Hassan Enjamo was the chief of Hadiya in the nineteenth century.[1][2] He was the last Garad of Qabena before the Abyssinian invasion.[3]
| Hassan Enjamo | |
|---|---|
| imam, Garad | |
| Governor of Hadiya | |
| Reign | early 1800s-1889 |
| Predecessor | Umar Bekessa |
| Born | Ennamor |
| Died | 1889 Saba, Qabeena |
| Religion | Islam |
| Occupation | leader of Hadiya |
Early life
editBorn to a Hadiya Qabena chief father, Walga Mooe and a Gurage mother.[4]
Militant career
editImam Hassan's state dominated modern day southern Ethiopia in the 1800s through expansion towards all of Hadiya, Gurage and some parts of Oromo territory, Islamizing most of the population by 1876.[5] According to Ethiopian historian Lapiso, Hassan ruled the region amidst two rivers; Omo and the Awash.[6]
For two years beginning from 1886, the attempted Abyssinian Shewa expansion led by Menelik II was pushed back by Hassan's militia.[7] Hassan had obtained the support of local Gurage, Wolane, Silt'e, Arsi Oromo and other Muslims in the region.[8][9] Several nobles from neighboring states such as the brother of Abba Jifar II the ruler of the Kingdom of Jimma backed Hassan's troops.[10] However Abba Jifar himself refused, replying to Hassan's request in joining him for jihad with the following: "I am not a soldier of holy wars and in my country there are no zawaya".[11]
It is believed his resistance was inspired by the Sudanese Mahdist State akin to that of the Talha Jafar-led Muslim revolt in Wollo.[12][13]
Death
editHassan's followers were finally defeated in 1889 by the Abyssinian forces led by Ras Gobana Dacche.[14] Although Hassan was able to flee to the Kingdom of Jimma following the battle, he would soon succumb to malaria in 1889 upon his return to Qabeena.[15]
References
edit- ^ Braukämper, Ulrich (1977). "Islamic Principalities in Southeast Ethiopia Between the Thirteenth and Sixteenth Centuries (Part Ii)". Ethiopianist Notes. 1 (2). Michigan State University Press: 12. JSTOR 42731322.
- ^ Halabo, Temesgen (2023). "Politics of Identity and Minority Quest for Self-Rule in Federal Ethiopia: The Case Study of Kabena People in South Central Ethiopia". Journal of Asian and African Studies. SAGE journals. doi:10.1177/00219096231218441.
- ^ Meyer, Ronny. "The Qabena and the Wolane: Two peoples of the Gurage regionand their respective histories according to their own oral traditions" (PDF). Annales d'Ethiopie. XVII: 178.
- ^ Hasan Engamo. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.
- ^ Østebø, Terje. Muslim Ethiopia The Christian Legacy, Identity Politics, and Islamic Reformism. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 144. doi:10.1057/9781137322098_7.
- ^ Dilebo, Getahun (1986). Emperor Menelik's Ethiopia, 1865-1916 National Unification Or Amhara Communal Domination. UMI Howard University. p. 99.
- ^ Qabeena ethnography. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.
- ^ Balisky, E. (September 2009). Wolaitta Evangelists A Study of Religious Innovation in Southern Ethiopia, 1937-1975. Pickwick Publications. p. 292. ISBN 978-1-60608-157-0.
- ^ Tibebu, Teshale (1995). The Making of Modern Ethiopia 1896-1974. Red Sea Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-56902-001-2.
- ^ Northeast African Studies Volume 9. African Studies Center, Michigan State University. 2002. p. 69.
- ^ Cerulli, Enrico. Folk-literature of the Galla of Southern Abyssinia. Peabody Museum of Harvard university.
- ^ Prunier, Gerard (January 2007). L'Ethiopie contemporaine. Karthala Editions. p. 216. ISBN 978-2-8111-4043-4.
- ^ Nida, Worku. Entrepreneurialism as a social movement: How the Gurage became successful entrepreneurs and what it says about identity in Ethiopia. p. 20. ProQuest 305335925 – via ProQuest.
- ^ Zewde, Bahru (2008). Society, State, and History Selected Essays. Addis Ababa University Printing Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-99944-52-15-6.
- ^ Hasan Engamo. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.
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