Greensill Capital was a financial services company based in the United Kingdom and Australia. Its main business was the provision of supply chain financing and related services. The company was founded in 2011 by Lex Greensill. It filed for insolvency protection on 8 March 2021.[2]
 | |
| Industry | Financial services |
|---|---|
| Founded | 2011 |
| Defunct | 2021[1] |
| Headquarters | , United Kingdom |
Area served | Worldwide |
Key people | Lex Greensill
|
| Website | greensill |
History
editThe firm was founded in 2011, with an initial focus on supply-chain finance. The company had since diversified its revenue streams, offering conventional banking services through a German subsidiary, Greensill Bank (de), the offering of bonds based on debt it has purchased, and through funds managed with partner organisations including Credit Suisse.[3]
American private equity firm General Atlantic invested $250 million in Greensill in 2018.[3] In 2018 Greensill was subject to extended media coverage and a call from British City grandee Lord Myners for a formal investigation of the company's involvement in scandal at Anglo-Swiss asset manager GAM.[citation needed]
In early 2019, Softbank invested $800 million in the company through its Vision Fund.[4] This investment allowed Greensill to expand quickly, increasing its employee headcount from 500 at 2019's close to over 1000 in early 2021,[5] located in sixteen offices.[6] Due to the Softbank investment, the firm delayed considering other fundraising options such as an initial public offering.[4] By late 2020, the firm had begun pursuing other investors, aiming to raise between $500 and $600 million and to subsequently complete an IPO within two years.[7] In order to achieve its goal, the company agreed with an order by its board to sell all four of its planes, which included a Gulfstream 650.[7]
In late 2020, Greensill began a search for a new auditor after growing too large for the firm's then auditor, Saffery Champness.[8] KPMG, Deloitte, members of the Big Four, and smaller accounting firm BDO all declined to become Greensill's new auditor.[8]
Activities
editAccording to its court filings, Greensill had three main businesses: supply chain financing (also called "reverse factoring"[9][10]), accounts receivables financing (also known as "factoring"[11]) and a practice Greensill called "future accounts receivables finance".[12]
In traditional factoring, a firm will sell the invoices it has issued to clients to a third party; the third party then collects the money owed from those clients.[13][11] In reverse factoring, a third party (in this case, Greensill) instead pays debts owed by a company to its suppliers at a slight discount, but much more quickly than the original company would have. The third party later receives payment from the company.[13][11] "Future accounts receivables finance" consists in the lending of money to a company before a sale has been made, based on the expectation of future sales and future payments.[12] Because future accounts receivables finance is based on prospective — and thus uncertain — payments, it is considered to be a risky activity.[14][15]
Though banks have typically conducted supply chain financing,[16][17] regulation and capital restrictions targeting them have made such loans less profitable. This regulatory trend has in part led to the emergence of Greensill and other similar firms as they do not face the same level of regulatory scrutiny.[17] Those in favour of reverse factoring say that it benefits suppliers as it settles their debts more quickly. Those critical of the practice generally oppose it as it can allow companies to obscure debts,[18] and encourage habitual late payments by the stronger side in a business relation.
In order to finance its activities, Greensill relied on loans provided by specialised supply-chain investment funds managed by Credit Suisse: Greensill regularly issued notes that were often bought by the investment funds, thereby providing Greensill with cash.[19] The repayment of the loans was secured by Greensill's claims to the repayment of the funds paid to its clients' suppliers.[20] However, according to Bloomberg and The Wall Street Journal, the Credit Suisse investment funds are alleged to have bought notes tied to Greensill's "future accounts receivables finance" activity: these loans were only secured by future and uncertain sales, and were therefore riskier.[20][21]
Controversies
editFinancing of companies tied to Softbank
editOn 14 June 2020, the Financial Times reported that Softbank had invested more than $500 million into Credit Suisse investment funds that financed Greensill's activities. Greensill, in turn, provided supply-chain financing to various companies backed by Softbank, in what reporters called a "circular flow of funding". The funds' exposure to Softbank-backed companies amounted to 15% of its assets, according to marketing documents. In addition, the funds' investments has been solely sourced to Greensill, which was itself backed by Softbank.[22][23] According to a March 2021 report by The Wall Street Journal, the amount placed by Softbank in the Credit Suisse funds were closer to $1.5 billion and had been invested following a request of Lex Greensill to Softbank CEO Masayoshi Son.[24] By July 2020, Softbank had redeemed all of its investments in the Credit Suisse funds.[25][24] According to Credit Suisse, other investors in the funds "suffered no loss as a result of these relationships".[25][23]
Exposure to GFG Alliance
editUntil its insolvency, Greensill Capital, along with its German subsidiary Greensill Bank, had a significant exposure to GFG Alliance, a group of businesses associated with steel magnate Sanjeev Gupta. The exposure of Lex Greensill's firms to GFG Alliance totalled $5 billion.[26][27] Conversely, GFG Alliance depended heavily on financing by Greensill Capital to conduct its operations.[27] GFG Alliance relied especially on Greensill Capital's future accounts receivables finance program.[27][21] According to the Financial Times, defaults by GFG Alliance are partly responsible for Greensill Capital's ultimate insolvency.[28] On 8 March 2021, Bloomberg reported that GFG Alliance believed it would become insolvent if Greensill collapsed and had defaulted on some of its bonds.[29] In April 2024, Grant Thornton, the administrators for Greensill, published a report where they revealed that they were still owed round $587.2m (£472m) from the GFG Alliance.[30]
BaFin probe
editIn 2020, the German financial regulator BaFin opened an investigation into Greensill Bank's accounting. In March 2021, BaFin filed a criminal complaint against Greensill Bank and banned activity at the bank.[31][32][33]
Involvement of David Cameron
editIn 2018, former British Prime Minister David Cameron became an advisor to Greensill. While his position was unpaid, he was given shares that could have been worth £70 million in the case of an initial public offering. According to news sources, Cameron lobbied members of the British government on behalf of Greensill.[34][35][36] In April 2021, HM Treasury released text messages sent by Chancellor of the Exchequer Rishi Sunak to Cameron from April 2020, which showed that Sunak had "pushed the team" to consider Greensill's request for emergency government-backed COVID-19 loans, before ultimately rejecting their application in June 2020. The Treasury refused to release the messages Cameron sent to Sunak, but revealed that Cameron had also "informally" called two other ministers from the department about the same topic.[37][38] On 12 April 2021, Prime Minister Boris Johnson ordered an inquiry into the collapse of Greensill and the lobbying efforts of David Cameron.[39][40][41]
Lending to Sanjeev Gupta
editIn June 2021 it was revealed that the government-owned British Business Bank lent Greensill up to $400m without detailed checks being performed. Greensill in turn lent all the funds to eight different companies linked to the steel magnate Sanjeev Gupta.[42] The National Audit Office warned that the taxpayer could lose all the money that was lent, a potential £335m loss.[43]
Insolvency
editIn July 2020, a group of insurers led by Tokio Marine, which were insuring $4.6 billion of its working capital, announced to Greensill that it would stop providing the coverage.[19][44] The decision came after Tokio Marine discovered that an employee at one of its subsidiaries had provided coverage that exceeded its risk limits. Greensill tried to obtain an extension of the coverage, including by taking legal action against the insurers, but was ultimately unsuccessful.[44][21] After this failure, Greensill attempted to secure insurance from other firms, but did not succeed.[6]
On 1 March 2021, Credit Suisse froze $10 billion in funds that were invested in Greensill's financial products and held by its supply-chain investment funds.[14][45] According to the Financial Times, "Credit Suisse’s concerns about the funds came to a head because insurance policies covering defaults in a portion of its assets lapsed over the weekend."[45] According to The Wall Street Journal, Credit Suisse was also concerned with Greensill's large exposure to companies tied to steel magnate Sanjeev Gupta.[14]
In March 2021, Greensill considered filing for insolvency after the Credit Suisse freeze.[46] On 1 March 2021 The Wall Street Journal reported that Greensill appointed Grant Thornton to help it during a possible restructuring or insolvency filing which was expected to happen within a few days.[14] On 2 March Greensill Capital announced that it was considering selling the operating part of its business, according to a report by Bloomberg News, to Apollo Global Management or an associated firm, Athene Holdings. Greensill Capital stated the firms had a "period of exclusivity with a leading global financial institution with a view to concluding a transaction with them this week," regarding the sale.[47] On 12 March it was announced that the deal with Athene had fallen through.[48] The deal collapsed in part due to the low value of Greensill's assets, which were further reduced by the preservation of technology firm Taulia, through a partnership between Taulia, JPMorgan Chase, and other banks.[49][50] Taulia facilitates lending from several finance companies to clients, but counted Greensill as a major source of business. With Greensill's role as a lender through Taulia taken over by JPMorgan, Athene had fewer reasons to acquire Greensill's book of business.
On 8 March 2021, Greensill filed for insolvency protection, as it found itself unable to repay a $140 million loan to Credit Suisse and was "hit by defaults" from Sanjeev Gupta's GFG Alliance, one of its main customers.[2][28]
As of 25 March 2021, Credit Suisse executives estimated that the investors in its supply-chain funds could sustain losses of up to $3 billion. Prior to Greensill's insolvency, the funds' assets amounted to $10 billion.[51]
Lawsuits and repercussions
editOn 15 March 2021, Bluestone Resources Inc., a coal mining company owned by West Virginia governor Jim Justice, sued Greensill for fraud. It alleges that Greensill departed from standard supply chain finance to engage in a more speculative practice, offering loans not only based on debts that other companies had already incurred, but also based on transactions that Greensill predicted would occur in the future.[52][53] On 31 May 2021, it was revealed that Governor Justice had personally guaranteed the loans received from Greensill, totaling nearly $700 million.[54]
A number of German towns and cities have pulled their money from small, private banks after losing millions of euros in the closure of Greensill.[55]
Credit Suisse's chief risk and compliance officer and its head of investment banking were reported to have resigned, due to losses from Greensill's collapse and $4.7 billion in losses associated with Archegos Capital Management.[56]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Greensill Capital files for insolvency, administrators appointed". reuters.com. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
- ^ a b Steinberg, Julie; Mavin, Duncan; Kowsmann, Patricia (8 March 2021). "Greensill Capital Tumbles Into Insolvency, Spreading Financial Pain". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- ^ a b Gottfried, Miriam (16 July 2018). "General Atlantic Invests $250 Million in Lending Startup Greensill". Wall Street Journal. Wall Street Journal.
- ^ a b David, Ruth (13 May 2019). "SoftBank Makes $800 Million Bet on U.K Financier Greensill". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ^ Mavin, Julie Steinberg and Duncan (18 March 2021). "How Deal Making Caught Up With Lex Greensill". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
- ^ a b Nelson, Eshe; Ewing, Jack; Alderman, Liz (28 March 2021). "The Swift Collapse of a Company Built on Debt". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
- ^ a b Mavin, Julie Steinberg and Duncan (2 November 2020). "SoftBank-Backed Startup Had a Fleet of Corporate Planes. Not For Much Longer". Wall Street Journal. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ^ a b Kinder, Tabby; Smith, Robert; Massoudi, Arash (29 October 2020). "Greensill Capital rebuffed in search for new auditor". www.ft.com. The Financial Times. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
- ^ Smith, Robert (2 March 2021). "Greensill and supply-chain finance: how a contentious funding tool works". Financial Times. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
- ^ Bloomenthal, Andrew. "Supply Chain Finance". Investopedia. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
- ^ a b c Tuovila, Alicia. "Accounts Receivable Financing". Investopedia. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
- ^ a b De Paoli, Lucca; Spence, Eddie (17 March 2021). "Coal Miner's Lawsuit Shines Light On Greensill's Unusual Methods". Bloomberg. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
- ^ a b Scaggs, Alexandra (20 December 2019). "What Is Reverse Factoring? A Report Highlights a Problematic, Fast-Growing Financing Technique". www.barrons.com. Barron's. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
- ^ a b c d Steinberg, Julie; Mavin, Duncan; Dummett, Ben; Farrell, Maureen (1 March 2021). "Greensill Capital Faces Possible Insolvency After Credit Suisse Suspends Investment Funds". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
- ^ De Paoli, Lucca (20 March 2021). "Greensill Collapse Exposes Gap at Heart of Its Technology Claims". Bloomberg. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
- ^ Bryant, Chris (15 May 2019). "SoftBank Invests in an Opaque $100 Billion Industry". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
- ^ a b Monga, Vipal (25 July 2018). "How Investors Make Money When Companies Take Longer to Pay Their Bills". Wall Street Journal. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
- ^ Smith, Robert; Pooler, Michael (20 August 2020). ""System generated truncations": Greensill, Gupta and the hunt for the mystery holding company". The Financial Times. The Financial Times. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
- ^ a b Mavin, Duncan; et al. (4 March 2021). "Long Before Greensill Imploded, Credit Suisse Saw Danger". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
- ^ a b De Paoli, Lucca (15 March 2021). "Credit Suisse's Greensill Funds Strayed From Tame Invoice Loans". Bloomberg. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
- ^ a b c Malvin, Duncan; Steinberg, Julie (13 March 2021). "Behind Greensill's Collapse: Detour Into Risky Loans". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
- ^ Smith, Robert; Massoudi, Arash (14 June 2020). "SoftBank invests in Credit Suisse funds that finance its technology bets". Financial Times. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
- ^ a b Mavin, Duncan; Steinberg, Julie (20 July 2020). "SoftBank Pulls $700 Million From Credit Suisse Fund". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
- ^ a b Steinberg, Julie; Mavin, Duncan (5 March 2021). "Greensill Used Credit Suisse Investment Funds to Lend to Its Own Backers". The Wall Street Journal.
- ^ a b Smith, Robert; Massoudi, Arash (20 July 2020). "SoftBank exits Credit Suisse funds after circular financing review". Financial Times. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
- ^ Smith, Robert (16 March 2021). "Greensill financed Gupta based on invoices from 'friends of Sanjeev'". Financial Times. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
- ^ a b c De Paoli, Lucca (15 March 2021). "Credit Suisse's Greensill Funds Strayed From Tame Invoice Loans". Bloomberg. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
- ^ a b Wiggins, Kaye; et al. (8 March 2021). "Greensill files for administration and warns of GFG 'defaults'". Financial Times. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
- ^ Farchy, Jack (8 March 2021). "GFG Set for Crunch Talks With Unions as Pressure Mounts on Gupta". Bloomberg. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
- ^ Ward-Brennan, Maria (2024-04-17). "Sanjeev Gupta's GFG Alliance still owes Greensill Capital nearly £500m". City AM. Retrieved 2024-11-11.
- ^ Smith, Robert (3 March 2021). "German regulator files criminal complaint against Greensill Bank". Financial Times. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
- ^ Comfort, Nicholas (3 March 202). "Greensill Bank Faces Criminal Complaint After Valuations Probe". Bloomberg. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
- ^ Steinberg, Julie (3 March 2021). "German Financial Regulator Refers Greensill Matters to Criminal Prosecutors". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
- ^ Pickard, Jim (29 March 2021). "Cameron faces probe into links with Greensill at heart of UK government". Financial Times. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
- ^ Stewart, Heather; Syal, Rajeev (2021-03-31). "Labour urges inquiry into David Cameron links to Greensill Capital". the Guardian. Retrieved 2021-04-08.
- ^ Landler, Mark (2 April 2021). "David Cameron Comes Under the Spotlight for His Business Dealings". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
- ^ Walker, Peter (8 April 2021). "Rishi Sunak told David Cameron he had 'pushed the team' over Greensill". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
- ^ Parker, George (9 April 2021). "Sunak 'pushed' Treasury to help Greensill after Cameron's lobbying". Financial Times.
- ^ "David Cameron faces unprecedented formal inquiry into Greensill scandal". the Guardian. 2021-04-12. Retrieved 2021-04-13.
- ^ Castle, Stephen (2021-04-12). "David Cameron Faces Inquiry Into His Dealings With Finance Firm". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-04-13.
- ^ Payne, Sebastian (12 April 2021). "UK government launches independent probe into Cameron and Greensill". Financial Times. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
- ^ Smith, Robert; Storbeck, Olaf (23 June 2021). "Greensill sent all loans under government scheme to Gupta-linked companies". Financial Times. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
- ^ Syal, Rajeev (6 July 2021). "Greensill given access to Covid loans without detailed checks, watchdog reveals". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
- ^ a b Smith, Ian; et al. (10 March 2021). "Tokio Marine questions validity of Greensill insurance". Financial Times. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
- ^ a b Smith, Robert; et al. (1 March 2021). "Greensill left scrambling after Credit Suisse suspends $10bn in funds". Financial Times. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
- ^ De Paoli, Lucca; Vanuzzo, Antonio (1 March 2021). "Greensill Discussing Insolvency After Credit Suisse Freeze". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
- ^ De Paoli, Lucca; Casiraghi, Luca (2 March 2021). "Greensill Nears Sale to Apollo-Backed Athene After Fund Freezes". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
- ^ De Paoli, Lucca; Casiraghi, Luca (12 March 2021). "Greensill Capital Close to Collapse After Athene Calls Off Deal". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
- ^ Mavin, Julie Steinberg and Duncan (10 March 2021). "JPMorgan Jumps Into Greensill Fray, Hindering Apollo Talks". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
- ^ De Paoli, Lucca (10 March 2021). "Apollo Bid for Greensill Under Threat as Taulia Lands Funding". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
- ^ Walker, Owen; Morris, Stephen (25 March 2021). "Credit Suisse pegs potential Greensill fund losses at $3bn". Financial Times. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
- ^ "Coal Miner's Lawsuit Shines Light On Greensill's Unusual Methods". Bloomberg.com. 17 March 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
- ^ Steinberg, Julie; Mavin, Duncan (16 March 2021). "Bluestone Resources Sues Greensill Capital for Fraud". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
- ^ Steinberg, Julia; Mavin, Duncan (31 May 2021). "West Virginia Gov. Jim Justice Is Personally Liable for $700 Million in Greensill Loans". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
- ^ Sims, John O’Donnell, Tom (2021-03-31). "Analysis: Shaken by Greensill, German towns pull millions from banks". Reuters. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Walker, Owen; Morris, Stephen (6 April 2021). "Credit Suisse removes senior executives after $4.7bn Archegos losses". Financial Times. Retrieved 9 April 2021.