The Jakarta Metropolitan Area or Greater Jakarta,[6][7][8][9][10] known locally as Jabodetabekpunjur (an acronym of Jakarta–Bogor–Depok–Tangerang–Bekasi further extended to include Puncak and the some part of Cianjur Regency) is the most populous megapolitan area in Indonesia. It includes the national capital (Jakarta Special Capital Region, as the core city) as well as five satellite cities and three complete regencies.[11] The original term "Jabotabek" dated from the late 1970s and was revised to "Jabodetabek" in 1999 when "De" (for "Depok") was inserted into the name following its formation. The term "Jabodetabekjur" or "Jabodetabekpunjur" was legalised on the Presidential Regulation Number 54 of 2008,[12] and then the name "Jabodetabekpunjur" is officially used.[13]
Jakarta Metropolitan Area
Jabodetabekpunjur | |
|---|---|
Megacity and Megalopolis | |
From top, left to right: Aerial view of Bundaran HI in Jakarta, Bogor city and Mount Salak, Depok skyline, Alam Sutera CBD in South Tangerang, Aerial view of Puncak, Bekasi skyline at night and Landsat satellite view of Greater Jakarta during night. | |
 | |
| Coordinates: 6°10′30″S 106°49′43″E / 6.17500°S 106.82861°E | |
| Country |  Indonesia |
| Provinces |  Banten Jakarta West Java |
| Core city | Jakarta |
| Satellite cities | Bogor Depok Tangerang City South Tangerang Bekasi |
| Regencies | Bogor Regency Tangerang Regency Bekasi Regency part of Cianjur Regency |
| Area | |
| • Metro | 7,076.31 km2 (2,732.18 sq mi) |
| Population (mid 2023 estimate)[2] | |
| • Urban | 35,386,000[1] |
| • Metro | 32,594,159 |
| • Metro density | 4,600/km2 (12,000/sq mi) |
| GDP Megacity | |
| • GDP[n 1] | IDR 6,404,701 trillion (2023) |
| • Nominal | US$ 420.192 billion (2023) |
| • PPP | US$ 1.346 trillion (2023) |
| Time zone | UTC+7 (Indonesia Western Time) |
| Postcodes | 1xxxx |
| Area codes | (62)21, (62)251, (62)263 |
| Vehicle sign | A, B, F |
| GDP metro | 2023[3][4][5] |
| - Total |  Rp 5,164,649 trillionUS$ 338.836 billionUS$ 1.085 trillion (PPP) |
| - Per capita | Rp 149.221 millionUS$ 9,789US$ 31,353 (PPP) |
| Highest elevation 3,019 m/9,905 ft (Mount Pangrango, in Bogor Regency) | |
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The area comprises Jakarta Special Capital Region and parts of West Java and Banten provinces, specifically the three regencies - Bekasi Regency and Bogor Regency in West Java, and Tangerang Regency in Banten. The area also includes the independent cities of Bogor, Depok, Bekasi, Tangerang and South Tangerang, all of which are not included administratively in the regencies. The name of the region is taken from the first two (or three) letters of each city's name: Ja-bo-de-ta-bek from Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi.
The population of the Jakarta metropolitan area, with an area of 6,802.10 km2 (2,626.31 sq mi), was 31.24 million according to the Indonesian 2020 Census,[14] making it the most populous region in Indonesia, as well as the second-most populous urban area in the world after Tokyo. The Jakarta metropolitan area's share of the national population increased from 6.1% in 1961 to 11.26% in 2010.[15] The population grew further to 31.9 million according to the official mid 2022 Estimates.[2]
The region is the centre of government, culture, education, and economy of Indonesia. It has pulled many people from throughout Indonesia to come, live and work. Its economic power makes Jakarta metropolitan area the country's premier centre for finance, manufacturing and commerce. According to 2019 data, the area had a gross domestic product of US$297.7 billion with a per capita GDP of $8,775, and a purchasing power parity of US$978.5 billion with a per capita PPP of $28,840, equal to 26.2% of economy of Indonesia.
History
editThe region was established in 1976 through Presidential Instruction No. 13 in response to the needs to sustain the growing population of the capital city. Indonesia's government established the Jabotabek Cooperation Body (Badan Kerjasama Pembangunan) of the joint secretariat of Government of DKI Jakarta and West Java province.[16]
Greater Jakarta
editThe generic term Greater Jakarta refers to the urban region surrounding Jakarta, and it is not specific to any official or administrative designations. On the contrary, depending on context, it may refer to the built-up area around Jakarta.
Demographics
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Among the inhabitants, approximately 10.68 million lived in Jakarta Special Capital Region according to the mid-2022 official estimates; about 9.09 million in the five cities of Bogor, Depok, Bekasi, Tangerang and South Tangerang; and about 12.13 million in the three regencies (Bekasi Regency, Bogor Regency, and Tangerang Regency).[17] The proportion of the core city's (Jakarta) population to that of the entire metropolitan area also declined significantly. In 2020, the population of Jakarta was only 30.4% of the total population of the Jakarta metropolitan area, continuing the decline from 54.6% in 1990 to 43.2% in 2000 and 35.5% in 2010. Furthermore, there has been a shift of arrival-destination for incoming migrants from Jakarta to other cities in the Jakarta metropolitan area. Today, about 20% of Indonesia's urban population is concentrated in the Jakarta metropolitan area.
| Administrative division |
Province | Area
(km2) |
Population
(2020 Census) |
Population
(mid 2023 |
Density/km2
(mid 2023) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jakarta | Special Region of Jakarta | 660.98 | 10,562,088 | 11,350,328 | 17,172 |
| Tangerang City | Banten | 178.35 | 1,895,486 | 1,899,514 | 10,651 |
| South Tangerang City | Banten | 164.86 | 1,354,350 | 1,404,785 | 8,521 |
| Depok City | West Java | 199.91 | 2,056,335 | 1,927,867 | 9,644 |
| Bekasi City | West Java | 213.04 | 2,543,676 | 2,496,198 | 11,717 |
| Central urban districts | 1,417.14 | 18,411,935 | 19,078,692 | 13,463 | |
| Bogor Regency | West Java | 2,991.78 | 5,427,068 | 5,495,372 | 1,837 |
| Bogor City | West Java | 111.37 | 1,043,070 | 1,122,772 | 10,082 |
| Bekasi Regency | West Java | 1,251.02 | 3,113,017 | 3,172,833 | 2,536 |
| Tangerang Regency | Banten | 1,027.76 | 3,245,619 | 3,286,420 | 3,198 |
| Cianjur Regency (part) | West Java | 277.24 | 433,115 | 438,070 | 1,580 |
| Suburban districts | 5,659.17 | 13,261,889 | 13,515,467 | 2,388 | |
| Jabodetabek | 7,076.31 | 31,673,824 | 32,594,159 | 4,606 | |
Sources:
- Census final 2010; Census final 2020[19] / Badan Pusat Statistik - Indonesia.
- Indonesia: Table of all administrative divisions[20]/ Citypopulation.de
- Kemendagri 2022 June estimate. Note the pandemic had skewing effects on Census 2020 data compared with prior year estimates, in favor of satellite cities, while post-pandemic data indicates a flood back into central cities. This effect is repeated for Bandung, Surabaya, Palembang, and Medan.
Economy
edit
| Province | GDP (billion IDR)[21] | GDP (billion US$) |
|---|---|---|
| Jakarta |
3,442,981 | 225.883 |
| West Java |
2,625,219 | 172.232 |
| Banten |
814,124 | 53.412 |
| Greater Jakarta | 6,882,324 | 451.257 |
Nowadays, the role of the Jakarta metropolitan area in the national economy is still dominant although the decentralisation policy has been implemented since the political reforms in 1998. The region accounts for 25.52% of total national gross domestic product and 42.8% to the total GDP of Java in 2010.[15] Central Jakarta, South Jakarta and Bekasi have respectively accounted for 4.14%; 3.78% and 2.11% of total national GDP.[22] There are three dominant sectors which have a high contribution to the total Jakarta metropolitan area's GDP comprising: industrial sector (28.36%), financial sector (20.66%) as well as trade, hotel and restaurant sectors (20.24%).[16] Based on the contribution of each sector to the total national GDP in 2010, Jakarta metropolitan area contributed 41.87% for the finance sector, 33.1% for construction and building, as well as 30.86% for transportation.[15]
Prime business and commercial centres include the "Golden Triangle" in central Jakarta. There are Indonesia's premier financial centre, SCBD, Mega Kuningan, Rasuna Epicentrum as well as along Jalan Jenderal Sudirman, Jalan M.H. Thamrin, Jalan Jenderal Gatot Subroto and Jalan HR Rasuna Said.[23] The Golden Triangle is also known to expatriates and locals as a lifestyle centre of the metropolis. There are countless high-end boutiques, fine restaurants, coffee shops and malls. Kelapa Gading is the newest business district, lifestyle centre and residential areas, located in the north-eastern part of Jakarta. It has several bars and entertainment places that open up until late at night.
The development of large scale residential areas and industrial parks in the Jakarta metropolitan area has been induced by infrastructure development, especially toll roads and railways. The Jakarta metropolitan area has been built industrial estate in the outskirts, mainly in Cikarang, home to a dozen industrial estates with more than 2,500 industrial companies. The Cikarang industrial estate occupied a total land area of about 11,000 hectares[24] and became the largest concentration of manufacturing activities in Southeast Asia.[25] Many foreign companies are located in the Cikarang industrial estate, such as from Japan, South Korea, China, Singapore and United States.
Transportation
edit
The region is partly defined by the areas from which people commute into the city. All municipality and regencies have access to toll road and rail service. At present public transport in Greater Jakarta consists of TransJakarta BRT, KRL Commuterline commuter rail, Jakarta LRT, Soekarno-Hatta Airport Rail Link, and Jakarta MRT. The transit system that is currently under construction is LRT Jabodebek. Jakarta LRT began operation by late 2019, and LRT Jabodebek was expected to open by March 2021.[26]
Aviation
edit
The Jakarta metropolitan area has two major airports, Soekarno Hatta International Airport, commonly known as Cengkareng Airport (CGK) and Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport (chiefly domestic). Pondok Cabe Airport in South Tangerang, owned by the state oil company Pertamina, is used for civilian and military airport.
Rail
edit
The Jakarta metropolitan area is served by KRL Commuterline, a 418 km (260 mi) commuter train comprising five lines (Red/Bogor Line, Green/Rangkasbitung Line, Blue/Cikarang Loop Line, Brown/Tangerang Line and Pink/Tanjung Priok Line) and over 80 stations across the area, plus Lebak Regency in Banten.
Urban rail systems in Jakarta include rapid transit system Jakarta MRT, and light rail system Jakarta LRT, and light rapid transit system Jabodebek LRT. Before Jakarta MRT was opened in 2019, the Jakarta metropolitan area was the world's largest metropolitan areas without a grade-separated rapid transit system.
Rail connection to Soekarno-Hatta International Airport is served by Soekarno-Hatta Airport Rail Link and Soekarno–Hatta Airport Skytrain inside the airport complex.
Bus
editThe TransJakarta bus rapid transit service (known as Busway) was developed throughout Jakarta and currently has 13 active corridors and a further three in planning. The system connects Bekasi, Depok, and Tangerang with three routes connecting Jakarta with Bekasi vice versa, namely Harapan Indah - Pasar Baru, West Bekasi - Bunderan HI, and East Bekasi - Tanjung Priok. While for Depok, only three routes are currently active: UI - Manggarai, UI - Lebak bulus, Terminal Depok - BKN via the Cijago toll road.[27] In addition to the main corridors, the feeder buses of Transjakarta serves commuters from satellite cities, such as Bumi Serpong Damai and Bintaro Jaya (South Tangerang) as well as Kemang Pratama, Grand Galaxy City and Cibubur (Bekasi).
High Speed Rail
edit
Indonesia operates a single high-speed rail service between the country's two largest cities, Jakarta and Bandung, branded Whoosh (short for Waktu Hemat, Operasi Optimal, Sistem Hebat, lit. 'Timesaving, Optimal Operation, Excellent System').[28][29][30] It is operated by Kereta Cepat Indonesia China (KCIC).[31]
Whoosh is the first high-speed railway in Southeast Asia,[32] and the Southern Hemisphere[33] and covers a distance of 143 kilometres (89 mi) with an operating speed of 350 km/h (220 mph),[34][35] and design speed of KCIC400AF train of 420 km/h (260 mph),[36][37] making it the second fastest commercially operating railway network in the world.[38] The travel time between the two cities averages 45 minutes, down from three hours before its opening.[33] Whoosh cost $7.3 billion to build.[39]
The line began trial operation with passengers on 7 September 2023, and commercial operations on 17 October 2023.[40] The Whoosh high speed train has served 1 million passengers duringtwo2 months of commercial operation from 17 October to 25 December 2023.
See also
edit
Notes
editReferences
edit- ^ "Demographia World Urban Areas" (PDF) (19th annual ed.). August 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
- ^ a b Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2023.
- ^ a b Badan Pusat Statistik (2024). Provinsi DKI Jakarta Dalam Angka 2024. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
- ^ a b Badan Pusat Statistik (2024). Provinsi Jawa Barat Dalam Angka 2024. Bandung: Badan Pusat Statistik.
- ^ a b Badan Pusat Statistik (2024). Provinsi Banten Dalam Angka 2024. Serang: Badan Pusat Statistik.
- ^ "Kementerian PPN/Bappenas :: Berita". www.bappenas.go.id.
- ^ "Kementerian PUPR dan KOICA Kerjasama Susun Rencana Induk Sistem Transportasi Cerdas Jakarta". www.pu.go.id. Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
- ^ Jo, Santoso. "Transformasi Urban Metropolitan Jakarta Adaptasi dan Pengembangan". Perpustakaan Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat. Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
- ^ "Mega-urbanization of Jakarta-Bandung region". The Jakarta Post.
- ^ Sorensen, Andre; Okata, Junichiro (18 November 2010). Megacities: Urban Form, Governance, and Sustainability. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9784431992677 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Indonesia government:Jabotabek". Indonesia.go.id. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
- ^ "Substansi-RTR-KSN". sitarunas.atrbpn.go.id. Archived from the original on 28 August 2017.
- ^ "Welcome Jabodetabekjur! Cianjur Kini 'Masuk' Daerah Jakarta". www.pikiran-rakyat.com.
- ^ "Indonesia: Administrative Division". Citypopulation.de.
- ^ a b c Rustiadi et al., Pembangunan Kawasan Transmigrasi Dalam Perspektif Pengembangan Wilayah & Perdesaan, 2012
- ^ a b R.B. Singh, Urban Development Challenges, Risks and Resilience in Asian Mega Cities, 2014
- ^ Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
- ^ Official Census in Mid 2023 by Kemendagri
- ^ "Telusuri Data Berdasarkan Tabel Topik". www.sensus.bps.go.id. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
- ^ "INDONESIA: Administrative Division". www.citypopulation.de.
- ^ Badan Pusat Statistik (2024). "Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (Milyar Rupiah), 2022-2023" (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
- ^ Jefriando, Maikel. "Ekonomi Jakarta Digabung Bekasi, Bogor, dan Tangerang Capai Rp 2.490 T". Archived from the original on 7 November 2017.
- ^ Joe Studwell, How Asia Works: Success and Failure in the World's Most Dynamic Region, 2013
- ^ N. Phelps, F. Wu; International Perspectives on Suburbanization: A Post-Suburban World?, 2011
- ^ "Indomovieland - 'Press Release Ground Breaking Indonesia Movieland' October 2008". Archived from the original on 20 May 2009.
- ^ "LRT Jabodebek to Have First Trial Run in June". Tempo. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
- ^ "Transjakarta buses to serve Bekasi, Depok starting Monday". Archived from the original on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016. Transjakarta buses to serve Bekasi, Depok starting Monday
- ^ Ritonga, Machradin Wahyudi (3 October 2023). Berindra, Susy (ed.). "Impian Transportasi Tanah Air Melesat Maju dalam Laju Whoosh". kompas.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 31 October 2023.
- ^ "Pemerintah Beri Nama Kereta Cepat Jakarta-Bandung 'WHOOSH'". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 21 September 2023.
- ^ S (1 October 2023). "Indonesia to launch Jakarta-Bandung high-speed rail, first in Southeast Asia". Jakarta Post.
- ^ Malleck, Julia (2 October 2023). "Why China laid the tracks for Indonesia's first high-speed rail".
- ^ Ibrahim, Achmad; Karmini, Niniek (2 October 2023). "Indonesian president launches Southeast Asia's first high-speed railway, funded by China". Associate Press.
- ^ a b Holland, Maximilian (25 October 2023). "1st High-Speed Train Arrives In Southern Hemisphere — Bandung Confluence". cleantechnica.com. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
- ^ "雅万高铁助力印尼民众加速奔向美好生活". 中国政府网_中央人民政府门户网站 (in Chinese). 18 October 2023.
- ^ "特稿：中印尼共建"一带一路"合作的"金字招牌"——记习近平主席关心推动的雅万高铁正式开通运营". 中国政府网_中央人民政府门户网站 (in Chinese). 18 October 2023.
- ^ Ramadhani, Awalia (24 May 2023). "Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Train Compared to Japan's Shinkansen". en.tempo.co. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
- ^ Dwi, Chandra (18 September 2023). "Kompak Dibackingi China, Kereta Cepat RI vs Laos Hebat Mana?". cnbcindonesia.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 7 November 2023.
- ^ "10 Kereta Api Tercepat di Dunia, Kereta Asal Tiongkok Mendominasi". databoks.katadata.co.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 31 October 2023.
- ^ Karmini, Niniek (1 October 2023). "Indonesia is set to launch Southeast Asia's first high-speed railway, largely funded by China". The Independent.
- ^ Thomas, Vincent Fabian (8 August 2023). "High-speed railway delayed again, but it's for the better, experts say". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
Further reading
edit- Forbes, Dean. "Jakarta: Globalization, economic crisis, and social change," pp. 268–298, in Josef Gugler (ed.) World Cities beyond the West: Globalization, Development and Inequality.