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Hans Raj Vohra

For the approver at the Amritsar Conspiracy Case at Lahore in June 1919 following the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, see Hans Raj (approver).

Hans Raj Vohra (1909 – 13 September 1985) was an approver for British in HSRA, providing testimony for the British that identified his associates in return for his own freedom. In May 1930, his statement against Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar and Shivaram Rajguru, in the Lahore Conspiracy Case trial, became "crucial" in leading to passing of their death sentence .

Hans Raj Vohra
Born1909
British India
Died13 September 1985 (aged 75-76)
Maryland, US
Other namesHans R. Vohra
OccupationJournalist
Known forTestimony (approver) in the 1929–30 Lahore Conspiracy Case Trial of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru

After the trial, Vohra pursued a career in journalism, first in London, and then subsequently in Lahore and later in Washington. Before he died, he addressed a letter to Sukhdev's brother, explaining why he testified against his comrades.

Early life and education

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Hans Raj Vohra was born in 1909.[1][2] His father was Guranditta Mal, a professor of mathematics at Lahore's Central Training College.[3]

Against the wishes of his father, Vohra became a trusted colleague and follower of the leading revolutionaries Sukhdev Thapar and Bhagat Singh. He was subsequently inducted into the Hindustan Socialist Republican Army and became a revolutionary organiser primarily arranging the distribution of leaflets and literature, in Punjab Province in the 1920s.[1][3] Towards the end of the 1920s, as a student of the Forman Christian College[4] and a member of the Lahore Student's Union, he became active in the student movement, recruiting to the Naujawan Bharat Sabha.[5]

Lahore conspiracy case

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Bhagat Singh's execution as reported in The Tribune of Lahore.

Vohra came to be in police custody for 17 days following his arrest on 17 December 1928, the same day as the murder of John Saunders, the Assistant Superintendent mistaken for James Scott.[6] Bhagat Singh was later arrested on 8 April 1929 after he was found bombing the Delhi Legislative Assembly. Although not directly involved with the bombing, Vohra,[7] then working in the offices of Bande Mataram ,[8] knew of its details through Sukhdev, and after his second arrest in May 1929, closed his testimony and "tendered pardon, the conditions of which I accepted".[7] The testimony was subsequently used in the Lahore Conspiracy Case trial which began in July 1929.[9] In May 1930, he gave evidence in the trial which gave its judgement on 7 October 1930, sentencing "Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru to death by hanging".[6][10]

It was not until the 1980s that Vohra made an attempt to explain why he did not divulge his colleagues details during the first arrest but disclosed all at the second arrest in 1929 after he had been informed that his mentor Sukhdev had already given away all their secrets. Vohra claimed in the letter that he felt let down and decided "I could not risk going down with people I no longer respected".[1][7] Author Kuldip Nayar explained in his book The Martyr: Bhagat Singh - Experiments in Revolution (2000), that in the Lahore Conspiracy Case Trial of 1929-30, Vohra's testimony "was crucial in the death sentence handed out to Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru - his ex-comrades".[11][12]

Two other significant approvers were Phonindra Nath Ghosh, whose testimony revolved mainly around the establishment of the Hindustan Socialist Party and Jai Gopal who focused on the murder of Saunders, while it was Vohra's testimony which concentrated on Bhagat Singh's activities.[6] Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru subsequently became national heroes of the Indian independence movement.[9]

Later life

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Following the trial and the request to the British government by his father and acceptance by the Viceroy, Vohra was sponsored by the Punjab government to study at the London School of Economics.[3] After a Masters in political science, he gained a degree in journalism from London University,[3] returned to Lahore in 1936,[3] was appointed Assistant Information Officer in the Bureau of Public Information in 1942,[13] and was the correspondent of the Civil and Military Gazette of Lahore until 1948. In 1958, he transferred to Washington, corresponded using the name "Hans R. Vohra" and became the Washington correspondent of The Times of India.[3][14]

He remained a correspondent and never made it to editor.[3] In 1965, as the Washington correspondent for the Times of India, his interview with Dean Rusk, the then United States Secretary of State, was published in the Department of State Bulletin.[15]

He retired in 1969,[16] but continued to work freelance.[3] In 1970, he published a paper in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists titled "India's Nuclear Policy of Three Negatives", where he described India's attitude to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons as "will not sign the nuclear non-proliferation treaty...will not not make nuclear weapons...will not accept any nuclear guarantees".[17][18]

Death

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He spent the last few years of life in social isolation. In 1981, before he died, he addressed a letter to Sukhdev's brother, explaining why he testified and expressed the wish to be forgotten:[3][12]

Mine has been a most difficult life, full of risks, but so far touch wood, I have emerged virtually unscathed, at least physically. But the memory of the twenties accompanies me doggedly, teasingly and hauntingly….I hope by the time I die, I would have been fully forgotten, This is my only ambition.[3]

He died on 13 September 1985 in Maryland. He was married and had three children and by them had six grandchildren.[3][19]

Selected publications

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  • "India's Nuclear Policy of Three Negatives", Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Vol. 26, Issue 4 (1970) pp. 25–27. doi:10.1080/00963402.1970.11457797
  • "A Letter From Washington: Ministry of Science—U.S. Style", Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Vol. 27, Issue 1 (1971), pp. 29–33. doi:10.1080/00963402.1971.11455308

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Vaidik, Aparna (25 February 2016). "A nation betrayed?". Times of India. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  2. ^ Vaidik, Aparna (1 June 2013). "History of a renegade revolutionary: revolutionism and betrayal in colonial India". Postcolonial Studies. 16 (2): 216–229. doi:10.1080/13688790.2013.823264. ISSN 1368-8790.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Vaidik, Aparna (2015). "8. History of a renegade revolutionary: revolutionism and betrayal in colonial India". In Maclean, Kama; Elam, J. David (eds.). Revolutionary Lives in South Asia: Acts and Afterlives of Anticolonial Political Action. Routledge. pp. 108–113. ISBN 9781138794979.
  4. ^ "Chapter II. Naujawan Bharat Sabha and HSRA". Shodhganga. p. 95.
  5. ^ Chandra, Ram. Chandra, Ram (2007). History of the Naujawan Bharat Sabha. Unistar Books. p. 240. ISBN 978-81-89899-61-5.
  6. ^ a b c Nayar, Kuldip, (2000). The Martyr: Bhagat Singh Experiments in Revolution. New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications. pp.111-114. ISBN 9788124107003
  7. ^ a b c Verma, Anil (15 September 2017). Rajguru - The Invincible Revolutionary. Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting. ISBN 9788123025223.
  8. ^ Maclean, Kama (2016). A Revolutionary History of Interwar India: Violence, Image, Voice and Text. Penguin Books Limited. p. 68. ISBN 978-93-85890-85-7.
  9. ^ a b "Remembering the men who shook up the British Raj - Martyrs' Day it is". The Economic Times. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  10. ^ "India Law Journal". www.indialawjournal.org. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  11. ^ Nayar, Kuldip, (2000). The Martyr: Bhagat Singh Experiments in Revolution. New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications. pp.149. ISBN 9788124107003
  12. ^ a b Nayar, Kuldip (21 February 2000). "'His Violence Wasn't Just About Killing': Interview with Kuldip Nayar". Outlook. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  13. ^ Indian Information. Vol. 10–11. Bureau of the public information of the government of India. 1942. p. 452.
  14. ^ Bhattacharya, A. K. (2 November 2007). "New light on Bhagat Singh". Business Standard India. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  15. ^ The Department of State Bulletin. Office of Public Communication, Bureau of Public Affairs. 19 July 1965. pp. 105–110.
  16. ^ Economic and Political Weekly. University of Michigan: Sameeksha Trust. 1979. p. 1447.
  17. ^ Subramanian, R. R. (1975). "Nuclear India and the NPT: Prospects for the Future?". Instant Research on Peace and Violence. 5 (1): 35–39. ISSN 0046-967X. JSTOR 40724758.
  18. ^ Vohra, Hans R. (1970-04-01). "India's Nuclear Policy of Three Negatives". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 26 (4): 25–27. Bibcode:1970BuAtS..26d..25V. doi:10.1080/00963402.1970.11457797. ISSN 0096-3402.
  19. ^ "My Heritage: Hans Raj Vohra". www.myheritage.com. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
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