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Gustav Radbruch (21 November 1878 – 23 November 1949) was a German legal scholar and politician. He served as Minister of Justice of Germany during the early Weimar period. Radbruch is also regarded as one of the most influential legal philosophers of the 20th century.
Gustav Radbruch | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Reich Minister of Justice | |
| In office 13 August 1923 – 23 November 1923 | |
| Chancellor | Gustav Stresemann |
| Preceded by | Rudolf Heinze |
| Succeeded by | Erich Emminger |
| In office 26 October 1921 – 22 November 1922 | |
| Chancellor | Joseph Wirth |
| Preceded by | Eugen Schiffer |
| Succeeded by | Rudolf Heinze |
| Member of the Reichstag | |
| In office 24 June 1920 – 13 March 1924 | |
| Constituency | National list |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 21 November 1878 Free City of Lübeck, German Empire |
| Died | 23 November 1949 (aged 71) Heidelberg, Württemberg-Baden, West Germany |
| Political party | Social Democratic Party |
| Alma mater | University of Berlin University of Heidelberg |
| Profession | Lawyer, legal philosopher |
Life
editBorn in Lübeck, Radbruch studied law in Munich, Leipzig and Berlin. He passed his first bar exam ("Staatsexamen") in Berlin in 1901, and the following year he received his doctorate with a dissertation on "The Theory of Adequate Causation". This was followed in 1903 by his qualification to teach criminal law in Heidelberg. In 1904, he was appointed Professor of criminal and trial law and legal philosophy in Heidelberg. In 1914 he accepted a call to a professorship in Königsberg, and later that year assumed a professorship at Kiel.[1] [2]
Radbruch was a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), and held a seat in the Reichstag from 1920 to 1924. In 1921–22 and throughout 1923, he was minister of justice in the cabinets of Joseph Wirth and Gustav Stresemann. During his time in office, a number of important laws were implemented, such as those giving women access to the justice system, and, after the assassination of Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau, the Law for the Protection of the Republic, which increased the punishments for politically motivated acts of violence and banned organizations that opposed the "constitutional republican form of government" along with their printed matter and meetings.[3]
In 1926, Radbruch accepted a renewed call to lecture at Heidelberg where he delivered his inaugural lecture entitled "Der Mensch im Recht (Law's Image of the Human)" as the newly appointed Professor of Criminal Law on 13 November 1926.[4] After the Nazi seizure of power in January 1933, Radbruch, as a former Social Democratic politician, was dismissed from his university post under the terms of the so-called "Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service" ("Gesetz zur Wiederherstellung des Berufsbeamtentums"). (The universities, as public bodies, were subject to civil service laws and regulations.) Despite the employment ban in Nazi Germany, during 1935/36 he was able to spend a year in England, at University College, Oxford. An important practical outcome of this was his book, Der Geist des englischen Rechts (The Spirit of English Law), although this could be published only in 1945.[5] During the Nazi period, he devoted himself primarily to cultural-historical work.
Immediately after the end of the Second World War in 1945, he resumed his teaching activities, but died at Heidelberg in 1949 without being able to complete his planned updated edition of his textbook on legal philosophy.
In September 1945, Radbruch published a short paper "Fünf Minuten Rechtsphilosophie (Five Minutes of Legal Philosophy)", which was influential in shaping the jurisprudence of values (Wertungsjurisprudenz), prevalent in the aftermath of World War II as a reaction against legal positivism.[6][7][8]
Work
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Radbruch's legal philosophy derived from neo-Kantianism, which assumes that a categorical cleavage exists between "is" (sein) and "ought" (sollen). According to this view, "should" can never be derived from "Being." Indicative of the Heidelberg school of neokantianism to which Radbruch subscribed was that it interpolated the value-related cultural studies between the explanatory sciences (being) and philosophical teachings of values (should).
In relation to the law, this triadism shows itself in the subfields of legal sociology, legal philosophy and legal dogma. Legal dogma assumes a place in between. It posits itself in opposition to positive law, as the latter depicts itself in social reality and methodologically in the objective "should-have" sense of law, which reveals itself through value-related interpretation.
The core of Radbruch's legal philosophy consists of his tenets the concept of law and the idea of law. The idea of law is defined through a triad of justice, utility and certainty. Radbruch thereby had the idea of utility or usefulness spring forth from an analysis of the idea of justice. Upon this notion was based the Radbruch formula, which is still vigorously debated today. The concept of law, for Radbruch, is "nothing other than the given fact, which has the sense to serve the idea of law."
Hotly disputed is the question whether Radbruch was a legal positivist before 1933 and executed an about-face in his thinking due to the advent of Nazism, or whether he continued to develop, under the impression of Nazi crimes, the relativistic values-teaching he had already been advocating before 1933.
The problem of the controversy between the spirit and the letter of the law, in Germany, has been brought back to public attention due to the trials of former East German soldiers who guarded the Berlin Wall—the so-called necessity of following orders. Radbruch's theories are posited against the positivist "pure legal tenets" represented by Hans Kelsen and, to some extent, also from Georg Jellinek.
In sum, Radbruch's formula argues that where statutory law is incompatible with the requirements of justice "to an intolerable degree", or where statutory law was obviously designed in a way that deliberately negates "the equality that is the core of all justice", statutory law must be disregarded by a judge in favour of the justice principle. Since its first publication in 1946 the principle has been accepted by Germany's Federal Constitutional Court in a variety of cases. Many people partially blame the older German legal tradition of legal positivism for the ease with which Hitler obtained power in an outwardly "legal" manner, rather than by means of a coup. Arguably, the shift to a concept of natural law ought to act as a safeguard against dictatorship, an untrammeled State power and the abrogation of civil rights.
References
edit- ^ "Biografie Gustav Radbruch (German)". Deutsches Historisches Museum. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- ^ "Biografie Gustav Radbruch(German)". Bayerische Staatsbibliothek. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- ^ "Vor 100 Jahren: Reichstag verabschiedet Gesetz zum Schutz der Republik" [100 Years Ago: The Reichstag Adopts the Law for the Protection of the Republic]. Deutscher Bundestag, Online-Dienste (in German). 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
- ^ Radbruch, Gustav (2020). "Law's Image of the Human". Oxford Journal of Legal Studies. 40 (4). Translated by Jeutner, Valentin: 667–681. doi:10.1093/ojls/gqaa026. PMC 7839934. PMID 33536836.
- ^ Alexy, Robert. "Gustav Radbruch". Kiel University:History of the University:Famous scholars from Kiel. Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
- ^ Radbruch, Gustav (2006). "Five Minutes of Legal Philosophy (1945)". Oxford Journal of Legal Studies. 26. Translated by Litschewski Paulson, Bonnie; Paulson, Stanley L.: 13–15. doi:10.1093/ojls/gqi042.
- ^ See also Radbruch, Gustav (2006). "Statutory Lawlessness and Supra-Statutory Law (1946)". Oxford Journal of Legal Studies. 26. Translated by Litschewski Paulson, Bonnie; Paulson, Stanley L.: 1–11. doi:10.1093/ojls/gqi041.
- ^ Paulson, Stanley L. (2006). "On the Background and Significance of Gustav Radbruch's Post-War Papers". Oxford Journal of Legal Studies. 26: 17–40. doi:10.1093/ojls/gqi043.
Further reading
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- Kaufmann, Arthur (1987). Gustav Radbruch – Rechtsdenker, Philosoph, Sozialdemokrat (in German). Munich: Piper Verlag.
- von Hippel, Fritz (1951). Gustav Radbruch als rechtsphilosophischer Denker (in German). Heidelberg: Schneider Verlag.
- Van Niekerk, Barend (1973). The Warning Voice from Heidelberg: The Life and Thought of Gustav Radbruch. Kenwyn: Juta.
- Taekema, Sanne (2003). The Concept of Ideals in Legal Theory. Den Haag: Kluwer. chs 3 & 4.
External links
edit- "Radbruch, Gustav Lambert von: Rechtsphilosoph, Strafrechtler, Reichsjustizminister, * 21.11.1878 Lübeck, † 23.11.1949 Heidelberg, ⚰ Heidelberg, Bergfriedhof. (evangelisch)" (in German). Deutsche Biographie. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
- Newspaper clippings about Gustav Radbruch in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
- Works by or about Gustav Radbruch at the Internet Archive