Censorinus.[3] Macrobius cites him jointly with Varro as an authority on a religious point.[4]
Granius was used as a source on ancient Roman religion by the Church Fathers; Arnobius, for instance, refers to him as many as five times[5] in his books Contra Paganos, second in number only to Varro, equal to the famed Pythagorean scholar Nigidius Figulus, and more often than Cicero. Arnobius implies that he knows the works of Aristotle only indirectly, and cites Granius as his intermediary source at least once. Granius, he says, demonstrates that Minerva is Luna, and also identified the Novensiles with the Muses.[6]
Granius maintained that the Genius and the Lar were one and the same.[7] He shared the view of Varro that the res divinae for both Apollo and Father Liber were celebrated on Mount Parnassus.[8] It is sometimes unclear whether references to "Flaccus" refer to him or to Verrius Flaccus.
Jurist
editGranius is cited as an authority in the Digest of Justinian, where he is said to have written a book on Papirian law (Ius Papirianum) as ascribed to the 6th-century BC pontifex Papirius. A reference in Cicero to the Papirii dates the book to sometime after October 46 BC.[9] The ius Papirianum dealt with the laws of the kings (leges regiae), which were sacred laws and required knowledge of pontifical records; therefore, the interests of Granius in legal and religious formulas should be seen as compatible.[10] Granius[11] recorded, for instance, that Numa Pompilius, in founding religious rites for the Romans, struck a deal with the gods to punish those who committed perjury.[12] It may be that no collection of leges regiae existed earlier, and the idea that there was a ius Papirianum originated with the work of Granius at the beginning of Augustus' reign.[13] He may thus be a more significant jurist than the extremely scant remains of his work would indicate.[14]
The point of law cited in the Digest involves distinguishing a girlfriend (amica) from a concubina as defined by law. Granius explained that pellex (found elsewhere as paelex), Greek pallakis, had become the usual term for a woman sleeping regularly with a man who has a legal wife (uxor), but that formerly it referred to a live-in partner in lieu of a wife.[15]
This Granius is sometimes identified with Granius Licinianus; the latter, however, is almost always dated to the time of Hadrian.
References
edit- ^ Mary Beard, J.A. North and S.R.F. Price. Religions of Rome: A History (Cambridge University Press, 1998), vol. 1, p. 152; Matthias Klinghardt, "Prayer Formularies for Public Recitation: Their Use and Function in Ancient Religion," Numen 46 (1999), p. 44; William Warde Fowler, The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic (London, 1908), p. 89.
- ^ Eleanor G. Huzar, "Emperor Worship in Julio-Claudian Egypt," Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II.18.5 (1990), p. 3106.
- ^ Censorinus 3.2: in libro quem ad Caesarem de indigitamentis scriptum reliquit; French translation.
- ^ Macrobius, Saturnalia 1.18.4.
- ^ Four times, and a possible fifth as "Flaccus," who may also be Verrius Flaccus.
- ^ George E. McCracken, Arnobius of Sicca: The Case Against the Pagans (Newman Press, 1949), pp. 35, 36, 216, 221–222, 258, 364–365. The passage involving Aristotle, Minerva, and the Moon is 3.6.
- ^ Censorinus 3.2.
- ^ Macrobius, Saturnalia 1.18.4, Bill Thayer's edition at LacusCurtius.
- ^ Cicero does not actually mention Granius or the book; the dating is by scholarly inference.
- ^ Alan Watson, Legal Origins and Legal Change (Hambledon Press, 1991), p. 113; H.J. Rose, A Handbook of Latin Literature (London, 1936, 1996), pp. 29–30.
- ^ If he is the "Flaccus" referenced in a gloss to Aeneid 12.234 (frg. 8 Huschke).
- ^ Numam Pompilium, cum sacra Romanis conderet, voto impetrasses, ut omnes dii falsum iuramentum vindicarent; John Scheid, "Oral Tradition and Written Tradition in the Formation," in Religion and Law in Classical and Christian Rome (Franz Steiner, 2006), p. 28, note 55.
- ^ A. Arthur Schiller, Roman Law: Mechanisms of Development (Mouton, 1978), pp. 140–143.
- ^ Gloria Ferrari, Figures of Speech: Men and Maidens in Ancient Greece (University of Chicago Press, 2002), p. 307; Henry John Roby, An Introduction to the Study of Justinian's Digest (Cambridge University Press, 1886), p. cxxiv.
- ^ Rose, Handbook of Latin Literature, p. 29; Digest 50.16.144: Granius Flaccus in libro de iure Papiriano scribit pellicem nunc volgo vocari, quae cum eo, cui uxor sit, corpus misceat: quosdam eam, quae uxoris loco sine nuptiis in domo sit, quam pallakyn Graeci vocant.
External links
edit- The fragments of Granius Flaccus, conflated with those of Granius Licinianus, are collected by Philipp Eduard Huschke, Iurisprudentiae anteiustinianae quae supersunt (Leipzig, 1889, 4th ed.), pp. 107–109 online.